Nesta pesquisa tivemos como objetivo explicitar a política de constituição do Dicionário Caldas Aulete Digital a partir da compreensão do funcionamento da concepção de língua veiculada nesse dicionário, uma vez que esta se constitui na tensão entre infraestrutura e superestrutura. Analisamos o funcionamento do conceito de língua na relação entre infraestrutura e superestrutura; compreendemos o conceito de política e suas relações com o sentido; apresentamos as especificidades e as condições de produção do Dicionário Caldas Aulete Digital, pensando a reformulação, do Dicionário Houaiss e do Dicionário Aurélio para entender que relações se estabelecem entre esses diferentes dicionários e buscamos apresentar o espaço de reformulação na articulação com as práticas sociais. O percurso teórico desenvolvido teve por base o materialismo histórico e dialético, perpassando também pelos estudos filológicos, estudos linguísticos estruturalistas e culminando nos estudos discursivos. Com os estudos filológicos de Michel Bréal, entendemos que a linguagem reflete o homem, suas vontades e seus desejos, remontando à condição humana de sujeito histórico e responsável pelas mudanças em uma língua. Os estudos linguísticos estruturalistas de Ferdinand de Saussure apontam a língua como objeto abstrato, cujas alterações ocorrem no deslocamento da relação entre o significante e o significado, sem qualquer interferência externa à língua, limitando-se o objeto língua, portanto, a um sistema estável. Os estudos materialistas de Mikhail Bakhtin/Valentin Volochínov abordam a linguagem enquanto materialidade, cujas condições de uso remetem aos sentidos, logo em funcionamento na realidade concreta de uso. Nos estudos discursivos de Michel Pêcheux, o conceito de língua está articulado ao de discurso, para o qual a língua serve de suporte para a realização dos efeitos de sentido. O conceito de política abordado a partir de Hannah Arendt está articulado ao de liberdade e é a criação do novo, do inesperado, é ação plural, sendo inerente à condição humana. Para Jacques Rancière, a política se instaura com o dano e este desfaz a ordem policial instituída, rompendo com a configuração da sociedade em que se definem as parcelas. Na teoria de Michel Pêcheux, observamos que a política se relaciona com o conceito de formação discursiva, pois é nesta que as palavras adquirem seus sentidos a partir da inscrição dos sujeitos em determinada formação ideológica. Para as análises, selecionamos verbetes que contribuíssem para ilustrar as relações infraestruturais e superestruturais que se estabelecem na produção do dicionário, bem como que possibilitassem a articulação com os conceitos estudados. As análises centraram-se, ainda, nos projetos da editora Lexikon e permitiram apresentar que no projeto inicial de produção dicionarística visava-se a uma obra aberta, de dicionarização da língua viva, isto é, a língua em funcionamento na sociedade, reflexo das práticas dos sujeitos na infraestrutura e na superestrutura, cuja contribuição era estendida aos sujeitos falantes da língua, leigos quanto aos critérios lexicográficos de constituição de um dicionário. No projeto seguinte, reformulado, há um retorno aos dicionários clássicos e tradicionais, pois há um controle sobre a dicionarização na medida em que o sujeito das forças orgânicas não pode mais contribuir com a produção desse dicionário, e a tarefa da lexicalização da língua retorna aos lexicógrafos, sujeitos academicamente instruídos para tal. / In this research we have aimed to explicit the politics of constitution of Caldas Aulete Digital Dictionary, starting from the comprehension of the functioning of the concept of language assumed in this dictionary, since this language is constituted by the tension between infrastructure and superstructure. We analyzed the functioning of the concept of language in the relationship between infrastructure and superstructure; we comprehended the concept of politics and its relations with meaning; we pointed the specificities and the conditions of production of Caldas Aulete Digital Dictionary, considering the reformulation of Houaiss Dictionary and Aurélio Dictionary in order to understand what relations are established between these different dictionaries, and we sought to present this space of reformulation in the articulation with social practices. The theoretical course developed was based on historical and dialectical materialism, also going through philological studies, structuralist linguistic studies, culminating in discursive studies. With Michel Bréal’s philological studies, we understand that language reflects the human being, its wills and desires, reinforcing the human condition of historical subject, responsible for changes in a language. The structuralist linguistic studies of Ferdinand de Saussure point to language as an abstract object, whose alterations occur in the displacement of the relation between the signifier and the signified, without any language external interference, thus limiting the language object to a stable system. Materialistic studies of Mikhail Bakhtin / Valentin Volochínov approach language as materiality, whose conditions of use refer to meaning, therefore, in functioning in the concrete reality of use. In discursive studies of Michel Pêcheux, the concept of language is articulated to the concept of discourse, to which the language serves as support for the accomplishment of the effects of meaning. The concept of politics taken from Hannah Arendt is articulated to the notion of freedom and it is the creation of the new, the unexpected, it is plural action and inherent to the human condition. To Jacques Rancière, politics is established with the damage and this damage undoes the police order instituted, breaking with the configuration of the society in which social classes are defined. In Michel Pêcheux’s theory, we observe that politics is related to the concept of discursive formation, as the words acquire their meaning inserted in such discursive formation, from the inscription of the subjects in a certain ideological formation. For the analysis, we selected entries which could contribute to illustrate the infrastructural and superstructural relations that are established in the production of the dictionary, as well as entries that could enable the relation with the concepts addressed. Such analysis also focused in the projects of Lexikon editor and allowed to present that in the initial project of the dictionary production an open work was aimed; a work of living language in the dictionary, that is, the functioning language in society, as a reflection of the practice of the subjects in infrastructure and superstructure, whose contribution was extended to the language speaking subjects, lay people when it comes to lexicographic criteria of the constitution of a dictionary. In the following project, redesigned, there is a return to classical and traditional dictionaries, as there is a control on the entries inclusion in the extent that the subject of organic forces can no longer contribute to the production of such dictionary, and the task of lexical establishment returns to lexicographers, subjects who are academically instructed to do so.

This thesis project was conducted to compare the environmental impacts between two types of material for a superstructure of cruising ship (Norwegian Gem) using life cycle assessment (LCA) methods. With the increasing price of industrial raw materials and finite resources, more and more corporations or manufacturers endeavor in seeking more economical materials and less environmental impacts within the ship building field. In recent years, lightweight composite material has been applied in various industrial fields, for instance, green buildings, aircraft and wind turbine blade. In order to study impacts of steel superstructure and composite material superstructure of the ship, a detail study was conducted which using the comparative LCA method and SimaPro software. Two different superstructures are compared, steel superstructure and sandwich material superstructure. The results showed thatover the life cycle the environmental impacts of sandwich superstructure type are much less than for the steel superstructure. The main contribution of impacts over the life time is operation phase due to fuel consumption. When increasing the waste recycling section for composite structure, the influence on environment has an obvious decrease compared to steel superstructure.

<p>The focus of this study is on potential problems resulting from construction on expansive soils in Kibaha region, Tanzania. For the fact that most of the affected structures are founded on expansive soils, a clear understanding of the soil behaviour and their interaction with structures, specifically as they relate to shallow foundations, has been of more interest to the study in order to evaluate properly the source of the problem.</p><p>The geotechnical behaviour of expansive clay soils is investigated by looking into the geomorphologic, geological and climatic conditions and mineralogical composition of the soils in the study area. The geotechnical results are linked with the performance of the foundation as well as structures.</p><p>Two sites, representative of known problem-areas in Kibaha were selected for geotechnical tests. Geotechnical site investigation consisted of open trial pits, profile description and the collection of both disturbed and undisturbed samples.</p><p>The collected samples were submitted to soil laboratories at KTH and DIT for mineralogical composition tests, natural water content, density, Atterberg limits and swell tests (free swell and swelling pressure). The results of this investigation indicate that soil in Kibaha contains clay (31%), have high liquid limit (59%) and plastic limit (37%) which indicate high potential swell.</p><p>Since swell potential and swell pressure are key properties of expansive soils, the swell parameters were measured by free swell tests and one-dimensional oedometer swell tests respectively. The free swell ranged from 100% to 150% and the swell pressure was in the region of 45 kPa.</p><p>The properties of expansive soils were confirmed by the x-ray diffraction test which showed the presence of montmorillonite in the soil. It is from this fact that the source of the problem is in the expansive soils coupled with poor building materials.</p><p>Physical conditions of the surveyed properties in the area confirmed the hypothesis of building damages due to poor building materials triggered by expansive soils. In support of the obtained data, the actual behaviour of the foundations is supplemented with prototypes of strip foundations whose performances are to be monitored over a long period. Finally, suggested are the ways forward to solve the problem of foundation on expansive soil.</p>

Nesta pesquisa tivemos como objetivo explicitar a política de constituição do Dicionário Caldas Aulete Digital a partir da compreensão do funcionamento da concepção de língua veiculada nesse dicionário, uma vez que esta se constitui na tensão entre infraestrutura e superestrutura. Analisamos o funcionamento do conceito de língua na relação entre infraestrutura e superestrutura; compreendemos o conceito de política e suas relações com o sentido; apresentamos as especificidades e as condições de produção do Dicionário Caldas Aulete Digital, pensando a reformulação, do Dicionário Houaiss e do Dicionário Aurélio para entender que relações se estabelecem entre esses diferentes dicionários e buscamos apresentar o espaço de reformulação na articulação com as práticas sociais. O percurso teórico desenvolvido teve por base o materialismo histórico e dialético, perpassando também pelos estudos filológicos, estudos linguísticos estruturalistas e culminando nos estudos discursivos. Com os estudos filológicos de Michel Bréal, entendemos que a linguagem reflete o homem, suas vontades e seus desejos, remontando à condição humana de sujeito histórico e responsável pelas mudanças em uma língua. Os estudos linguísticos estruturalistas de Ferdinand de Saussure apontam a língua como objeto abstrato, cujas alterações ocorrem no deslocamento da relação entre o significante e o significado, sem qualquer interferência externa à língua, limitando-se o objeto língua, portanto, a um sistema estável. Os estudos materialistas de Mikhail Bakhtin/Valentin Volochínov abordam a linguagem enquanto materialidade, cujas condições de uso remetem aos sentidos, logo em funcionamento na realidade concreta de uso. Nos estudos discursivos de Michel Pêcheux, o conceito de língua está articulado ao de discurso, para o qual a língua serve de suporte para a realização dos efeitos de sentido. O conceito de política abordado a partir de Hannah Arendt está articulado ao de liberdade e é a criação do novo, do inesperado, é ação plural, sendo inerente à condição humana. Para Jacques Rancière, a política se instaura com o dano e este desfaz a ordem policial instituída, rompendo com a configuração da sociedade em que se definem as parcelas. Na teoria de Michel Pêcheux, observamos que a política se relaciona com o conceito de formação discursiva, pois é nesta que as palavras adquirem seus sentidos a partir da inscrição dos sujeitos em determinada formação ideológica. Para as análises, selecionamos verbetes que contribuíssem para ilustrar as relações infraestruturais e superestruturais que se estabelecem na produção do dicionário, bem como que possibilitassem a articulação com os conceitos estudados. As análises centraram-se, ainda, nos projetos da editora Lexikon e permitiram apresentar que no projeto inicial de produção dicionarística visava-se a uma obra aberta, de dicionarização da língua viva, isto é, a língua em funcionamento na sociedade, reflexo das práticas dos sujeitos na infraestrutura e na superestrutura, cuja contribuição era estendida aos sujeitos falantes da língua, leigos quanto aos critérios lexicográficos de constituição de um dicionário. No projeto seguinte, reformulado, há um retorno aos dicionários clássicos e tradicionais, pois há um controle sobre a dicionarização na medida em que o sujeito das forças orgânicas não pode mais contribuir com a produção desse dicionário, e a tarefa da lexicalização da língua retorna aos lexicógrafos, sujeitos academicamente instruídos para tal. / In this research we have aimed to explicit the politics of constitution of Caldas Aulete Digital Dictionary, starting from the comprehension of the functioning of the concept of language assumed in this dictionary, since this language is constituted by the tension between infrastructure and superstructure. We analyzed the functioning of the concept of language in the relationship between infrastructure and superstructure; we comprehended the concept of politics and its relations with meaning; we pointed the specificities and the conditions of production of Caldas Aulete Digital Dictionary, considering the reformulation of Houaiss Dictionary and Aurélio Dictionary in order to understand what relations are established between these different dictionaries, and we sought to present this space of reformulation in the articulation with social practices. The theoretical course developed was based on historical and dialectical materialism, also going through philological studies, structuralist linguistic studies, culminating in discursive studies. With Michel Bréal’s philological studies, we understand that language reflects the human being, its wills and desires, reinforcing the human condition of historical subject, responsible for changes in a language. The structuralist linguistic studies of Ferdinand de Saussure point to language as an abstract object, whose alterations occur in the displacement of the relation between the signifier and the signified, without any language external interference, thus limiting the language object to a stable system. Materialistic studies of Mikhail Bakhtin / Valentin Volochínov approach language as materiality, whose conditions of use refer to meaning, therefore, in functioning in the concrete reality of use. In discursive studies of Michel Pêcheux, the concept of language is articulated to the concept of discourse, to which the language serves as support for the accomplishment of the effects of meaning. The concept of politics taken from Hannah Arendt is articulated to the notion of freedom and it is the creation of the new, the unexpected, it is plural action and inherent to the human condition. To Jacques Rancière, politics is established with the damage and this damage undoes the police order instituted, breaking with the configuration of the society in which social classes are defined. In Michel Pêcheux’s theory, we observe that politics is related to the concept of discursive formation, as the words acquire their meaning inserted in such discursive formation, from the inscription of the subjects in a certain ideological formation. For the analysis, we selected entries which could contribute to illustrate the infrastructural and superstructural relations that are established in the production of the dictionary, as well as entries that could enable the relation with the concepts addressed. Such analysis also focused in the projects of Lexikon editor and allowed to present that in the initial project of the dictionary production an open work was aimed; a work of living language in the dictionary, that is, the functioning language in society, as a reflection of the practice of the subjects in infrastructure and superstructure, whose contribution was extended to the language speaking subjects, lay people when it comes to lexicographic criteria of the constitution of a dictionary. In the following project, redesigned, there is a return to classical and traditional dictionaries, as there is a control on the entries inclusion in the extent that the subject of organic forces can no longer contribute to the production of such dictionary, and the task of lexical establishment returns to lexicographers, subjects who are academically instructed to do so.

Nesta pesquisa tivemos como objetivo explicitar a política de constituição do Dicionário Caldas Aulete Digital a partir da compreensão do funcionamento da concepção de língua veiculada nesse dicionário, uma vez que esta se constitui na tensão entre infraestrutura e superestrutura. Analisamos o funcionamento do conceito de língua na relação entre infraestrutura e superestrutura; compreendemos o conceito de política e suas relações com o sentido; apresentamos as especificidades e as condições de produção do Dicionário Caldas Aulete Digital, pensando a reformulação, do Dicionário Houaiss e do Dicionário Aurélio para entender que relações se estabelecem entre esses diferentes dicionários e buscamos apresentar o espaço de reformulação na articulação com as práticas sociais. O percurso teórico desenvolvido teve por base o materialismo histórico e dialético, perpassando também pelos estudos filológicos, estudos linguísticos estruturalistas e culminando nos estudos discursivos. Com os estudos filológicos de Michel Bréal, entendemos que a linguagem reflete o homem, suas vontades e seus desejos, remontando à condição humana de sujeito histórico e responsável pelas mudanças em uma língua. Os estudos linguísticos estruturalistas de Ferdinand de Saussure apontam a língua como objeto abstrato, cujas alterações ocorrem no deslocamento da relação entre o significante e o significado, sem qualquer interferência externa à língua, limitando-se o objeto língua, portanto, a um sistema estável. Os estudos materialistas de Mikhail Bakhtin/Valentin Volochínov abordam a linguagem enquanto materialidade, cujas condições de uso remetem aos sentidos, logo em funcionamento na realidade concreta de uso. Nos estudos discursivos de Michel Pêcheux, o conceito de língua está articulado ao de discurso, para o qual a língua serve de suporte para a realização dos efeitos de sentido. O conceito de política abordado a partir de Hannah Arendt está articulado ao de liberdade e é a criação do novo, do inesperado, é ação plural, sendo inerente à condição humana. Para Jacques Rancière, a política se instaura com o dano e este desfaz a ordem policial instituída, rompendo com a configuração da sociedade em que se definem as parcelas. Na teoria de Michel Pêcheux, observamos que a política se relaciona com o conceito de formação discursiva, pois é nesta que as palavras adquirem seus sentidos a partir da inscrição dos sujeitos em determinada formação ideológica. Para as análises, selecionamos verbetes que contribuíssem para ilustrar as relações infraestruturais e superestruturais que se estabelecem na produção do dicionário, bem como que possibilitassem a articulação com os conceitos estudados. As análises centraram-se, ainda, nos projetos da editora Lexikon e permitiram apresentar que no projeto inicial de produção dicionarística visava-se a uma obra aberta, de dicionarização da língua viva, isto é, a língua em funcionamento na sociedade, reflexo das práticas dos sujeitos na infraestrutura e na superestrutura, cuja contribuição era estendida aos sujeitos falantes da língua, leigos quanto aos critérios lexicográficos de constituição de um dicionário. No projeto seguinte, reformulado, há um retorno aos dicionários clássicos e tradicionais, pois há um controle sobre a dicionarização na medida em que o sujeito das forças orgânicas não pode mais contribuir com a produção desse dicionário, e a tarefa da lexicalização da língua retorna aos lexicógrafos, sujeitos academicamente instruídos para tal. / In this research we have aimed to explicit the politics of constitution of Caldas Aulete Digital Dictionary, starting from the comprehension of the functioning of the concept of language assumed in this dictionary, since this language is constituted by the tension between infrastructure and superstructure. We analyzed the functioning of the concept of language in the relationship between infrastructure and superstructure; we comprehended the concept of politics and its relations with meaning; we pointed the specificities and the conditions of production of Caldas Aulete Digital Dictionary, considering the reformulation of Houaiss Dictionary and Aurélio Dictionary in order to understand what relations are established between these different dictionaries, and we sought to present this space of reformulation in the articulation with social practices. The theoretical course developed was based on historical and dialectical materialism, also going through philological studies, structuralist linguistic studies, culminating in discursive studies. With Michel Bréal’s philological studies, we understand that language reflects the human being, its wills and desires, reinforcing the human condition of historical subject, responsible for changes in a language. The structuralist linguistic studies of Ferdinand de Saussure point to language as an abstract object, whose alterations occur in the displacement of the relation between the signifier and the signified, without any language external interference, thus limiting the language object to a stable system. Materialistic studies of Mikhail Bakhtin / Valentin Volochínov approach language as materiality, whose conditions of use refer to meaning, therefore, in functioning in the concrete reality of use. In discursive studies of Michel Pêcheux, the concept of language is articulated to the concept of discourse, to which the language serves as support for the accomplishment of the effects of meaning. The concept of politics taken from Hannah Arendt is articulated to the notion of freedom and it is the creation of the new, the unexpected, it is plural action and inherent to the human condition. To Jacques Rancière, politics is established with the damage and this damage undoes the police order instituted, breaking with the configuration of the society in which social classes are defined. In Michel Pêcheux’s theory, we observe that politics is related to the concept of discursive formation, as the words acquire their meaning inserted in such discursive formation, from the inscription of the subjects in a certain ideological formation. For the analysis, we selected entries which could contribute to illustrate the infrastructural and superstructural relations that are established in the production of the dictionary, as well as entries that could enable the relation with the concepts addressed. Such analysis also focused in the projects of Lexikon editor and allowed to present that in the initial project of the dictionary production an open work was aimed; a work of living language in the dictionary, that is, the functioning language in society, as a reflection of the practice of the subjects in infrastructure and superstructure, whose contribution was extended to the language speaking subjects, lay people when it comes to lexicographic criteria of the constitution of a dictionary. In the following project, redesigned, there is a return to classical and traditional dictionaries, as there is a control on the entries inclusion in the extent that the subject of organic forces can no longer contribute to the production of such dictionary, and the task of lexical establishment returns to lexicographers, subjects who are academically instructed to do so.

O propósito do presente trabalho é desenvolver a avaliação estrutural de um navio \"Nodriza\" de pequeno porte de aplicação militar e cujo projeto inicial foi orientado à navegação em águas abrigadas com restrições de calado. Porém, requisitos e necessidades afetando a concepção inicial do projeto obrigam este a efetuar percursos em águas profundas com possibilidade de experimentar ciclos de onda. A avaliação estrutural pretende determinar o nível de influência da superestrutura sobre a resistência longitudinal do navio considerando-o submetido a esforços solicitantes próprios de águas não abrigadas. As limitações geradas pelas formas e proporções do navio Nodriza, que não permitem implementar de forma direta as regras de Sociedades Classificadoras para a avaliação estrutural em águas profundas, obriga ao uso de cálculos diretos para sua aprovação. Uma análise mediante o uso de elementos finitos, modelando o navio com e sem participação da superestrutura, permite determinar como esta representa uma significativa influência sobre a resistência longitudinal e tensões finais dos membros principais e membros de suporte, quando é considerada dentro da análise estrutural. Igualmente, implementam-se procedimentos determinísticos propostos pelas regras de sociedades classificadoras para navios convencionais, na procura de estabelecer a conveniência ou não da sua aplicação como método de aproximação para uma avaliação estrutural desta classe de navio militar, cujas características tornam dele um caso particular de análise. / The objective of the present work is to conduct a structural evaluation of the small size, military vessel Nodriza which has been designed for navigation in sheltered waters with draft restrictions. However, new requirements and changes in the operation of this vessel forced deep water navigation with the possible action of wave loading. The structural evaluation seeks to determine the effects of the superstructure on the longitudinal structural resistance for the vessel. Since the geometry and overall dimensions of the ship are not covered by the structural rules of the Classification Societies, a numerical analyses based on the finite element method is conducted for a full model of the vessel. The numerical analyses demonstrate the strong effect of the superstructure on the longitudinal resistance which yields reduced stress levels in primary structural members. The work provides a compelling support to use more refined procedures in the structural design of non-conventional small-sized vessels.

The aim of this thesis is to assess the influence of superstructure implementation and thermal insulation of residential building for expenses associated with operating the property. Calculation used detached brick apartment building in Brno Slatina on the street Tilhonova 50a/50b, which has two separated entrances. The heat sources, principles of thermal insulation of residential buildings, energy prices and the possibility of her savings have been described theoretically. Various materials have been designed with different insulation thicknesses of thermal insulation material. To existing and newly designed apartment building has been processed label of the building envelope and certificate of energy performance of the building and then the values were compared. The thesis includes a calculation of the costs to perform construction modifications and determine payback period of the investment.

Bridge design and construction practice in former USSR, especially Russia, is not much known to the foreign engineers. Many advanced structural theories and construction practices have been established. In 1931, Franklin D. Roosevelt said, “There can be little doubt that in many ways the story of bridge building is the story of civilization. By it, we can readily measure a progress in each particular country.” The development of bridge engineering is based on previous experiences and historical aspects. Certainly, the Russian experience in bridge engineering has its own specifics. Bridge design proceeds in accordance with local standards and specifications. This study considers the basic rules and standards in bridge design in the North of Russia, the work includes the overview of Russian design concepts. The paper shows the design of typical concrete bridges including all calculations and analyses for future bridge stability and also drawings for visualisation. The results of the work are conclusions based on performing the required design calculations, drawings, preparing a final estimate and preparations for the construction. There are also some notes concerning the Russian design systems, computer programs for designing and computing and, finally, comparison of the Russians design standards and the Eurocode.

Befolkningsökningen och urbaniseringsprocessen gör att fler bostäder och andra byggnader måste uppföras i städerna. Stadsförtätning är en planeringsstrategi där påbyggnad av befintliga byggnader är en lösning. Vid påbyggnad måste nya laster bäras av en befintlig konstruktion och beroende på påbyggnadens omfattning och materialval används olika förstärkningsmetoder. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka en förstärkningsmetod genom breddning av pelarfundament. Konsekvenserna inom två teknikområden: geoteknik och byggnads-konstruktion, har studerats. Frågeställningarna har varit likartade: vilka undersökningar måste göras och vilken bärförmåga har en konstruktion som pålastas före och efter förstärkning av pelarfundamentet? Parallellt med studier av litteratur har intervjuer med konstruktör och geotekniker utförts, för att skapa en tydlig inriktning på arbetet.  Några metoder för förstärkning av pelarfundament presenteras. Förutom specialiserad litteratur, rapporter och uppsatser som utgör den största delen av teoriavsnittet i denna studie, har Eurokoderna utgjort referens, främst vid konstruktionsberäkningar men också för det avsnitt som berör geoteknik. För att kunna utföra relevanta beräkningar har ett fiktivt fall tagits fram. Utifrån bygghandlingar och uppmätningar i ett befintligt parkeringshus i Lund, har de vertikala lasterna före och efter påbyggnad beräknats. Den befintliga byggnaden var grundlagd på grov- och mellansand men placerades i det fiktiva fallet i Malmö och grundlades på lermorän. Utifrån de stipulerade förutsättningarna har en dimensionering vid förstärkning av det befintliga pelarfundamentet redovisats i form av beräkningskontroller samt ritningar. Vid dimensionering av pelarfundamentet har olika beräkningsmodeller använts. Flera avgränsningar har gjorts; exempelvis att horisontella laster inte beaktats och vertikala laster verkar centriskt, i syfte att ge en överskådlig bild av de vanligast förekommande beräkningarna och kontrollerna som måste göras vid fundamentförstärkning. I det aktuella fallet var sidan på det kvadratiska pelarfundamentet 2,8 m lång och dess tjocklek 0,6 m. De vertikala lasterna före påbyggnad uppskattades till 2242 kN och ökade till 3894 kN efter påbyggnad. Jorden blev då belastad nära maximal tillåten spänning och den befintliga betongkonstruktionen hade inte kapacitet för att bära de nya lasterna. En ökning av plattans breddmått med 0,45 m på samtliga sidor beräknades nödvändig för att behålla samma spänning i jorden. För att uppnå en godtagbar kapacitet antogs en pågjutning à 0,2 m också vara nödvändig. Även en breddning av den rektangulära pelaren antogs. Beräkningskontrollerna godkände de nya dimensionerna samt fastställde kvantiteten av nytt armeringsjärn som skulle användas, dels för att förlänga den befintliga armeringen, dels för att förbättra vidhäftningen mellan den gamla och den nya betongen. Val av förstärkningsmetod är förknippad med flera faktorer såsom läget inom byggnadskonstruktionen, geokonstruktionens skick, markförhållanden, mm. Därför är inte en metod bättre än en annan; lämplig metod måste bestämmas från fall till fall. Som studien visar skall en arbetsmetodik följas med undersökningar och relevanta beräkningar. Slutsatserna är att studiens resultat bedöms rimliga, men noggrannare dimensionering skulle kunna utföras med FEM-program. / The increase in population and the urbanization process means that more buildings must be built in the cities. Extension of existing buildings is a solution to increase housing capacity, but the existing structure must be strengthened to be able to carry the new loads.  The purpose of this study is to investigate a strengthening method of spread footing in two technical fields: geotechnics and building construction. The questions were: what investigations must be made and what load-bearing capacity has a structure that is loaded before and after enlargement of the spread footing? In addition to specialized literature, reports and essays, the Eurocodes have been a reference. Some methods for enlargement of spread footing are presented. A fictitious case has been developed based on construction documents and measurements in an existing parking garage that was placed in Malmö and founded on clay till. A dimensioning for enlargement of the existing spread footing has been reported in the form of calculation checks and drawings. The vertical loads before the extension were estimated at 2242 kN and increased to 3894 kN after the extension. An increase in the width of the footing by 0.45 m on all sides was calculated necessary to maintain the same tension in the ground. In order to achieve an acceptable capacity, an overlay of 0.2 m was also assumed to be necessary. The calculation controls approved the new dimensions and determined the quantity of new dowels to be used, partly to extend the existing reinforcement, partly to improve the adhesion between the old and the new concrete. The choice of enlargement method is associated with several factors therefore, one method is not better than another. The appropriate method must be determined on a case-by-case basis with a working methodology with surveys and relevant calculations. The conclusions are that the results of the study are considered reasonable, but more accurate dimensioning could be performed with FEM-programs.

The diploma thesis deals with a rail wear in curves with a small radius (R < 500 m), in the national corridor railway, between stations Blansko and Svitavy. The diploma thesis deals with the impact of the track gradient, the horizontal layout of the track, traffic composition, and direction of travel on the size of the horizontal and vertical rail wear. Also, the influence of rail steel grade is discussed in the diploma thesis.