The overall health of marine resources is deteriorating since last few decades, raising serious concerns. At the same time, multiple policies aid liberalizing international trade regulations and enhancing fisheries subsidies, affecting ecological dynamics in fisheries sector. Such policies boost economic growth by generating welfare gains. On the other hand, if such policies are myopic, it might lead to excessive harvesting which does not give the resources a chance to recover. As a result, in the long run, declining stock leads to high harvest cost and loss of potential revenue. Therefore, the inherent ambiguity of long term welfare effects of such policies needs further investigation. Furthermore, the concern of declining environmental health has affected consumer's choices in buying seafood products. It has been observed that sustainably sourced seafood products earn significant market premium. This relatively new demand trend gives rise to `consumer stock effect' where value of fish increases with the increase in it's stock. This effect might lead to significant implications for optimal fisheries management. This doctoral thesis analyses welfare and management implications of economic determinants including international trade, subsidies and consumer preferences in fisheries. More specifically, the thesis attempts to answer whether the above mentioned economic aspects lead to a positive or negative outcome on both ecological resources and economic growth in the long run. Using a mix of qualitative and quantitative approach to investigate the problems, this thesis shows that both trade liberalization and fisheries subsidies impact resource stock negatively. In terms of long-run welfare, trade may affect high-income and low-income countries differently, whereas subsidies affect welfare depending on the health of the stock size in long run. Furthermore, consumer preferences for sustainability can significantly influence long-run harvest pattern under optimal management, where catches will be much lower than without considering the consumer preferences for sustainability.

With national cuts on solar PV subsidies and the current “oversupply” of panels, the global solar market is clearly threatened by a contraction. Yet, the need for more solar power is apparent, particularly for the world’s poor and vulnerable population. Instead of securing modern energy access for these people, trade interests have triggered a counterproductive solar trade war. This contemporary legal study addresses these issues by examining existent and potential instruments for stimulating a North-to-South solar capital flow. The research finds that recent reforms of the CDM will do little difference from previous deficiencies, as local investment barriers are not reflected in the monetary support of the clean development mechanism. Competing technologies are successfully keeping solar out of the game while baseline requirements are undermining the poor. Inspired by national renewable energy law and policy, international alternatives could address these shortcomings. While feed-in tariffs have been commonly advocated, the REC model seems far more appropriate in an international context. Its ability to be traded separately from the electricity makes it a perfect candidate as a substitute for the CDM. Entrusted with certain features it could address the geographical unbalance and provide with greater investor certainty. But the scheme(s) are under current WTO regulations required to be non-discriminatory, making it highly questionable to believe that developed countries would ever fund such incentive. It is not likely that solar capital exporters want Chinese solar PV manufacturers, who are already receiving significant production subsidies, to receive the same benefits as other producers. However, if countries adversely effected by subsidies where allowed to offset the injury by discriminating Chinese producers in international REC schemes, the Author believes that it would be easier to sell such a concept and implement it, for the benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation as well as the world’s vulnerable and poor nations. However, this would require extensive reforms under WTO which the Author calls for.

En stor del av jordbrukets växthusgasutsläpp kommer från nötköttssektorn. Dess produktion påverkas i Sverige och EU av EU:s jordbrukspolitik. En större del av jordbrukssubventionerna var tidigare kopplade till produtionen vilket gav incitament att öka produktionen. 2003 infördes en reform med gårdsstöd som var frikopplat från produktionen. I uppsatsen studeras litteraturen kring hur nötköttsproduktionen påverkas av gårdsstödet, och utifrån detta görs egna beräkningar om förändringar i växthusgasutsläpp. Prognoser från ekonomiska modeller för jordbruksektorn används för att beräkna produktionen, för att uppskatta förändringar i utsläppen av växthusgaser. Då stöden har frikopplats har produktionen, och således utsläppen minskat något. Om gårdsstödet helt togs bort skulle det kunna ge stora utsläppsminskningar. Hur utsläppen totalt påverkas beror dock på världens konsumtion.

Univ., Diss.--Mainz, 2004.

This thesis tests the hypothesis that increasing state subsidies to political parties cause a declined party membership. The theory that predicted this development was constructed by Epstein in 1967 and presented in his book Political Parties in Western Democracies. The theoretical propositions have been debated by political scientists since then, but no thorough test has been conducted.  In order to test the hypothesis state subsidies data and party membership data was collected for the national parties from eight states. The data was then analysed by use of the panel data models. Panel data models make use of the regression analysis technique. Examples of specialized such models are analysis through the fundamental parameter of change, first differencing and pooled analysis. The results provided by the models proved to not give a straight answer. Instead, the results pointed in different directions.  The most likely interpretation of the results is that increasing state subsidies to political parties does not cause a decline in party membership. To validate such a result would require that most of the results pointed in the same direction. Thus, the hypothesis of the investigation should be considered falsified. Instead the focus of future studies should probably be directed at the supply side of party membership. When party membership decline is explained by the supply side this means that the decline is explained by people stop having motive to become party members. However, it is important to remember that other interpretations of the results are possible as well.

The subject of the thesis is using information from the accountancy during controls 3E type (stands for economy, efficiency and effectiveness) by the subsidies aimed at subsidies from European Union funds. Thesis deals with the possibilities of subsidies from the EU through the. ESI (acronym for European structural and investment funds) funds and then how the Czech Republic fulfills the EU regional policy, including the system of applying for subsidies in the Czech Republic. A relatively large part of the thesis consists of the control system of subsidies from EU in the Czech Republic and in connection with this is generally described the principle 3E. For control purposes is as a source of input data used monitor of the state treasury as a result of state accounting reform. This topic is covered in the next chapter, focusing on requirements in accounting for selected accounting units, including the using of information from financial statements published in the monitor of state treasury, is public sector entities and in this chapter is also formulated a hypothesis to determine the details and the useability of this information for control type 3E by the subsidies. The result was a disproving of the hypothesis that the data from the financial statements of the selected accounting units are useful in controlling type 3E and then efforts to custom design the structure of financial statements.

No description available.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In an effort to reduce its dependency on mining, (since independence at 1966) the successive governments of Botswana (GoB) have continued to foster national development by diversifying the country’s economy, with agribusiness development strategies at the forefront of discussions. Over decades, a significant number of policies on agri-support have been developed towards this mission. Nevertheless, the performance of the sector continues to decline considerably. Despite its potential to promote and develop small-scale farmers, literature on agri-support programmes has indicated that without scrutiny and continuous evaluation of the programmes in place, the strategy can be another way of which governments lose money. This study examines the Botswana Young Farmers Fund programme that finances aspiring young farmers to start up or expand their agri projects. More particularly, the study investigates how this model in the context of young farmers, impacts and contribute to the development of the agricultural sector in Botswana. The study identified challenges and opportunities of the YFF programme. The major challenge which is also applicable to the general sector, identified by the case study suggests that the agricultural environment in Botswana is fragile, therefore seeks relevant agribusiness development strategies that are tailor-made for specific challenges faced by the sector.

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning