<p dir="ltr">Ostracism negatively affects wellbeing, and its effects are especially detrimental when individuals are unable to cope. A growing body of literature explores interventions that facilitate recovery from ostracism. Research indicates that the comparisons we make with others (social comparisons) or with ourselves (temporal comparisons) serve many functions, from helping us evaluate ourselves and our experiences to enhancing self-esteem. The direction of these comparisons has important implications for wellbeing: downward comparisons (with a worse comparison target) can enhance wellbeing, whereas upward comparisons (with a better comparison target) can harm wellbeing when a sense of contrast is elicited. This dissertation examined whether downward social and temporal comparisons mitigate the detrimental effects of ostracism on wellbeing and whether upward social and temporal comparisons exacerbate these effects. In three studies, participants underwent an ostracism (or control) condition, and some were randomly assigned to make social or temporal comparisons. In Studies 1 and 2, I manipulated ostracism by having participants recall an ostracism event in their lives; in Study 3, ostracism was manipulated with Cyberball. In Study 1, participants either wrote about a time things were worse (downward temporal comparison) or better for them (upward temporal comparison), whereas, in Studies 2 and 3, participants either wrote about someone else doing worse (downward social comparison) or better than them (upward social comparison). All studies measured psychological need satisfaction, positive affect, and satisfaction with life. Though Study 1 produced null results, in Studies 2 and 3, downward social comparisons increased need satisfaction compared to upward social comparisons and increased positive affect and satisfaction with life in Study 3. Results suggest downward social comparisons may have positive consequences for wellbeing.</p>

Potential influences from using sexually explicit Internet material (SEIM) are controversial, however, the underlying psychological mechanism(s), which potentially can explain these found associations with SEIM consumption, have not been well studied. In the present research, I examine the relationship between SEIM consumption and subjective wellbeing (i.e., sexual and general wellbeing). In particular, I address the circumstances under which the consumption of SEIM is negative for wellbeing by assessing an ideal-actual sexual discrepancy in the context of intimate relationships. I drew on perspectives from self-discrepancy theory to explore whether SEIM consumption generates disparities between ideal and actual sexual experiences, which then may influence consumers’ sexual and general wellbeing. I expected this hypothesized ideal-actual sexual discrepancy to function as one of many underlying psychological mechanisms to explain SEIM’s negative impacts on various types of subjective sexual wellbeing (SSW). I also expected that via SSW, the discrepancy would also explain the ambiguous relationships between SEIM consumption and subjective general wellbeing (SGW) found in the past. That is, I predicted a serial mediation model with sexual self-discrepancy mediating the relationship between SEIM consumption and SSW, and SSW mediating the relationship between sexual self-discrepancy and SGW. Two studies together demonstrated the general progress from consuming SEIM to the evaluation of self-perceived wellbeing under the condition of evaluating sexual experiences with intimate partner(s). In Study 1, the data-driven gender specific sexual preference highlighted the need of model testing separately for men and women because of the potential difference in experiencing the negative impacts from consuming SEIM through the different progress of formation of ideal sex scripts influence by pornographic sex, and generation of an I-A sexual discrepancy in men and women. Results of Study 2 from male SEIM consumers further supported the hypothesized mediation role of I-A sexual discrepancy and SSW (i.e., sexual esteem and sexual satisfaction) in understanding the relationships between SEIM consumption and wellbeing. Overall, the present research illustrated the consumption of SEIM can shape one’s sexual preferences of pornographic sex and generate unrealistic expectations of pornographic sexual experiences with intimate partner(s). Hence, the experience of I-A sexual discrepancy from unachievable ideal sex is a key factor in identifying SEIM’s negative impacts on wellbeing. Moreover, parsimonious serial mediation paths through I-A sexual discrepancy and SSW also demonstrated the relationship between SEIM consumption, SSW, and SGW in one model. This finding indicates SSW works as an important indicator of ones’ SGW. The present research provides a theoretical explanation to understand the impact of consuming SEIM on wellbeing and implicates the importance exploring different types of sexual discrepancy associated with SEIM consumption and ways to mitigate the experienced I-A sexual discrepancy in intimate relationships.

In recent decades, research from across the social sciences has demonstrated a strong, consistent and causal link between unemployment and a wide range of negative outcomes. These outcomes go beyond economic problems, incorporating issues such as low well-being, poor health and weak social capital. During the same time, successive UK governments have expanded the use of active labour market programmes (ALMPs): a wide range of interventions that aim to move unemployed people closer to the labour market. ALMPs have been widely evaluated since becoming a central part of UK social policy, yet the majority of studies focus almost exclusively on economic outcomes, such as re-employment and wage levels. This is despite the weight of evidence suggesting unemployment is as much a social problem as an economic one. This discrepancy has led to a small but growing body of research suggesting that ALMPs might play a role in modifying some of the health and social costs of unemployment: beyond simply moving people closer to the labour market. Using a mixed methods research design, this study examines whether ALMPs achieve this by considering four key questions. First, are ALMPs associated with higher well-being, health and social capital compared to the alternative of 'open unemployment'? Second, if there is an association, how robust is this and is there any evidence of a causal function? Third, does the context of an ALMP - such as the specific type of scheme and the kind of participant - matter for understanding outcomes? And fourthly, how and why do people's experiences of unemployment and ALMPs shape their health and well-being? The findings presented in this thesis offer five original contributions to the study of the health and social effects of ALMPs. First, there is a dichotomy in the effects of ALMPs: participants have higher well-being than the openly unemployed but similar health and social capital levels. Second, ALMPs are most effective in changing how participants feel about and evaluate their lives but are largely unsuccessful in mitigating negative emotions like anxiety. These two findings are evident in both cross-sectional and longitudinal data, suggesting the possibility of a causal function of ALMPs. Together, the findings suggest that the positive well-being effects of ALMPs are not necessarily linked to improved health or social capital but because participants begin to think about their lives in a different, more positive way. Third, well-being gains are experienced by both short-term and long-term unemployed people but disappear upon re-employment. This finding has an important implication for policy, with ALMPs seemingly effective as a short-term protective well-being measure. Fourth, this is the first UK study to explore whether ALMPs work more effectively for different types of unemployed people. The findings presented in Chapter Seven show that work-oriented ALMPs are more successful than employment-assistance programmes, whilst men, younger people, those with fewer qualifications, lower occupational status and lower pre-programme well-being experience the largest benefits of participation. Fifth, the qualitative analysis presented in Chapter Eight argues that ALMPs worked best when schemes reversed the perceived ‘losses’ associated with unemployment. Three processes of loss were identified - agency loss, functional loss and status loss – which, it is contended, help explain both the observed effects of ALMPs and the broader experience of unemployment. The thesis concludes with policy suggestions for improving the capacity of ALMPs to mediate the experience of unemployment.

Forskningsfrågor: Vilka arbetsfaktorer anser personer anställda genom bemanningsföretag påverka deras välmående och varför? Hur skiljer välmående sig mellan deltid- och heltidsanställda inom bemanningsföretag i förhållande till identifierade arbetsfaktorer? Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka det upplevda välmåendet hos personer som är anställda genom bemanningsföretag i ekonomisektorn samt vilka faktorer som har en påverkan på det upplevda välmåendet. En jämförelse kommer att göras mellan personer som arbetar heltid och de som arbetar deltid via ett bemanningsföretag. Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ studie. Data samlades in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer, som hölls med åtta respondenter. Intervjuerna hölls via Microsoft Teams. Hälften av respondenterna var heltidsanställda och andra hälften var deltidsanställda.  Slutsats: Många av de identifierade faktorerna är sammankopplade. Jobbsäkerhet, karriärutveckling, inkludering/exkludering och arbetsutveckling har alla en central del för välmåendet. Anledningen till detta är bland annat att jobbsäkerhet har stora konsekvenser även utanför jobbet och påverkar även andra faktorer som ekonomisk kompensation, förväntningar och möjligheter till karriärutveckling. / Research questions: What work factors do people employed within staffing companies deem affects their wellbeing and how?How does wellbeing differ between part- and full-time employees within staffing companies in relation to the work factors? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the perceived well-being of people who are employed through staffing companies in the financial sector and which factors have an impact on the perceived well-being. A comparison will be made between people who work full time and those who work part time through a staffing company. Method: The study is a qualitative study. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, which were conducted with eight respondents. The interviews were conducted via Microsoft Teams. Half of the respondents were full-time employees while the other half were part-time employees. Conclusion: Many of the identified factors are interconnected. Job security, career development, inclusion / exclusion and job development all have a central part to well-being. The reason for this is, among other things, that job security also has major consequences outside of work and also affects other factors such as financial compensation, expectations and opportunities for career development.

No description available.

The somatosensory system concerns the sense of touch. It is sectioned into various kinds of touch, such as the proprioceptive sense, providing information of sense of self and position of limbs, and the cutaneous sense, informing of the modalities of touching or being touched. The cutaneous sense is further divided into discriminative touch and affective touch. Discriminative touch is an exteroceptive sense of touch that responds to stimuli of pressure and vibration, and affective touch is an interoceptive sense of touch that corresponds to e.g. pleasant and painful stimuli, communicating information to the brain through A-delta and C-fibers. Recent studies investigates affective touch to have emotional affect on the subjective experience of touch, affecting subjective wellbeing. The aim of this thesis is to examine the sense of touch and its relevant neural correlates, focusing on affective touch and its role in subjective wellbeing and social relations. A presentation of physiological and neural aspects of touch will be held as well as a description of subjective wellbeing. The conclusion for this thesis is that affective touch appears to activate brain areas of orbitofrontal cortex, frontal polar cortice, prefrontal cortex and insula cortex, which are brain areas processing subjective wellbeing, e.g. evaluating positive and negative effect and processing emotional information and behavior. Examining correlations between affective touch and positive affect, negative affect, oxytocin release, social relations and affiliative behavior shows influence from affective touch on subjective wellbeing. A discussion of the current findings is provided, including directions for future research.

The somatosensory system concerns the sense of touch. It is sectioned into various kinds of touch, such as the proprioceptive sense, providing information of sense of self and position of limbs, and the cutaneous sense, informing of the modalities of touching or being touched. The cutaneous sense is further divided into discriminative touch and affective touch. Discriminative touch is an exteroceptive sense of touch that responds to stimuli of pressure and vibration, and affective touch is an interoceptive sense of touch that corresponds to e.g. pleasant and painful stimuli, communicating information to the brain through A-delta and C-fibers. Recent studies investigates affective touch to have emotional affect on the subjective experience of touch, affecting subjective wellbeing. The aim of this thesis is to examine the sense of touch and its relevant neural correlates, focusing on affective touch and its role in subjective wellbeing and social relations. A presentation of physiological and neural aspects of touch will be held as well as a description of subjective wellbeing. The conclusion for this thesis is that affective touch appears to activate brain areas of orbitofrontal cortex, frontal polar cortice, prefrontal cortex and insula cortex, which are brain areas processing subjective wellbeing, e.g. evaluating positive and negative effect and processing emotional information and behavior. Examining correlations between affective touch and positive affect, negative affect, oxytocin release, social relations and affiliative behavior shows influence from affective touch on subjective wellbeing. A discussion of the current findings is provided, including directions for future research.

Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-22T13:25:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_VivianeRamosDaSilva.pdf: 8449645 bytes, checksum: ccaf1743af86a17f2df1921cd46fc121 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T13:25:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_VivianeRamosDaSilva.pdf: 8449645 bytes, checksum: ccaf1743af86a17f2df1921cd46fc121 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-23 / Admission of infants to school is the period of transition from care provided by the family system to care provided by the school system. It demands adaptation not only of the child, who is expected to interact with strangers in an unknown environment with new routines, but also of the family and the school because it requires reorganizations and transformations for all of them. The overall purpose of this study was to develop both a protocol, which aims to systematize the process of school admission of infants, and an explanatory folder as teaching tools. As specific objectives, the study aimed at the following: subsidizing the adherence of families to school as participants in the educational process; facilitating the admission process of infants from twelve to twenty-four months of age in a Centre for Early Childhood Education; verifying the relationship between maternal wellbeing and personality in the mothers’ and teachers’ perceptions regarding the adaption process of the infants to the school system; and analyzing the stability of two variables, which are “depressive symptoms” and “life satisfaction”. The study was based on a systematic literature review which focused on the relationships between the mothers' subjective wellbeing and the variations of child development. Furthermore, the link among life satisfaction, depressive symptoms and personality traits was analyzed through an empirical longitudinal study. It was developed between March and December of 2016 and investigated two educators and nine mothers of babies who joined a Centre for Early Childhood Education in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul in the same year. Results found in previous studies have revealed the great influence of maternal wellbeing in the first years of a child’s life and the need to qualify the care provided to infants and young children in kindergartens and similar institutions. As a result, a protocol was organized to systematize the admission process of infants as well as an explanatory folder to be distributed in the Centre. Despite the extraordinary growth in Psychology studies on maternal health and child development, it has been found that the majority of them focus on the investigation of the symptoms and their effects, that is, they are based on the Traditional Psychology of a posteriori intervention. Therefore, this topic requires more studies of typical development, which aims at preventing misadjustments on behalf of children and their parents in order to increase subjective wellbeing, thus maximizing strengths and virtues of mothers or caregivers. / Inserção de bebês na escola é um período de transição dos cuidados prestados pelo sistema familiar para o sistema escolar. Exige adaptações não apenas da criança, que passa a conviver com pessoas estranhas em um ambiente desconhecido, com novas rotinas, mas também da família e da escola, pois, implica em reorganizações e transformações para todos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral desenvolver como ferramentas pedagógicas um protocolo de sistematização do processo de inserção escolar de bebês e um folder informativo. Como objetivos específicos, o estudo visou: subsidiar a adesão das famílias à escola como participantes do processo educacional; facilitar o processo de inserção de crianças de doze a vinte e quatro meses, no Centro de Educação Infantil; analisar a relação entre bem-estar materno e sua personalidade; verificar a percepção das mães e professoras, quanto ao processo de adaptação dos bebês ao sistema; analisar a estabilidade das variáveis ‘sintomas depressivos’ e ‘satisfação de vida’. Partiu-se de revisão sistemática de literatura sobre as relações entre bem-estar subjetivo das mães e variações de desenvolvimento infantil. Após, foi realizado um estudo empírico, longitudinal e verificou-se a relação entre satisfação de vida, sintomas depressivos e traços de personalidade com a adaptação de bebês. A coleta de dados se deu de março a dezembro de 2016, e contou com a participação de duas (2) educadoras e nove (9) mães de bebês que ingressaram em 2016, em um Centro de Educação Infantil da região central do Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados indicaram a grande influência do bem-estar materno nos primeiros anos de vida e a necessidade de qualificação do atendimento prestado aos bebês e crianças pequenas em creches e instituições similares. Em vista disso, organizou-se um protocolo de sistematização do processo de inserção escolar de bebês e material informativo em formato de folder, para distribuição na instituição. Apesar do exponencial aumento de estudos na área da Psicologia sobre saúde materna e desenvolvimento infantil, percebeu-se que a maioria deles visa a investigar os sintomas e seus efeitos, ou seja, estão baseados na Psicologia Tradicional de intervenção à posteriori. Logo, destaca-se a necessidade de mais estudos envolvendo o desenvolvimento típico que busque a prevenção de desajustes em crianças e seus familiares, para a melhoria do Bem-estar subjetivo, potencializando forças e virtudes das mães ou cuidadores.

Abstract In our country thousands of disabled, chronically ill and other students with need for special support are living on the fringe of working life or completely outside of it. In order to improve possibilities to employ people with most minimal chances on the job market, apprenticeship training has been expanded. This term means vocational education that is based on a combination of learning on the job with theoretical learning according to the German model. This dissertation is a multidisciplinary research on the field of vocational special education and the sociology of education. The material consists of interviews, which were conducted in Finland and in Germany, with 30 students of working age with need for special support, who have already graduated or will be graduating with the help of apprenticeship. At the same time the educational systems of both countries are being analysed. The results show that in Germany apprenticeship has been continuously developed in cooperation with economy. Whereas in Finland vocational education has been built to an institutional system and the one mainly meant for students with need for special support has been conducted in a small-scaled experimental and evaluation activities. In Germany employers are required by law to employ people with an disability. This fact together with the firm position of apprenticeship gives studens with need for special support better chances than in Finland to find a full-time job on the open job market. Employing disabled people, who have completed apprenticeship training, as permanently unpaid employees poses a big problem both in Finland and in Germany. Most of the German interviewees had, however, found full-time employment after apprenticeship training, whereas in Finland part-time jobs prevail. Before and during the apprenticeship training the interviewees had been supported by families, support services and classmates. In their everyday life they perceive themselves as equal and integrated. Many of them are ambitious, successful people with an optimistic attitude towards life. Employment ensures them a structured everyday life, sufficient income and positive planning for the future. / Tiivistelmä Maassamme on tuhansia vammaisia ja pitkäaikaissairaita sekä muita erityisopiskelijoihin kuuluneita työelämän marginaalissa tai täysin ulkopuolella. Useat tahot ovat peräänkuuluttaneet vaikeimmin työllistyvien työvoiman käyttöönottoa lisäämällä oppisopimuskoulutusta eli työpaikalla oppimisen ja teoriaopiskelun yhdistelmään perustuvaa ammatillista koulutusta sen edelläkävijämaan, Saksan, malliin. Tutkimus on monitieteinen, ammatillisen erityisopetuksen ja kasvatussosiologian aloihin kuuluva. Aineiston muodostavat 30:n Suomessa ja Saksassa oppisopimuskoulutuksen avulla ammattiin valmistuneen tai valmistuvan erityisopiskelijan haastattelut sekä molempien maiden koulutusjärjestelmien kartoitukset. Haastattelut toteutettiin suomeksi, saksaksi sekä kummankin maiden viittomakielellä. Analyysimenetelmänä on sovellettu kolmivaiheista mallia sekä osittain narratiivista menetelmää. Teoreettinen viitekehys muodostuu vammaisuuden ja osallisuuden sekä hyvinvoinnin ja arjen subjektiivisten kokemusten määrittelyistä. Tulokset osoittivat, että Saksassa oppisopimuskoulutusta on kehitetty keskeytyksettä yhteistyössä maan työelämän kanssa. Ammatillinen koulutus, myös erityisopiskelijoiden osalta, tapahtuu siellä työpaikoilla. Suomessa taas ammatillista koulutusta on rakennettu laitosmaiseksi järjestelmäksi. Erityisopiskelijoiden oppisopimuskoulutus on ollut pienimuotoista kokeilu- ja kehittämistoimintaa. Saksassa työnantajien lakisääteinen velvoite työllistää vammaisia yhdessä koulutusmallin valta-aseman kanssa antaa erityisopiskelijoille paremmat mahdollisuudet kuin Suomessa työllistyä avoimille työmarkkinoille kokopäivätyöhön. Palkattoman avotyön käyttäminen oppisopimuskoulutuksen suorittaneiden vammaisten pysyvänä työllistämismuotona osoittautui molemmissa maissa ongelmaksi. Suurin osa haastatelluista oli kuitenkin sijoittunut koulutuksen jälkeen työsuhteeseen joko kokopäivä- ja erityisesti Suomessa osa-aikatyöhön. Ennen oppisopimuskoulutusta ja sen aikana haastatellut olivat saaneet tukea perheeltään ja koulutuksen tukipalveluilta sekä vertaisiltaan. He olivat arjen hyvinvoinnin kokemuksissaan yhdenvertaisia ja sosiaalisia. Monet olivat sisukkaita, valoisia onnistujia. Työ on heille tärkeä arjen jäsentäjä, tuo riittävän toimeentulon ja antaa mahdollisuuden tulevaisuuden myönteiseen suunnitteluun. / Zusammenfassung In unserem Land leben tausende von Behinderten und Langzeitkranken sowie andere der Sonderbetreuung bedürftige Auszubildende am Rande oder gänzlich außerhalb des Arbeitslebens. Viele Stimmen fordern für die schwersteinsetzbaren Gruppen verbesserte duale Ausbildungsmöglichkeiten. Dieser Begriff bezeichnet die berufliche Ausbildung, die nach dem deutschen Vorbild auf Lernen am Arbeitsplatz, kombiniert mit der theoretischen Ausbildung basiert. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine multidisziplinäre Studie auf dem Gebiet der beruflichen Sonderpädagogik und Bildungssoziologie. Die Materialgrundlage bilden insgesamt 30 Interviews, die sowohl in Deutschland als auch in Finnland mit Menschen mit besonderem Unterstützungsbedarf geführt wurden, deren berufliche Ausbildung im Rahmen eines dualen Ausbildungssystems stattfindet oder stattgefunden hat. Die Empirie wird mit einer Analyse der Bildungsysteme beider Länder kombiniert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass in Deutschland das duale Ausbildungssystem kontinuierlich in Zusammenarbeit mit der Wirtschaft entwickelt wurde. In Finnland dagegen wurde die berufliche Ausbildung als ein institutionelles System konzipiert. Das duale Ausbildungssystem für die Auszubildenden mit besonderem Unterstützungsbedarf ist hauptsächlich kleinformatige Experimentier- und Entwicklungstätigkeit gewesen. In Deutschland sind die Arbeitgeber gesetzlich dazu verpflichtet, Behinderte zu beschäftigen. Zusammen mit der festen Verankerung des dualen Ausbildungsystems gibt dies den Auszubildenden mit besonderem Unterstützungsbedarf bessere Chancen als in Finnland, auf dem offenen Arbeitsmarkt eine Ganztagsbeschäftigung zu finden. Der größte Teil der Interviewten hat nach der dualen Ausbildung Arbeit als Ganztagsbeschäftigte gefunden, wobei in Finnland die Teilzeitbeschäftigung überwiegt. In beiden Ländern erwies sich aber der Einsatz dualausgebildeter Behinderter als unbezahlte Arbeitskräfte in Dauerbeschäftigung durchaus als Problem. Vor und während der Ausbildung erhielten die Interviewten Unterstützung von der Familie, Ausbildungsbegleitern und Mitschülern. Sie waren in ihren Alltagserfahrungen gleichwertig und integriert. Viele von ihnen waren Menschen mit positivem Lebensgefühl, strebsam und glücklich. Die Arbeit ermöglicht ihnen einen strukturierten Alltag, ausreichendes Einkommen und positive Zukunftsplanung.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'analyse des variables d'opinion. Les opinions couvertes concernent spécifiquement des questions économiques comme le niveau de bien-être, la situation financière, le niveau minimum de revenu nécessaire pour vivre dignement, la préférence pour la redistribution. Le traitement de ces variables d'opinion et leur mise en relation avec les grandeurs économiques traditionnelles comme le niveau de revenu ou sa dynamique nécessitent des techniques micro-économétriques spécifiques. Dans cette thèse, les modèles dynamiques de panel sont utilisés pour étudier la mobilité des revenus et la mobilité des statuts d'emploi. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous discutons également le modèle Tobit dynamique et l'importance des conditions initiales. Dans les modèles de panel, se pose la question du choix entre effet fixe et effet aléatoire. Parce que les variables subjectives sont ordinales et discrètes, les effets fixes sont difficilement identifiables. L'identification des effets aléatoires est moins problématique, mais l'estimation devient pourtant difficile quand la dimension d'intégration augmente. Pour résoudre cela, je l'utilise intensivement les techniques de simulation, soit pour le modèle dynamique multinomial logit, soit pour le modèle dynamique Tobit. La technique de simulation est également appliqué au modèle trivarié probit pour mesurer les corrélations conditionnelles entre trois (ou même plus) variables ordinales. / This dissertation studies option variables. These opinions cover specially economic questions such as the level of wellbeing, financial situations, the minimum income question and the preference for redistribution. The treatment of these opinion variables and their relation to conventional economic questions such as income level or dynamics requires the use of special micro-econometric models. In this dissertation, the dynamics panel models are used to study the job status and income mobility. In the 6 chapter, we discuss the dynamic Tobit model with an emphasis on initial conditions. The choice between fixed or random effect is another question. Because subjective variables are ordinal and discrete, the identification of fixed effects is problematic. Random effects are better identified while the estimation difficulty increases with the integration dimension. To solve that, I use intensively simulation method in the study of dynamic multinomial logit model or dynamic tobit model. It is also been applied in the trivariate probit model to measure the conditional correlations among more than 2 ordinal variables.