Yes / Market competition is fierce and has been intensified due to globalization, therefore companies have experienced increase pressure to improve cycle and delivery times and achieve a high level of customization. Lean principles have been designed and implemented to respond to market changes. However, these principles are commonly aimed to aid low-mix high-volume (LMHV) manufacturers. This paper aims to develop a systematic approach to implement a lean framework in a high-mix low-volume (HMLV) manufacturing environment. An HMLV manufacturing environment, currently produces a variety of products which differs in terms of shape and size and different sequence of operation and as a much smaller batch size. Additionally, analysis of the manufacturing assembly shows there is a substantial variation in cycle and changeover time from product to product. In this approach, an action based study has been completed. This study uses data collection methods to be applied in order to calculate timings to be used in a Discrete Event Simulation (DES). The simulation uses lean tools to study material movement and facility layout to minimize bottlenecks and eliminate waste from the process. An introduction of lean supermarket is considered within the simulation whereby an operator withdraws products in an specific amount needed by a downstream process before introducing it across the assembly floor and an action plan is created. As a result, a lean manufacturing simulation study has been implemented to evaluate the effects of a supermarket concept within the current manufacturing environment. Initial results show a variation within the cycle and setup times for each of the different products due to the nature of the process. The paper, is limited to applying the approach to a singular production line and a singular manufacturing plant. The practical implications to implement this approach into a manufacturing environment is that there should be a need from the company. This approach should be driven by senior members within the organization as the resistance to change would increase the risk of failure. Another implication of the proposed approach is to ensure the accuracy of the data collected and to introduce a series of briefs within each stage of the approach. This is important as all stakeholders would need to be kept up-to-date with the project. However, the approach is applicable to any organization and can be applied to any sector. This paper, develops a systematic approach to implement a lean framework in a high-mix low-volume (HMLV) manufacturing environment. The approach is validated in an automotive manufacturing organization competing in global markets.

No description available.

The project began as a response to a proposal to construct a suburban style grocery store and surface parking lot in the middle of an existing residential neighborhood, including the substantial demolition and 'strip-mall' conversion of a historic theater located on the Washington, DC site. The Thesis evolved as an exploration of how do we reconcile our contemporary mercantile needs within the urban environment; specifically, how can one incorporate a suburban-scaled, 'big-box' retail structure in an existing, complex urban context. The proposal that follows offers an integrated, mixed-use and contextually sensitive solution, incorporating a full size grocery store (the most fundamental of our consumer needs) with multiple levels of parking below, new residential row-housing and commercial space above - retaining and restoring both the historic theater and the overall neighborhood fabric. / Master of Architecture

This is my agenda. My "code of ethics". A structure of intentions. I think it's why I'm here. I'm not serious but take me seriously. Cheez Whiz and potted meat, fluorescent lights and vinyl siding. I'm not laughing at it. I fall for the hype. I'm down with the bonus buys. I don't get anywhere pretending I'm above all that. I'm just having fun with it. Siphoning off some of its energy. Borrowing it indefinitely. Everybody does it. It's best when it's an unlikely source. Metallica borrows from West Side Story and Jay-Z makes Annie a rap star (Don't Tread on Me/ Hard Knock Life). Rework my sources. A dash of Shopper's Food Warehouse and a taste of 425 Monroe Avenue blended with an (un?)healthy dose of (un)popular culture and some (nutra)Sweet's for flavor. / Master of Architecture

At the retail level, 25% of sellable food is wasted, and perishable foods account for 72% of food waste in the United States. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the food waste reduction strategies used by supermarket perishable food department managers, which are covered under the Good Samaritan Food Donation Acts (state and federal). The participant population was comprised of 17 managers who are responsible for perishable foods departments (bakery, deli, meat, dairy, and produce) at local, regional, and national supermarkets in Midland, Michigan. Goal systems theory served as the conceptual framework lens for which the findings of this study are viewed. Data collected centered around long interviews and publicly available company documents. Interviews and field notes, including member checking, were transcribed and analyzed using NVivo software. Using methodological triangulation of these data sources, 3 themes emerged from the data analysis: the knowledge level of participants relative to the Good Samaritan Food Donation Act, factors that influence food waste and management strategy, and existing food waste reduction strategies. Most front-line managers are not aware of the Good Samaritan Food Donation Act. Factors that influence food waste include sell-by dates, personal bias, and food handling regulations. Existing food waste reduction strategies include donations, price reductions, stock rotation, and in-store repurposing. Positive social change may result from the results of this study if food waste can be further reduced or more food redirected to the needy. The study findings may be useful to supermarket managers as they consider the protection at the state and federal levels that the Good Samaritan Food Donation Act offers.

This study aims to compare the energy consumption of a supermarket according to field measurements and results from building’s simulation software. Additionally, measures of energy efficiency to minimize the energy intensity of the supermarket are investigated. For such purpose, an ICA MAXI hypermarket in Bålsta, Stockholm, with a total conditioned area of 6570 m2 has being under analysis. This hypermarket operates with a trans-critical CO2 booster refrigeration system, which allows to recover the heat taken out from the refrigeration cabinets to warm up the sales area, when necessary and the only energy source it uses is electricity. Ground source energy storage is used to store part of this heat and enable an effective space heating and domestic hot water supplies. This system is also responsible to provide the required space cooling. In that sense, the referred hypermarket is using the state of the art refrigeration system for supermarkets in cold climate’s countries. Results from the field measurements performed in 2021 showed a total electricity consumptionof 1734 MWh, which corresponds to 264 kWh/m2. This value is in accordance with several studies’ conclusions. However, the values predicted by the simulation tools appointed a lower annual consumption. EnergyPlus and CyberMart software were used to simulate the power loads of ICA MAXI. Subsequently, a Python tool was used to compute the energy consumption by the refrigeration system, taking into account the demands found on the building’s simulation tools. In the end, EnergyPlus’ model predicted an annual energy consumption of 1347 MWh, which equals 205 kWh/m2. Out of the 387 MWh gap, 266 MWh are due to the assumptions taken for the energy consumed by the electrical appliances, 120 MWh resulted from the non-optimal control strategy used on the refrigerationsystem and the remaining 48 MWh were related to different outsides temperatures, predicted on the model and field measurements. This allows to conclude that by managing the current refrigerationsystem in an optimal way, 77.6 thousands of swedish kroner may be saved and the equivalent of about 11 tons of CO2 can be avoided annually. The final results from CyberMart tool were close to the EnergyPlus’ ones and this software was found to be much more user-friendly. In addition, with the aim to identify energy efficiency measures to be applied in this hypermarket, several scenarios were constructed in EnergyPlus, by changing the temperature setpoints of the system, the infiltration rate and the store’s location. Findings pointed out that adapting the indoor temperature for Summer and Winter months can lead to energy savings. / Denna studie syftar till att jämföra energiförbrukningen i en stormarknad enligt fältmätningar och resultat från byggnadens simuleringsprogram. Dessutom undersöks mått på energieffektivitet för att minimera energiintensiteten i stormarknaden. För detta ändamål har en ICA MAXI stormarknad i Bålsta, Stockholm, med en total konditionerad yta på 6570 m2 under analys. Denna stormarknad arbetar med ett trans-kritiskt CO2 booster-kylsystem, som gör det möjligt att återvinna värmen som tas ut från kylskåpen för att värma upp försäljningsområdet, när det behövs och den enda energikälla den använder är elektricitet. Lagring av markenergi används för att lagra en del av denna värme och möjliggöra en effektiv uppvärmning av utrymmen och varmvattenförsörjning. Detta system är också ansvarigt för att tillhandahålla den nödvändiga utrymmeskylningen. I den meningen använder den hänvisade stormarknaden det toppmoderna kylsystemet för stormarknader i länder med kalla klimat. Resultat från de fältmätningar som utfördes 2021 visade en total elförbrukning på 1734 MWh, vilket motsvarar 264 kWh /m2. Detta värde överensstämmer med flera studiers slutsatser. Men de värden som förutspåddes av simuleringsverktygen utsåg en lägre årlig förbrukning. Programvaran EnergyPlus och CyberMart användes för att simulera strömbelastningarna för ICA MAXI. Därefter användes ett Python-verktyg för att beräkna energiförbrukningen i kylsystemet, med hänsyn tagen till de krav som finns på byggnadens simuleringsverktyg. Till slut förutspådde EnergyPlus modell en årlig energiförbrukning på 1347 MWh, vilket motsvarar 205 kWh /m2.Av gapet på 387 MWh beror 266 MWh på de antaganden som gjorts för den energi som förbrukas av de elektriska apparaterna, 120 MWh härrörde från den icke-optimala styrstrategin som användes på kylsystemet och de återstående 48 MWh var relaterade till olika utomhustemperaturer, förutspått på modellen och fältmätningar. Detta gör det möjligt att dra slutsatsen att genom att hantera nuvarande kylsystem på ett optimalt sätt kan 77,6 tusen svenska kronor sparas och motsvarande cirka 11 ton CO2 kan undvikas årligen. De slutliga resultaten från CyberMart- verktyget låg nära EnergyPlus och denna programvara visade sig vara mycket mer användarvänlig. Dessutom, i syfte att identifiera energieffektivitetsåtgärder som ska tillämpas i denna stormarknad, konstruerades flera scenarier i EnergyPlus, genom att ändra systemets temperaturbörvärden, infiltrationshastigheten och butikens läge. Resultaten påpekade att anpassning av inomhustemperaturen för sommar- och vintermånaderna kan leda till energibesparingar.

No description available.

Food retail with large supermarkets consumes significant amounts of energy. The environmental impact is also significant because of the indirect effect from CO2 emissions at the power stations and due to the direct effect arising from refrigerant leakage to the atmosphere. The application of trigeneration (local combined heat, power and refrigeration) can provide substantial improvements in the overall energy efficiency over the conventional supermarket energy approach of separate provision of electrical power and thermal energy. The use of natural refrigerants such as CO2 offers the opportunity to reduce the direct impacts of refrigeration compared to conventional systems employing HFC refrigerants that possess high global warming potential. One approach through which the overall energy efficiency can be increased and the environmental impacts reduced, is through the integration of trigeneration and CO2 refrigeration systems where the cooling generated by the trigeneration system is used to condense the CO2 refrigerant in a cascade arrangement. This research project investigates experimentally and theoretically, through mathematical modelling and simulation, such a system and its potential application to supermarkets. A small size CO2 refrigeration system for low and medium food temperature applications was designed and constructed to enable it to be integrated with an existing trigeneration system in the refrigeration laboratory at Brunel University to form an integrated trigeneration and CO2 refrigeration test facility. Prior to the construction, the design of the system was investigated using mathematical models developed for this purpose. The simulations included the CO2 refrigeration system, CO2 evaporator coils and the integration of the trigeneration and CO2 refrigeration systems. The physical size of the design and component arrangement was also optimised in a 3D AutoCAD model. A series of experimental tests were carried out and the results showed that the medium temperature system could achieve a very good COP, ranging from 32 to 60 due to the low pumping power requirement of the liquid refrigerant. The low temperature system performed with average steady state COP of 4, giving an overall refrigeration system COP in the range between 5.5 and 6. Mathematical models were also developed to investigate the application of the integrated trigeneration and CO2 refrigeration system in a case study supermarket. The models were validated against test results in the laboratory and manufacturers’ data. The fuel utilisation efficiency and environmental impacts of different trigeneration and CO2 refrigeration arrangements were also evaluated. The results indicated that a system comprising of a sub-critical CO2 refrigeration system integrated with a trigeneration system consisting of a micro-turbine based Combined Heat and Power (CHP) unit and ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system could provide energy savings of the order of 15% and CO2 emission savings of the order of 30% compared to conventional supermarket energy systems. Employing a trigeneration system with a natural gas engine based CHP and Lithium Bromide-Water sorption refrigeration system, could offer energy savings of 30% and CO2 emission savings of 43% over a conventional energy system arrangement. Economic analysis of the system has shown a promising payback period of just over 3 years compared to conventional systems.

La grande distribution s'est imposée au cours de la deuxième moitié du XXIème siècle comme un acteur incontournable, voire comme une institution. En ce début de XXIème siècle, elle est confrontée à une crise de légitimité liée notamment aux conflits dans ses relations avec ses fournisseurs. Le développement de la grande distribution au Maroc prend un chemin comparable aux trajectoires observées dans des pays comme les Etats-Unis et la France, avec l'émergence d'acteurs incontournables comme Wal-Mart et Carrefour. Le groupe « Marjane Holding » occupe aujourd'hui une place centrale. Il a développé des relations originales avec les petits producteurs en adoptant un dispositif d'accompagnement.L'objectif de cette thèse est de montrer que l'accompagnement des producteurs peut contribuer à améliorer la légitimité des distributeurs. L'étude de cas du distributeur « Marjane Holding », fondée sur une période d' immersion de 6 mois dans le service des achats des produits frais, une trentaine d'entretiens et des observations, montre que l'accompagnement apparaît comme un processus de légitimation. / The development of supermarket chains in Morocco is heading more or less the same way as what has been observed in countries like the United States and France, with the emergence of key players such as Wal-Mart and Carrefour. The “Marjane Holding” group has reached dominant position today, with more than twenty hypermarkets, and it increasingly acts as a shaping force in the mass distribution industry. It has developed unique relationships with small producers by adopting support services of its own. Our research aims to show that supporting producers can indeed help foster distributors' legitimacy. For our empirical research,we opted for a case study approach. The data collection involves both parties: the Moroccanretailer that support small producers and the suppliers who are small producers of fruits andvegetables or red meat. Using direct observation we were able to identify and collect thenecessary information for this study. Additional primary data has been collected throughinterviews with people directly involved in the trade channel (members of the retailer’s tradeteam, and small suppliers), as well as through consulting of internal documents of the retailer organization.

No varejo, questões atuais como o comportamento do consumidor e o gerenciamento de categorias têm sido estudadas por pesquisadores e profissionais. Entretanto, as questões ligadas ao meio ambiente têm ganhado espaço nas empresas varejistas seja por pressão ambiental ou pelo retorno financeiro proporcionado pela reciclagem de materiais. Com o objetivo de analisar as práticas de logística reversa no varejo e como elas podem ser usadas na gestão ambiental, através de um estudo de múltiplos casos, o presente estudo analisou e descreveu três casos de empresas varejistas (supermercados de médio porte) que adotam práticas de gestão ambiental. Os casos são analisados e descritos em suas especificidades de gestão e nos aspectos incrementais dessas práticas. Através da comparação podem-se evidenciar possíveis explicações das diferenças de resultados obtidos com cada um dos casos. Embora os ganhos ambientais, sociais e principalmente econômicos tenham grandes variedades, o estudo mostrou que pode ser um novo campo a ser explorado por outras organizações do varejo. / In retail, current issues such as consumer\'s behavior and category management have been studied by researchers and professionals. However, issues related to the environment have been highlighted in business retailers due to environmental pressures or financial earnings provided by the recycling of materials. In order to examine the practices of reverse logistics in retail and how they can be used in environmental management, through a study of multiple cases, this study analyzed and described three cases of retail companies (medium size supermarkets) which have adopted environmental management practices. The cases are analyzed and described in their specific management aspects and the improvement of these practices. By comparison you can highlight possible explanations for differences in results obtained in each case. Although environmental, social and economic earnings have wide varieties, the study showed that it can be a new field to be exploited by other retail organizations.