A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, August 2016 / Monitoring the status and abundance of mammals, as well as establishing threats to biodiversity in different areas, is an essential management requirement in protected areas. Monitoring mammal species can assist in determining species interactions, patterns of behaviour and is important for further research, policy and management strategies. Water provision has implications for the preservation of wildlife, and is thus a management concern. Numerous studies monitoring mammal water utilisation patterns have employed traditional data collection methods, which are restricted primarily to diurnal observation during specific time intervals. Given the projected future impacts of global climate change on regional water availability, it is essential to investigate current water usage by mammals in the Kruger National Park (KNP), so as to better ascertain likely future water requirements under climate change scenarios. The use of remote photography for scientific observation, investigation and monitoring has many potential benefits, and an innovative and relatively new method through which one can observe mammal water source visitation patterns, is through the use webcams. There has been comparatively little research on mammal water requirements and visitation patterns at water provisioning sites using remote photography as a data collection method. Further to this, there is a gap in our knowledge concerning how daily climate variables (viz. temperature and rainfall) and astronomical conditions control water source visitation patterns at the finer temporal scale. This research primarily contributes to understanding contemporary water source visitation patterns and how this will influence future management decisions. At a broader scale, determining recent visitation patterns is critical in the context of projected future climatic changes and the associated water requirements for mammals of KNP. Webcam images were obtained for the period March 2012 - March 2014, captured at two artificial water sources in the central KNP. A clear divide is exhibited between herbivore and carnivore visitation patterns, with herbivores exhibiting exclusively diurnal patterns and carnivores’ nocturnal patterns. Significant relationships with Tavg intervals demonstrate that the majority of herbivores are shifting their visitation periods earlier in the day per 5°C increase in mean daily temperature, while the majority of carnivores are shifting their visitation periods later in the night per 5°C increase in mean daily temperature, however there is variability of species responses across the two study sites. Under the highest Tavg interval (30°C - 35°C) impala, warthog, southern giraffe, African buffalo and plains zebra exhibit a shift to earlier visitation by 1 – 6 hours, forcing them to utilise the water sources outside of their preferred temporal range. The influence of the timing of rainfall events indicates that the mean number of individual species sightings is significantly larger on days before rainfall compared to days after rainfall. The study highlights that waterdependent herbivores utilise the artificial water sources in relative proportion to their abundance in the central KNP, while water-independent herbivores are avoiding these artificial water sources. The findings of this research could be used to supplement current water provisioning guidelines and plan for water provisioning efforts in future. / TG2016

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (International Relations), 2017 / Through a close reading of the changes that have occurred within African agriculture using Food Regime Theory, this study will attempt to further understand the impact that has been felt by small-scale farmers who are a dominant feature of African agriculture. This paper will seek to understand the influence that the increased corporatization of agriculture through globalization has had on the small-scale farmer in Africa. As agriculture has become more and more corporatized and commodi:ied, it becomes important to consider the changes that have occurred for those actors within the industry and how these changes will impact them. This paper is attempting to do that through a close reading of the changes that have taken place within an integral part of the agricultural process: the seed. / GR2018

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Johannesburg, 1996 / Current practice of'the rural water sector in Mozambique does not generally consider all factors that have influenc.eon project sustainability, The urgent need to provide returnees in rural areas with safe water, does not give adequate time to engineers, technicians and those involved in the sector, to conceive and plan a water project property. A Decision Support System (DSS) for rural water supply has been proposed to assist the decision making process to be more systematic, fast and comprehensive. It requires a number of input cata variables which are not difficult to obtain and these variables have been selected to ensure that most aspects inherent in a successful project are considered. The main achievement of this system is the project report, similar to a project preliminary design, and the financial results which are important for project assessment and ranking. The Decision Support System is a computational model which uses engineering and economics approach to combine and process input data and information contained in its database. While the calculation method does not need constant updating, the database has to be verified frequently to produce reliable results. South African prices have been used in the database construction but a correction factor facility was incorporated to adjust and make the model useable in Mozambique. The model has been designed to be used by planners, engineers and technicians, and funding agencies. The model can be used by planners to assess implication of policy decisions on future water supplies and water resources development. For engineers and technicians, the model estimates water demands, project components sizes and quantities, and water source development and reliability. To funding agencies, the model is a tool to determine the best investment scenario of a rural water supply project.

This document is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree: Master of Architecture [Professional] at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in the year 2014. / No matter the reasons for the birth of a city, water sits at the very heart ensuring a healthy working population. Johannesburg is one of the only cities in the world that has no major water source of its own and as a result has its water pumped uphill from the Vaal Dam into the city. At the same time the city faces a crisis that is based on both the supply and demand for water. In South Africa, an already water stressed country, it is predicted that precipitation will reduce over the next century, reducing runoff and the supply of fresh water together with demand eventually over taking supply. Through rethinking how the inner city of Johannesburg deals with the saving, purifying and redistribution of its available surface water, the idea of water infrastructure can become something more than a subconscious operation controlled from a far off location and pumped unsustainably back into the city, and more like a series of upgraded machines dispersed about the city within localized contexts, supplementing the existing vital operations on a very obvious and conscious level in order to protect its populations by better protecting it’s most important resource of all. Located within the Maboneng Precinct and more specifically located over a channel of water that becomes the Braamfontein Spruit, this thesis aims at designing a building that will incorporate a water treatment facility together with research laboratories to purify grey water to a standard that is usable for most needs including drinking. Water however does not exist by itself when placed within the context of any environment that has an established infrastructural system. It exists together with the many various machines and pipes hidden from our everyday lives; they are the subconscious networks of the city’s mind, constantly working in the back(under)ground to maintain a reliable flow and quality while the populations go about their conscious, daily functions. The aim is twofold; firstly to show how developing technologies can be experimented on a smaller neighbour-hood scale in order to encourage the development of new thinking and secondly, by developing a Water treatment facility and laboratory coupled with daily social functions as well as offices sited in an urban environment, I hope to show that infrastructural projects that are usually located on the outskirts of cities, away from every day activity, can enhance the civic quality of an urban space. With every system becoming more reliant on technology, water needs to be seen not only as an entity that exists within the natural cycles of the planet, but one that also exists very much within the mechanized systems of the city’s infrastructure, with its availability relying heavily on those systems that manage it as well as the daily social functions that hinge off of it.

Housing shortage is an on-going challenge young Swedes face when moving from home trying to get their own accommodation. The vast majority of municipalities have reported a housing shortage in last years housing market survey carried out by Boverket. This study seeks to find out how the housing supply for students in Umeå have developed during the last five years. To achieve this literature studies and statistics from mainly SCB (Statistics Sweden) have been used. Additionally, interviews with the municipality and companies on the housing market have been held to understand their point of view and how they work with the matter. The study shows that the mutual opinion from all parties is that the conditions for students housing supply is better today then five years ago. One of the reasons being the growth of the housing supply while the students themselves have remained at almost the same amount. Although the study suggests a better situation for the students it reveals another present challenge, how todays housing stock might be a mismatch with what students needs and wishes for in their dwellings.

Titel: Hållbarhet inom arenalogistik Bakgrund: Arenalogistik är ett relativt outforskat område som rör de logistikrelaterade flöden och aktiviteter som sker inom en idrottsarena eller en arena utformad för event. Detta arbete inriktar sig på flödet av konsumtionsprodukter och engångsmaterial. Inom detta område finns det möjligheter att arbeta för mot förbättrad hållbarhet utifrån de tre hållbarhetsdimensionerna miljö, samhälle och ekonomi. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka materialflödet inom arenalogistik hos ett fallföretag, identifiera brister i flödet samt se till hur hållbarheten kan förbättras. Studien har som mål att kunna presentera åtgärder samt deras effekter inom fallföretaget samtidigt som dessa kan komma att appliceras inom liknande företag och branscher. Metod: Ett primärfall har studerats genom kvalitativa intervjuer och observationer. Därefter har jämförelseobjekt valts i form av andra organisationer där lättare datainsamling skett för att skapa en bredare bild av forskningsområdet. Resultat: Uppsatsens resultat pekar på en mängd hållbarhetsbrister som kunnat identifieras i de flöden som undersökts. Bristerna kan delas upp efter de aktiviteter och de områden där de kunnat identifieras inom företaget. Dessa områden är inköp, sortiment, avfallshantering samt materialflöde. För att kunna åtgärda dessa brister har en mängd åtgärdsförslag presenterats, baserat på teori och jämförelser med andra organisationer som har liknande flöden. De främsta åtgärder som identifierats berör en övergång till resurseffektivisering och mer cirkulära flöden. / Title: Sustainability in Arena Logistics Background: Arena Logistics is a relatively unexplored theoretical area that encompasses logistic related flows and activities that are performed at an arena for sports events and other events. This study focuses on consumption products and disposables. Within this area there are opportunities to work for a better sustainability by the three dimensions of sustainability, social, environmental and economical sustainability. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the material flow within arena logistics at a business case, to identify flaws in the flow and also see how the sustainability can be improved. The study is aimed to present actions and their effects at the business case, as well as these actions can be applied on other similar businesses and branches. Method: A primary case was studied through qualitative interviews and observations. Further data was collected from other organisations for comparative reasons and to gain a wider understanding of the field of study. Results: The results given in the study shows several sustainability flaws that are identified in the flows that are analysed. The identified flaws can be categorized by activities or area that they occur within the company. These areas are procurement, assortment, waste management and material flow. To be able to fix these flaws, a number of action proposals are presented based on theory and comparison to other organisations with similar material flows. The foremost actions that are identified points to a transition towards circular flows and more efficient resource usage.

O autor, depois de algumas considerações sobre dependências entre água, desenvolvimento econômico e saúde, procede a uma recuperação histórica do abastecimento de água desde a Antigüidade até os tempos atuais quando empresta ênfase à cidade de São Paulo. Compara a situação do Brasil ao mundo subdesenvolvido no início da década dos setenta, época em que o Governo Federal fez eclodir o mais importante, até hoje, dos programas oficiais relativos ao saneamento básico, o Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico - PLANASA - sustentado pelo Sistema Financeiro de Saneamento - SFS. Em seguida, analisa o desempenho do PLANASA no primeiro decênio de sua existência, concluindo, pelas estatísticas disponíveis, que as metas para o período 1971-80 foram atingidas. No entanto, foca a situação financeira do PLANASA tomando por base a Companhia de Saneamento Básico de são Paulo - SABESP - concluindo em vista de vários problemas enfrentados pela economia nacional e pelo fato de as companhias estaduais de saneamento básico serem analisadas apenas sob o prisma dos demonstrativos financeiros usuais, ser urgente proceder a modificações na política da sustentação financeira da SABESP e, por extensão, do PLANASA como um todo. Propõe que se analise o desempenho das empresas de saneamento básico levando-se em consideração, também os benefícios sociais decorrentes de sua atuação. / After some considerations about the relationships between water, economic development and health, the Author makes a historical survey of water supply from ancient to present times, in which São Paulo City is focused. He compares the Brazilian situation in the beginning of the 70\'s to the other underdeveloped countries. The Federal Government then developed the most important plan of basic sanitation ever made in Brazil: \"Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico\" - PLANASA (National Sanitation Plan) - supported by the \"Sistema Financeiro de Saneamento\" - SFS (Sanitation Financia! System). He makes an analysis of PLANASA performance during its 10 years of existence, coming to the conclusion, based on available statistics, that the aims for the period 1971-1980 were reached. However, he focuses PLANASA financial situation based on that of the \"Companhia de Saneamento Bâsico de São Paulo\" - SABESP (São Paulo State Sanitation Company)- and concludes that due to the various problems faced by the national economy and the fact that the states sanitation companies are analysed only on the basis of financial reports - it is urgently necessary to operate changes in the financial supporting policies of SABESP and consequently of PLANASA as a whole. He proposes to undertake further analysis of the basic sanitation companies taking into consideration the social benefits resulting from the performance of those companies.

A informalidade atinge níveis expressivos nos países em desenvolvimento. No Brasil cerca de 50% dos postos de trabalho estão na informalidade, sendo responsáveis por quase 40% do PIB nacional. O modelo de crescimento neoclássico padrão, desenvolvido e aplicado originalmente para países desenvolvidos não é capaz de compreender porque os brasileiros não estão trabalhando menos como conseqüência dos fortes crescimentos das alíquotas tributárias no início dos anos 90. O modelo prevê uma queda dramática do número de horas trabalhadas, entretanto tal fenômeno não é observado nos dados. A informalidade parece uma boa resposta para esse desajuste, pois trabalhadores informais pagam menos impostos e, assim, aumentos nas alíquotas impactariam menos a decisão de ofertar trabalho. O objetivo dessa dissertação é modelar o número de horas trabalhadas pelo brasileiro médio para o período 1986- 1998, adicionando um setor informal no modelo de crescimento neoclássico. A inclusão de um setor informal no modelo diminui o efeito de impostos sobre o número de horas trabalhadas, melhorando assim a aderência do modelo aos dados brasileiros. / The informal sector has reached significant levels in developing countries. In Brazil about 50% of jobs are informal and account for nearly 40% of national GDP. The traditional neoclassical growth model does not explain why, given the significant increase in tax rates in the early 90s, Brazilians did not work less. The traditional model predicts a dramatic drop in the number of hours worked, but such a sharp drop is not observed in Brazilian data. The informal sector seems to be a good explanation for this divergence; informal workers do not pay taxes and so the increases in tax rates should have no impact in ones work-leisure decision. The central aim of this dissertation is to model the number of hours the average Brazilian worked between 1986 and 1998. By including the informal sector, the proposed model predicts a less dramatic change in the number of hours worked in the presence of increasing tax rates. This change makes the predicted number of hours worked closer to the actual behavior found in Brazilian data.

Com a globalização e necessidade de aumento de competitividade, as empresas preocupam-se cada vez mais com seus desempenhos. Muito se discutiu sobre a necessidade de um relacionamento mais profundo entre os elos da cadeia de suprimentos para a melhoria global. A administração integrada de estoques surge como um dos pontos centrais desta visão, mas nem sempre é feita dentro das práticas defendidas. Assim, este trabalho procura verificar o comportamento dos estoques de matérias-primas através do uso de dinâmica de sistemas, utilizando-se uma empresa de manufatura pertencente às cadeias automobilística e eletro-eletrônica. O método de pesquisa foi hipotético-dedutivo, com abordagem qualitativa e o procedimento foi o de estudo de caso único. As técnicas foram entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação direta. Com a revisão bibliográfica e dados empíricos, criou-se um modelo que permite verificar a interação entre as diversas variáveis que afetam o comportamento do estoque e verificar seu desempenho através de medidas pré-estabelecidas. / With the globalization and need of increase of competitiveness, the companies worry more and more about their acting. It was discussed a lot about the need of a deeper relationship among the links of the supply chains for the global improvement. The integrated administration of inventories appears as one of the central points of this vision, but not always it is done inside of the protected practices. Like this, this work search to verify the behavior of the stocks of raw materials through the use of dynamics of systems, being used a manufacture company belonging to the automobile and electro-electronic chains. The research method was hypothetical-deductive, with qualitative approach and the procedure was it of study of only case. The techniques form semi-structured interviews and direct observation. With the bibliographical revision and empiric data, he/she grew up a model to allow to verify the interaction among the several variables that affect the behavior of the stock and to verify its acting through pre-established measures.

The first chapter investigates whether East German women became used to the requirement of working full-time under communism and thereby continued to work much longer hours than did their counterparts in the West after unification. The second chapter develops a rational habit formation model in labor supply using the idea of habits outlined in the first chapter. I show that the proposed model avoids the extreme behavior observed in the standard model in the literature where in the long-run hours of work could increase indefinitely or decrease to zero over time. The third chapter examines whether disabled elders who have private long-term care insurance consume fewer acute or post-acute Medicare covered services. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2004. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.