Foreclosures have increased in the US since the 1970’s. The increase in foreclosures has caused concern among some researchers on their affect on crime. Social disorganization theory measures the effect various structural characteristics, such as poverty, residential instability/mobility, racial/ethnic heterogeneity, and family disruption have on crime. This study, though, is concerned with residential instability/mobility, or the presence of foreclosed houses in neighborhoods. Although most studies using this theory look at low-income neighborhoods, the following research looks at middle- and upper-income neighborhoods, which have been greatly affected by foreclosures. The theory also argues that the level of collective efficacy can reduce crime even in neighborhoods that are otherwise considered to be socially disorganized. Using ArcGIS mapping, the following research investigated 30 neighborhoods in Orange County, Florida that have high foreclosures in neighborhoods for the years of 2005-2009. Canvasses were conducted in all 30 neighborhoods to measure the level of collective efficacy within the neighborhoods to help explain the presence of high or low residential burglary. Thirteen neighborhoods stood out as noteworthy because they fell at the far end of the spectrum – high foreclosures and high crime, and high foreclosures and low crime. Some of the neighborhoods with high residential burglary did have strong indicators of low collective efficacy, while neighborhoods with low residential burglary had indicators of high collective efficacy. The majority of the indicators found in this research support previous research on various indicators of collective efficacy

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<p>North American suburbs are facing decline and obsolescence. They cannot meet the needs of North America’s ageing society, future climate change, or higher energy prices. Compounded with their negative environmental impact, non-resilient is an appropriate label for North American suburbs.</p> <p>Resilient suburban communities can be realized through retrofitting to meet current and future needs. Community scale retrofitting is in the early stages of development. House-level retrofitting tools exist but must be synthesized into a useable form for homeowners.</p> <p>Homeowners arguably have the largest stake in the future of the suburbs for both financial and social reasons. Empowering them with tools to make their suburban home and community more resilient is considered to be desirable.</p> <p>This thesis empowers homeowners by developing a prototype decision support system (DSS) that will help them (or their contractors) make choices about adapting and retrofitting their home for resilience. This Microsoft Excel-based DSS addresses the following suburban needs: new housing types, reducing the environmental impacts of the home, and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. The DSS does this through three constituent ‘modules’.</p> <p>The first module, <em>Dividing Suburban Homes</em>, demonstrates the feasibility of dividing large suburban homes into multifamily dwellings. The second module, <em>Sustainable Additions</em>, selects resilient building materials for housing additions. The last module, <em>Reducing the Home’s Environmental Impact</em>, helps homeowners choose methods for reducing the environmental impact and fossil fuel usage of their home.</p> <p>Through these three modules, this DSS addresses a considerable number of the current and anticipated issues facing the suburbs.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

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Cette thèse pose la question de la modification de l’image de la cité d’habitat social, à partir du constat du développement de pratiques touristiques et artistiques en son sein et dans les marges métropolitaines en général. C’est donc plus globalement l’hypothèse d’une revalorisation des lisières socio-spatiales qui est traitée. La cité d’habitat social, plus encore lorsqu’elle s’incarne dans la forme du grand ensemble des décennies 1950-1970, condense le discrédit et donc l’enjeu du questionnement ici traité : les pratiques touristiques et artistiques analysées signent-elles la mise en circulation d’une nouvelle image des cités qu’elles explorent ? Corrélativement, dans quelle mesure peut-on parler de pratiques pionnières ? A partir d’enquêtes sur des terrains marseillais (quartiers nord), parisiens (banlieue populaire des Nord et Sud-Est de Paris) et montréalais (l’ensemble d’habitat social Jeanne-Mance), la thèse expose que ces détours « récréa(r)tistes » interrogent la fabrique de la (re)connaissance des espaces stigmatisés et sont à ce titre porteurs d’enjeux politiques, esthétiques et économiques. / This thesis concerns the development of tourism and art practices in the metropolitan outskirts, in particular in the social housing projects (1950-1970). The central question addressed is : how can tourism and art be a factor of promotion of districts stigmatized by media and political discourse ? Are the studied practices pioneering ? To answer these questions, we selected three fieldworks: the northern suburbs of Marseille, the Northern and South-Eastern suburbs of Paris and a Canadian public housing project, the Habitations Jeanne-Mance in Montréal. Our qualitative study explains that the development of tourism and art practices in the edge of the metropolis questions the production of knowledge on stigmatized areas. Therefore, they involve political, aesthetic and economic issues.

Thesis (M. Tech. (Civil Engineering)) -- Central University of Technology, free State, 2013 / According to the Road Traffic Management Corporation (RTMC) of South Africa, a large number of accidents involving motor vehicles occur annually on the arterial roads passing through the suburban residential areas of the cities of South Africa. This problem warrants planning and design interventions for the reduction of vehicular accidents and the consequent improvement of road safety on these city roads. Based on this premise, an investigation was conducted to explore the major causes of vehicular accidents, and to develop a set of urban planning and design guidelines to reduce vehicular accidents in suburban arterial roads of a city and to improve the road safety appreciably. The investigation was conducted by considering the suburban areas of Bloemfontein city of Free State, South Africa as the study area. A survey research methodology was followed for this purpose, and data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Sample surveys were conducted in four different suburban areas of the city to collect primary data and to acquire firsthand information for understanding the scenario at grassroots level. The surveys included household surveys, in order to understand the demographic, socio-economic, and perceptual infrastructural conditions of the study area and their influence on vehicular accidents; road geometrical design parameter surveys; and traffic surveys to understand the road geometry and traffic-related scenarios in the city. In addition, structured statistical data was collected from secondary sources, such as published and unpublished literature and a range of other documents. The data collected was analysed statistically to find the major control parameters influencing vehicular accidents in the suburban arterial roads, and to establish relationships between vehicular accidents and the major control parameters. Based on the analyses, a theoretical linear multiple regression model establishing relationships between the vehicular accidents as the dependent variable and vehicular traffic-related variables (speed of vehicles and average daily traffic), road geometry design variables (road width and median width), and spatial variables (land use and land form in the form of the number of access points from residential areas to arterial routes), was developed to observe the number of accidents under varied simulated scenarios. The simulated model results were employed to develop various policy scenarios to reduce accidents and to improve road safety in the study area. The investigation revealed that, under the composite scenario of the reduction of number of accesses from residential areas to arterial roads, speed, and average daily traffic along with the increase of road width and median width, the occurrence of vehicular accidents in the arterial roads of suburban areas of the city would be reduced and road safety would be improved significantly. It was also observed that residential areas with limited vehicular access from residential areas to arterial roads would have fewer vehicular accidents than residential areas having unrestricted access. Consequently, the number of access points from residential areas to arterial roads in suburban areas of the city would need to be limited, depending on the functions and land use of the area, to improve road safety.

Le commerce a connu à travers le temps de nombreuses évolutions, tant dans sa forme que dans son implantation, passant de grands magasins prestigieux dans le cœur des villes au début du XXe siècle à de grands centres commerciaux à la jonction d’autoroute dans les années 2000. Le lifestyle center est la forme commerciale la plus aboutie, concept américain existant depuis les années 80, il est apparu pour la première fois au Québec en 2006 à Brossard sur la Rive-Sud de Montréal. Ses caractéristiques hors du commun ; une surface de vente de près de 2 000 000 pi² faisant de lui un centre d’envergure supra régional, son agencement de boutiques en plein air regroupé autour d’une rue piétonne ainsi qu’un mix commercial extrêmement varié rompt avec les traditionnels centres commerciaux existants. Ainsi en s’implantant à Brossard le Quartier DIX30 est venu modifier profondément la structure commerciale de la Rive-Sud en s’imposant comme un contre poids de taille par rapport à la domination du pôle des Promenades Saint-Bruno. Cependant, le Quartier DIX30 ne va pas seulement modifier cette structure commerciale, mais plus globalement la centralité urbaine de la Rive-Sud en s’imposant comme un pôle central majeur. Le Quartier DIX30 grâce à sa mixité d’activité et son concept favorisant les interactions sociales est en train d’insuffler un mouvement de concentration d’activité commerciale et tertiaire. Ainsi aujourd’hui se développe au pourtour du Quartier DIX30 de nombreux locaux à bureaux. Cependant, cette nouvelle centralité créée par le Quartier DIX30 soulève des interrogations notamment vis-à-vis de la privatisation d’un espace s’imposant de plus en plus comme un des pôles principaux de croissance de la Rive-Sud. Ainsi, une question légitime se pose, ne sommes-nous pas en train d’assister à une privatisation d’un centre-ville en devenir ? / Over the time, trade has knew numerous changes in term of location and form, passing from prestigious department stores in the heart of cities in the early twentieth century to large shopping centers at the junction of highways in the years 2000. The lifestyle center is the most accomplished commercial form, the American concept exists since the years 1980 and it appeared for the first time in Quebec in 2006 in Brossard on the South Shore of Montreal. Its unusual features: a sales area of almost 2 000 000 square feet (making it a center of supra-regional scale), a mix of shops clustered around a pedestrian street and numerous other activities, breaks with the traditional agencement of the existing shopping malls. Thus, by becoming established in Brossard, the Quartier DIX30 modifies profoundly the commercial structure of the South Shore of Montréal. The Quartier DIX30 imposes itself as a major commercial pole against the domination of the Promenades Saint Bruno. The Quartier DIX30 will not only change the commercial structure of the South Shore, but more generally the urban centrality of the South Shore established itself as a major center pole. Due to the variety of activities and its concept of mix of shops clustered around a pedestrian street permitting social interaction, the Quartier DIX30 creates a commercial and office concentration. Thus, today develops around the Quartier DIX30 many building with offices. However, this new centrality created by the Quartier DIX30 raises interrogations in particular with respect to the privatization of a space imposing itself more and more like one of the principal poles of growth of the South Shore. Thus, a question legitimate is posed, does we aren't attending a privatization of a downtown area in becoming?

Au moment où les territoires périurbains se transforment rapidement sous l’impulsion des stratégies de développement de l’industrie immobilière, les préoccupations sociales en matière de qualité des paysages et des cadres de vie se font de plus en plus grandes. Devant ces enjeux, les actions aménagistes privilégient le plus souvent des solutions à partir d’un regard « expert » généralement étranger aux demandes sociales en présence. Devant l’insuffisance des connaissances des regards citoyens, il y a une urgence à développer des méthodes originales aptes à révéler ce savoir local. Une enquête menée à l’automne 2009 à Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, sur la Rive-Sud de Montréal, révèle la pertinence d’une approche anthropologique sous-utilisée et novatrice en particulier pour les recherches en aménagement : celle du « récit-parcours ». Permettant un accès privilégié aux récits ancrés aux lieux de vies, cette méthode a permis de susciter des discours singuliers et collectifs sur le territoire, de révéler des propos sur les imaginaires portés sur la ville et d’offrir un espace d’expression des préoccupations, des valorisations et des aspirations des résidants. Les résultats de l’enquête à cet effet sont concluants : ce que nous révèlent les résidants de par leurs expériences vécues des lieux et leurs cheminements spatiaux est incontestablement riche et pertinent pour la compréhension des enjeux collectifs d’un milieu. Les logiques existantes derrière les transformations de ces territoires bénéficieraient grandement de ce savoir localisé, complexe et ingénieux dont dispose les résidants de la géographie, de l’environnement, de l’urbanisation et des caractéristiques sociales de leur ville. Ce faisant, le territoire change alors de statut : d’un objet d’évaluation experte, il devient une mise en scène dynamique où s’inscrivent des fragments significatifs d’histoires faisant référence à l’expérience du vécu quotidien, mais aussi, à la potentialité des lieux. Par le biais d’une telle démarche et en conjonction avec des méthodes participatives, il devient possible d’engager une véritable réflexion plurielle envers l’avenir des territoires périurbains, en résonance avec les aspirations locales. / While suburbs are being transformed at an alarming rate, under the pressures of the Real estate industry’s development strategies, social concerns regarding the quality of life and the resulting landscapes are currently on the rise. With these challenges to bear, stakeholders usually employ solutions from an "expert" perspective that remain impervious to existing social conditions and demands. Given the lack of knowledge from the citizens’ perspectives, there is an urgent need for developing novel methods that are capable of bringing forth this local knowledge. A survey conducted in fall 2009 with residents of Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, on the south shore of Montreal, revealed the strength of an under-used and innovative method: the go-along. This method has demonstrated a particularly interesting technique to grasp the way dwellers qualify, imagine, value and move through their locality. Allowing privileged access to biographies and giving rise to improvised paths, the method has enabled placed-based narratives and has lead to an opening for expressing concerns, valuations and aspirations of citizens towards their community. In doing so, landscapes shift from expert evaluation to a dynamic scene where significant fragments of individual stories are told in relation to the experience of places in the everyday life. The study results conclude that the residents’ narratives and knowledge are undeniably rich and relevant to comprehending collective landscape issues and values. The existing logics and processes behind suburban landscape transformations would highly benefit from the collective wealth of dwellers’ extensive, situated and complex knowledge of the city’s geography, politics, economy and sociology. Furthermore, it can lead way to community participatory projects engaging multiple actors within a collective multifaceted reflection on the future of suburbs and the actions that should be taken towards a better future.

Cette thèse étudie les recompositions des colonies populaires périphériques de la zone métropolitaine de Mexico depuis vingt ans. Les liens entre les mobilités spatiales, les espaces de vie des habitants dans des quartiers illégaux à l’origine, et les stratégies de régularisation physique et juridique sont interrogés au regard des évolutions sociales, démographiques et politiques. Le caractère dynamique et divers des colonies populaires a été examiné à travers deux outils conceptuels de l’étude des territorialités urbaines : l’ancrage, point de vue sur les expériences des individus ; la maturation, pour analyser les changements des contextes résidentiels. Les trajectoires de maturation ont été comprises à partir de l’analyse de données sociodémographiques systématiques et d’un travail empirique dans quatre quartiers. Une fois le cadre de travail présenté, les contextes de la maturation ont été observés selon trois entrées : sociale, relative aux mobilités, et politico-juridique. Les trajectoires plurielles de cette maturation ont ensuite été analysées du point de vue de l’ancrage, en tentant de comprendre les chemins ayant conduit à la diversité visible aujourd’hui : il s’est agi de décrire les itinéraires résidentiels des habitants, leurs expériences citadines, en particulier par rapport aux ressources de la proximité, les dynamiques de régularisation foncière et urbanistique dans leur complexité et les évolutions de la division sociale de l’espace. Au final, ces quartiers deviennent de plus en plus hétérogènes et « banals » par rapport au reste de la ville, révélant l’obsolescence d’une lecture unique en termes de pauvreté ou de marginalité juridique. / This doctoral thesis explores the recomposition of colonias populares on the outskirts of the metropolitan area of Mexico-City for twenty years. Links between spatial mobility, living spaces of residents in informal settlements and strategies of physical and legal regularization are enlightened though social, demographic and political evolutions. The dynamic and heterogeneous characteristics of colonias populares was examined through two conceptual tools for the study of urban territoriality: the anchorage, as a point of view on the experiences of people; maturation, in order to analyze changes in residential settings. The trajectories of maturation have been understood from the analysis of systematic demographic data and from empirical work in four areas. Once the framework presented, the contexts of maturation were observed in three inputs: social, mobility, and political. Plural trajectories of this maturation were analyzed from the point of view of the anchorage: we tried to understand the pathways leading to the actual visible diversity. We described the residential routes of inhabitants, their urban experiences, more particularly in relation to the resources of the area, the complex dynamics of land and planning regularization and changes in the social division of space. Finally, these neighborhoods are becoming increasingly heterogeneous and "common" compared to the rest of the city, revealing the obsolescence of a single reading in terms of poverty or legal marginality. / En esta tesis de doctorado, se analiza la recomposición de las colonias populares de la periferia de la Zona Metropolitana de México desde veinte años. Los vínculos entre la movilidad espacial, los espacios de vida de los residentes de los asentamientos irregulares, y las estrategias de regularización legal y física se examinan a la luz de factores sociales, demográficos y políticos. El rasgo dinámico y diverso de las colonias populares se examinó a través de dos herramientas conceptuales para el estudio de la territorialidad urbana: el anclaje, para tener un punto de vista de las experiencias de los individuos; la maduración, para analizar los cambios en entornos residenciales. Las trayectorias de maduración son entendidas a partir del análisis sistemático de los datos demográficos y del trabajo empírico en cuatro grupos de colonias. Después de la presentación del marco de estudio, se observaron los contextos de la maduración con tres entradas: social, sobre la movilidad, y política. Las trayectorias plurales de esta maduración se analizaron desde el punto de vista del anclaje, tratando de entender las vías que conducen a la diversidad visible hoy. Llegamos a describir a las rutas residenciales de los habitantes, sus experiencias urbanas, particularmente en relación con los recursos de la zona, la dinámica compleja de la regularización del suelo y de la planificación, y los cambios en la división social del espacio. Al final, estas colonias son cada vez más heterogéneas y "triviales" en comparación con el resto de la ciudad, dejando al descubierto la obsolescencia de una sola lectura en términos de pobreza o marginalidad.

Submitted by Marlene Aparecida de Souza Cardozo (mcardozo@pucsp.br) on 2018-06-18T14:29:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Javier Aguerre Hughes.pdf: 33059499 bytes, checksum: 2f33664cd12a7f67908ba621ce4aec51 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T14:29:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Javier Aguerre Hughes.pdf: 33059499 bytes, checksum: 2f33664cd12a7f67908ba621ce4aec51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-11-19 / This research analyses the development of periferic areas of São Paulo city. During the different stages of this development, we observed a progressive degeneration of the worker's condition in their job so as in their everyday lifea These people were expelled to the suburb areas due to a precarious residencial and urbane situation. Thus, this is a reflection uppon violence and the actual situation in this context, trying to find a new meaning to the City based on this reality / O presente estudo pretende colocar em evidência o processo histórico que leva a um padrão periférico de crescimento urbano na cidade de São Paulo, característico dos processos de urbanização subdesenvolvidos, segregando a população para localizações cada vez mais distantes dos centros do mercado de trabalho, em assentamentos geralmente precários. Assim, desde os anos 40, por diversos mecanismos e razões históricas, diferentes segmentos sociais são envolvidos por essa dinâmica, sendo impelidos em direção a formas cada vez mais precárias de moradia, infraestrutura urbana e de acesso aos serviços e equipamentos públicos, possibilitando muitas vezes a posse da moradia e a fuga do aluguel, mas configurando, de qualquer modo, processos de segregação socioespacial que intensificam a exclusão social e do mercado de trabalho. Nas últimas décadas, as transformações econômicas e do mercado de trabalho acentuam essa tendência, promovendo, especialmente nos anos 90, uma verdadeira diáspora das classes trabalhadoras, que não conseguem mais se manter nas áreas melhor servidas. Assim, se agudiza ainda mais o processo de periferização, com o adensamento progressivo das áreas de ampliação da fronteira urbana metropolitana, Neste contexto, a partir de suas novas características sociais e demográficas, as periferias se apresentam, no presente, como um objeto de estudo relevante, com características urbanísticas e sociais singulares, que redefinem sua importância na problematização do estatuto urbano da cidade de São Paulo e das condições sociais de vida desses segmentos sociais, que são a maioria da população. O presente estudo busca resgatar a especificidade das periferias, incluindo estudos recentes desenvolvidos no âmbito do Projeto Bairro Legal, desenvolvido pela Secretaria de Habitação e Desenvolvimento Urbano do Município de São Paulo, acrescido de reflexões, entrevistas e dados de outras fontes, enfatizando três distritos considerados de alta exclusão social (Jardim Ângela, Brasilândia e Cidade Tiradentes), os quais representam emblemáticas expressões territorializadas e tipologias, no amplo leque da precariedade urbanística e habitacional. Neste campo, propõe-se, por fim, a problematização da questão da violência, pois, a julgar pelas estatísticas e dados sobre os homicídios — sua manifestação mais aguda e visível — nos distritos de maior exclusão social, ele se apresenta como um aspecto privilegiado de análise. Esta questão é entendida como uma referência privilegiada para ampliar a visibilidade sobre os estratos majoritários da infância e juventude, propondo-se a desestigmatização da relação entre pobreza, juventude e violência e qualificandomais o fenômeno, com vistas à problematização da questão da cidadania e das perspectivas de vida nesses estratos sociais