The task of the thesis is to make a study of reconstruction of two railway stations: Bohdíkov and Ruda nad Moravou. The aim of the project is to prepare a plan of reconstruction, which will suit actual state of traffic. The plan must abide the rules of law, especially in the case of the entry of people with physical handicaps.The thesis contains the plan of reconstruction of platforms, a regulation of geometric parameters of tracks, reconstruction of superstructure and also rebuilding of actual drainage.

The subject of the diploma thesis is to design a redevelopment of railway station Chrudim in order to meet current legislation on access of persons with reduced mobility. Two platforms with the platform edge height of 550 millimetres above the top of the rail have been designed. The amount of four running tracks through the station remains unchanged. Furthermore, the railway superstructure, railway substructure and the new drainage system was also designed.

This master thesis refers to implementation exhaustive research of bridge construction. This diagnostics research serves as the first step of objective assessment of the condition of the bridge for further processing of investor intent. In the next two steps was the research focused on detailed research of the substructure for decide of the volume of the reconstruction and on the real condition of the superstructure for the check of the load capacity of the bridge.

This diploma thesis deals with reconstruction of the Podivín railway station. As part of the work, a new railway solution for the station will be proposed to increase the speed to 200 km / h, including the design of the railway superstructure, substructure and overall drainage. Furthermore, a total peronization will be proposed using two island platforms with a boarding edge height of 550 mm above the top of the rail.

Inverse analysis of nonlinear dynamic systems is an important area of research in the eld of structural health monitoring for civil engineering structures. Structural damage usually involves localized nonlinear behaviors of dynamic systems that evolve into different classes of nonlinearity as well as change system parameter values. Numerous parametric modal analysis techniques (e.g., eigensystem realization algorithm and subspace identification method) have been developed for system identification of multi-degree-of-freedom dynamic systems. However, those methods are usually limited to linear systems and known for poor sensitivity to localized damage. On the other hand, non-parametric identification methods (e.g., artificial neural networks) are advantageous to identify time-varying nonlinear systems due to unpredictable damage. However, physical interpretation of non-parametric identification results is not as straightforward as those of the parametric methods. In this study, the Multidegree-ofFreedom Restoring Force Method (MRFM) is employed as a semi-parametric nonlinear identi- fication method to take the advantages of both the parametric and non-parametric identification methods. The MRFM is validated using two realistic experimental nonlinear dynamic tests: (i) largescale shake table tests using building models with different foundation types, and (ii) impact test using wind blades. The large-scale shake table test was conducted at Tongji University using 1:10 scale 12-story reinforced concrete building models tested on three different foundations, including pile, box and fixed foundation. The nonlinear dynamic signatures of the building models collected from the shake table tests were processed using MRFM (i) to investigate the effects of foundation types on nonlinear behavior of the superstructure and (ii) to detect localized damage during the shake table tests. Secondly, the MRFM was applied to investigate the applicability of this method to wind turbine blades. Results are promising, showing a high level of nonlinearity of the system and how the MRFM can be applied to wind-turbine blades. Fuiii ture studies were planned for the comparison of physical characteristic of this blade with blades created made of other material.

This thesis developed out of my personal curiosity on the subject of high-technological development. Specifically, high-technology’s shift from primarily a military tool to a consumer product raised several questions to answer since first taking an interest in the subject. My lifestyle, like many other Americans in my generation, incorporates computers, cell-phones, and video game consoles as not only an innovative tool, but a standard and necessary mode of production. In our contemporary society, technology is obtainable everywhere. As an entertaining tool in the form of video games to a productivity tool in our workplaces, most individuals have assimilated consumer electronics. Yet this essay seeks to look at the beginning of these changes in the late 1970’s and 1980’s. Particularly, how did an American society that based itself around industrial mechanisms suddenly become so enthralled by consumer electronics, which a decade before were used for missile guidance and complex mathematical calculations? How did these devices, which were initially proposed as an industrial and political efficiency tool, suddenly become a labeled consumer luxury good? The answer to these questions surprisingly developed into a more complex socioeconomic analysis of 1970’s and 1980’s behaviors that utilized a Marxist interpretation of the relationship between technology and the human experience. This topic incorporates terms and theories from a variety of academic subjects. While this essay is formed around a historical narrative and argument, much of the evidence is acquired from economical, sociological, and psychological resources. As a result, I hope readers of this essay will find it as enlightening and enjoyable as my own personal journey within the subject.

no / In this work, a model based MINLP (mixed integer nonlinear programming) optimisation framework is developed for evaluating boron rejection in a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination process. A mathematical model (for the RU process) based on solution diffusion model and thin film theory is incorporated in the optimisation framework. A superstructure of the RU network is developed which includes two passes: (a) seawater pass containing normal two-stage RU system housing seawater membrane modules and (b) the brackish water pass (BW) accommodating brackish water membrane modules. For fixed freshwater demand, the objective of this work is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the MINLP approach for analyzing and optimizing the design and operation of RU network while attaining desired limit on boron concentration in the freshwater produced. The effect of seasonal variation in seawater temperature and pH on boron removal efficiency is also discussed.

A via permanente representa um elemento imprescindível na composição do transporte ferroviário e seu desempenho deve ser adequado, de forma a garantir tanto segurança quanto conforto. Assim, diversos aspectos devem ser analisados ainda na fase de projeto, através de dimensionamentos que confrontem diferentes parâmetros da resposta da via e os limites estabelecidos. Dessa forma, o conhecimento do comportamento mecânico da via, devido aos esforços impostos pela passagem do material rodante, passa a ser essencial no projeto de uma estrutura que garanta os requisitos necessários, sem ser inviável economicamente. Visto que esse comportamento mecânico é muito sensível à rigidez vertical da estrutura, o presente trabalho apresenta análises da influência desse parâmetro na resposta da via e, consequentemente, no seu dimensionamento. Nesse contexto, o trabalho abrange tanto o caso de vias em lastro solicitadas por trens de carga, quanto o caso de vias em laje solicitadas por trens de passageiros em meios urbanos. No primeiro caso são realizados estudos paramétricos, por meio de modelos clássicos e um modelo mecanicista, para a análise de momentos fletores e deflexões nos trilhos, bem como tensões verticais nas camadas de lastro, sub-lastro e subleito. Já no segundo caso, são realizados estudos paramétricos relativos à transmissibilidade e à atenuação de vibrações causadoras de ruído secundário. Também é feita uma análise da influência da rigidez vertical na amplificação dinâmica das cargas estáticas, que pode ser aplicada a ambos os casos citados e até extrapolada para casos de vias de alta velocidade. Os resultados mostraram que aumentos de rigidez vertical resultam em ganhos do ponto de vista de momentos fletores e deflexões nos trilhos, além de maior resistência e capacidade de dissipação de tensões verticais nas camadas de lastro, sub-lastro e subleito. Por outro lado, esses aumentos também levaram a maiores tensões nas camadas subjacentes à grade citadas, além de atenuações de vibrações em menores intervalos de frequência e maiores amplificações dinâmicas das cargas estáticas em vias de alta velocidade. Assim, é mostrado que a influência da rigidez vertical, tanto da via como um todo quanto de alguns elementos específicos, não deve ser analisada de forma genérica, pois, dependendo do parâmetro da resposta da via considerado no dimensionamento, seu aumento pode representar uma influência positiva ou negativa. / The railway track is an essential element in the composition of rail transport and its performance should be adequate to ensure both safety and comfort. Therefore, several aspects should be analyzed still in the project phase, through project designs that compare the response of the track from the point of view of different parameters and some stablished limits. Thus, the knowledge of the mechanical behavior of the track due to stresses imposed by the passage of rolling stock becomes essential to the design of a structure which ensures the necessary requirements, without being uneconomic. Since this mechanical behavior is very sensitive to vertical stiffness of the structure, this thesis presents some analyses about the influence of this parameter in the track response and, consequently, in its design. In this context, the research covers both the case of ballasted tracks with freight trains and the case of slab tracks with passenger trains in urban areas. In the first case, parametric studies are performed by means of classical and mechanistic models with analyses of bending moments and deflections in rails, as well as the vertical stresses on ballast, sub-ballast and subgrade layers. In the second, it was analyzed in the parametric studies the transmission and attenuation of vibrations causing ground borne vibration. In addition to these, there is also an analysis of the influence of the vertical stiffness in dynamic amplification of the static loads, which can be applied to both the mentioned cases and even extrapolated to cases of high-speed railways. The results showed that stiffness increases result in positive gains from the point of view of bending moments and deflections in rails, as well as higher strength and dissipation of vertical stresses on ballast, sub-ballast and subgrade layers. On the other hand, this increase of stiffness also lead to higher pressures on the layers cited, in addition to attenuation of vibrations in lower frequency ranges and higher dynamic amplifications of static loads in the case of high-speed operation. Thus, the influence of vertical stiffness should not be analyzed in a generic way, because, depending on the parameter of the track response considered, it can represent a positive or negative influence.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar a história da resistência e da luta dos moradores e do Movimento de Luta por Moradia (MLM) pelo bairro de Vila Operária em Guarulhos, SP. A partir da sistematização das experiências dos moradores, buscou-se construir uma história da luta do bairro através das ações de resistência às reintegrações de posse em um espaço com problemas de regulamentação fundiária disputado pela iniciativa privada, por posseiros e pelo Estado. A partir da análise das estruturas econômicas e a superestrutura Estado e suas instituições ao longo da história do Brasil, verificou-se a continuidade da exclusão social e da concentração de renda e fundiária, que contribui com o crescimento das periferias na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Os movimentos sociais de moradia pela Reforma Urbana buscam a regularização fundiária de bairros estabelecidos, caso da Vila Operária, e têm se dedicado em defender os direitos constitucionais e o respeito às leis municipais e ao Plano Diretor. A análise da experiência dos moradores e da Vila Operária permitirá avaliar as ações de movimentos sociais de moradia pela Reforma Urbana em um contexto de regulação híbrida do Direito em que Estado e empresas atuam em conjunto na repressão às ações coletivas e à democracia / This reserch aims to present the history of resistance and struggle of the residents and of the Movement for Struggle for Housing (MLM) in the neighborhood of Vila Operária in Guarulhos, SP. From the systematization of the residents\' experiences, the aim was to construct a history of the neighborhood struggle through the actions of resistance to the reintegration of tenure in a space with land regulation problems disputed by the private initiative, squatters and the State. From the analysis of economic structures and the superstructure - State and its institutions - throughout the history of Brazil, the continuity of social exclusion and concentration of income and land ownership has been verified, which contributes to the growth of the peripheries in the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo. The social movements of housing by the Urban Reform seek the land regularization of established neighborhoods, in the case of Vila Operária, and has been dedicated in defending the constitutional rights and the respect to the municipal laws and the Master Plan. The analysis of the experience of the residents and Vila Operária will allow to evaluate the actions of social movements of housing by the Urban Reform in a context of Hybrid Law regulation in which State and companies act together in the repression of collective actions and democracy

A fotoelasticidade é um método analítico usado para avaliar e calcular as tensões existentes em qualquer ponto da superfície de um material. É uma ferramenta para análise de tensões bidimensionais, usa luz monocromática polarizada e modelos de resina. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar as tensões induzidas na interface osso-implante em diferentes planejamentos de próteses fixas totais implantossuportadas protocolo de Branemark. As variáveis nos modelos foram: número de implantes, tipo de liga, presença ou ausência de cantilever, inclinação dos implantes distais e secção transversal da infraestrutura. Foram confeccionados 32 modelos fotoelásticos e foram realizadas análises qualitativa e quantitativa das tensões induzidas. Os modelos sofreram carga estática no valor de 50 N na porção central e distal da barra. Os implantes central e distal foram analisados sob as cargas central e distal individualmente. Os pilares receberam torque de 20 N.cm e os parafusos protéticos de fixação da barra receberam 10 N.cm. Antes de qualquer avaliação, foi certificado que os modelos fotoelásticos encontravam-se livres de tensões residuais. A tensão (MPa) acumulada nos implantes distais sob carga distal foi aproximadamente 7 vezes maior que nas outras situações de carga. Além disso, 69% de toda tensão acumulada no sistema se manifestou no implante distal sob carga distal. Houve uma clara vantagem para as estruturas fundidas em cobalto-cromo em relação às fundidas em titânio concernente à distribuição de tensões. A análise da secção transversal demonstrou que na comparação entre viga convencional e viga I, houve distribuição aleatória de resultados. Também ficou evidente que o número maior de implantes favorece a uma melhor distribuição de tensões. Já quando foram comparadas barras de protocolo apresentando ou não cantilever, as infraestruturas sem cantilever apresentaram um resultado marcadamente superior àquelas com cantilever. Finalmente, as infraestruturas com implantes distais retos apresentaram uma melhor distribuição de tensões. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o método de fotoelasticidade é um método laboratorial apropriado para análise de tensões; próteses tipo protocolo de Branemark com 5 implantes provêm uma melhor condição de distribuição de tensões do que com 4 implantes; a secção transversal da supraestrutura metálica e o tipo de liga utilizado na fundição não apresentaram relação direta com o padrão de distribuição de tensões nos implantes; a distribuição de tensões nos implantes dentários em uma prótese tipo protocolo é mais eficiente com implantes distais retos e sem extensão em cantilever. / Photoelastic analysis is a method used to evaluate and calculate stresses at a material surface. It is a tool for bidimensional stresses analysis. Polarized monochromatic light and resin models for stresses evaluation were used. The purpose of this study was to compare the induced stresses in the bone-implant interface using different implant supporting complete fixed prostheses Branemark protocol. The variables studied in the models were: the number of implants, cast metal alloy, presence or absence of cantilever, angulation of distal implants and superstructure cross-sectional shape. It were prepared thirty-two photoelastic models and perceived quantitative and qualitative analysis of the induced stresses. 50 Newtons static load was exerted on the central and the distal part of the superstructure. Central and distal implants were analyzed under central and distal loads individually. The abutments were tightened with a 20 N.cm torque and the prosthetic screws with a 10 N.cm torque. Before the evaluations took place, it was checked if the implants presented residual stresses. Stresses accumulated in the distal implants under distal load were nine times greater than in the other loading situations and received approximately 69% of all stresses scattered in the whole system. There was a clear advantage for cobalto-chromium cast superstructures over titanium ones about stress transfer. The analysis of the cross-sectional superstructure shape evinced that when comparing conventional beam with i-beam there was an aleatoric results distribution. It was also evident that a superstructure with more implants collaborates to a better stresses distribution. Comparing Branemark protocol bars presenting or not cantilever extension, those with no cantilever presented remarked superior results than those with cantilever. Finally, superstructures with straight implants had a better stress transfer than those with angulated ones. Based upon the obtained results, it was concluded that the photoelastic method is a laboratorial evaluation method suitable for stress transfer analysis. Five implants complete fixed prostheses provide a better stress than those with four implants. Cross-sectional metal superstructure shape and the type of cast alloy demonstrate no direct correlation about the stress transfer pattern over the implants. The stress distribution over dental implants in a Branemark procotol prosthese is more efficient with straight distal implants and a bar with no cantilever extension.