Supply chain management has been recently introduced to address the integration of organizational functions ranging from the ordering and receipt of raw materials throughout the manufacturing processes, to the distribution and delivery of products to the customer. Its application demonstrates that this idea enables organizations to achieve higher quality products, better customer service, and lower inventory cost. In order to achieve high performance, supply chain functions must operate in an integrated and coordinated manner. Several challenging problems associated with integrated supply chain design are: (1) how to model and coordinate the supply chain business processes, specifically in the area of supply chain workflows; (2) how to analyze the performance of an integrated supply chain network so that optimization techniques can be employed to improve customer service and reduce inventory cost; and (3) how to evaluate dynamic supply chain networks and obtain a comprehensive understanding of decision-making issues related to supply network configurations. These problems are most representative in the supply chain theory's research and applications. There are three major objectives for this research. The first objective is to develop viable modeling methodologies and analyzing algorithms for supply chain business processes so that the logic properties of supply chain process models can be analyzed and verified. This problem has not been studied in integrated supply chain literature to date. To facilitate the modeling and verification analysis of supply chain workflows, an object-oriented Petri nets based modular modeling and analyzing approach is presented. The proposed, structured, process-modeling algorithm provides an effective way to design structured supply chain business processes. The second objective is to develop a network of inventory-queue models for the performance analysis and optimization of an integrated supply network with inventory control at all sites. An inventory-queue is a queueing model that incorporates an inventory replenishment policy for the output store. This dissertation extends the previous work done on the supply network model with base-stock control and service requirements. Instead of one-for-one base stock policy, batch-ordering policy and lot-sizing problems are considered. To determine the replenishment lead times of items at the stores, a fixed-batch target-level production authorization mechanism is employed to explicitly obtain performance measures of the supply chain queueing model. The validity of the proposed model is illustrated by comparing the results from the analytical performance evaluation model and those obtained from the simulation study. The third objective is to develop simulation models for understanding decision-making issues of the supply chain network configuration in an integrated environment. Simulation studies investigate multi-echelon distribution systems with installation stock reorder policy and echelon stock reorder policy. The results show that, depending on the structure of multi-echelon distribution systems, either echelon stock or installation stock policy may be advantageous. This dissertation presents a new transshipment policy, called "alternate transshipment policy," to improve supply chain performance. In an integrated supply chain network that considers both the distribution function and the manufacturing function, the impacts of component commonality on network performance are also evaluated. The results of analysis-of-variance and Tukey's tests reveal that there is a significant difference in performance measures, such as delivery time and order fill rates, when comparing an integrated supply chain with higher component commonality to an integrated supply chain with lower component commonality. Several supply chain network examples are employed to substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed methodologies and algorithms. / Ph. D.

The incentives and policies spearheaded by the U.S. government have created abundant opportunities for renewable fuel production and commercialization. Bio-butanol is a very promising renewable fuel for the future transportation market. Many efforts have been made to improve its production process, but seldom has bio-butanol research discussed the integration and optimization of a cellulosic bio-butanol supply chain network. This study focused on the development of a physical supply chain network and the optimization of a green supply chain network for cellulosic bio-butanol. To develop the physical supply chain network, the production process, material flow, physical supply chain participants, and supply chain logistics activities of cellulosic bio-butanol were identified by conducting an onsite visit and survey of current bio-fuel stakeholders. To optimize the green supply chain network for cellulosic bio-butanol, the life cycle analysis was integrated into a multi-objective linear programming model. With the objectives of maximizing the economic profits and minimizing the greenhouse gas emissions, the proposed model can optimize the location and size of a bio-butanol production plant. The mathematical model was applied to a case study in the state of Missouri, and solved the tradeoff between the feedstock and market availabilities of sorghum stem bio-butanol. The results of this research can be used to support the decision making process at the strategic, tactical, and operational levels of cellulosic bio-butanol commercialization and cellulosic bio-butanol supply chain optimization. The results of this research can also be used as an introductory guideline for beginners who are interested in cellulosic bio-butanol commercialization and supply chain design. / Ph. D. / Renewable energy is one of the most effective tools to fight the threats of climate change, global warming, food price rising, and energy dependence. Cellulosic bio-butanol, a renewable alcohol-based biofuel, is a very promising energy candidate to support the fight for these threats. Due to its low water miscibility, similar energy content and octane number with gasoline, blending ability with gasoline in any proportions, and its directly utilization in gasoline engine, cellulosic bio-butanol is a potential candidate to replace gasoline. Unlike bioethanol, which only relies its fuel distribution on railway and tanker trucks, bio-butanol is compatible with not only railway and tanker trucks but also current pipeline based fuel distribution infrastructures. In order to increase the competitively of this promising energy candidate, the cellulosic bio-butanol is worth to be commercialized. An important step for the commercialization of cellulosic bio-butanol is the network design of its supply chain. In this research, the supply chain network of cellulosic bio-butanol was constructed and optimized. The supply chain network of cellulosic bio-butanol was constructed by identifying the three important aspects of a supply chain network structure: structure dimension, participants in supply chain, and supply chain business process links. A) The structure dimension was identified by understanding the production process of bio-butanol. A case study was used to study the production process of cellulosic bio-butanol. B) The supply chain business process links were identified by conducting a survey on the logistics activities in bio-butanol supply chain. C) The participants of cellulosic bio-butanol supply chain were identified by identifying the physical infrastructure of cellulosic bio-butanol supply chain. The results of the literature review, case study and survey were analyzed to identify the physical infrastructure and the participants in the supply chain. It was found out that the supply chain network structure of cellulosic bio-butanol includes 4 tiers of horizontal structure: suppliers, producers, distributors, and customers. The suppliers refer to the local farmers and feedstock aggregators. The producers are the cellulosic bio-butanol production plants. The distributors are the fuel logistics companies and fuel distributors. The customers are the fuel companies. The cellulosic bio-butanol producers use contracts to connect with biomass suppliers, fuel distributors, and bio-butanol customers. Based on the proposed network structure of cellulosic bio-butanol supply chain, the optimization of the green cellulosic bio-butanol supply chain network was conducted. A multi-objective linear integer programming model was developed to design the green cellulosic bio-butanol supply chain network. Life cycle analysis (LCA) and net present value techniques were used in the proposed model to formulate the environmental and economic objective function. With the objectives of maximizing the economic profits while minimizing the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the proposed model can optimize the location and the size of bio-butanol production plant. The model was applied using data from the state of Missouri (MO). The results showed that the optimal location of cellulosic bio-butanol production plant is in the southeastern region of MO. And the production size of bio-butanol production plant is based on the tradeoff between the economic and environmental objectives. The lower GHG emissions results in a smaller size of production plant.

Cette thèse porte sur la conceptualisation de la résilience au sein du réseau logistique. La résilience a été initialement définie comme la capacité du métal à rebondir et à revenir à l'état initial face à un choc. Nous avons essayé de transposer et d'appliquer cette notion dans le réseau logistique, qui est confronté inévitablement à des aléas et subit souvent des ruptures. Après une étude conceptuelle multidisciplinaire de la résilience, nous avons tenté de définir la capacité de résilience au sein du réseau logistique dans une perspective de la Resource Based View. Selon nous, la résilience est constituée par trois caractéristiques formant un processus rétroactif: absorption, réponse et capitalisation. Une série de mécanismes qui favorisent la résilience a été identifiée à partir d'une revue de la littérature. Notre étude exploratoire prend appui sur le contexte de la production à grande échelle des produits assemblés en Chine, par une recherche empirique de vingt-deux entreprises internationales. A cette fin, nous avons réalisé des enquêtes avec des industriels et deux études de cas dans le secteur automobile et dans le secteur électronique grand public. Sur le terrain, nous avons confirmé et complété la signification de la résilience, synthétisé un processus de son fonctionnement, identifié les mécanismes qui favorisent cette capacité, les facteurs influençant sa formation et ses avantages compétitifs stratégiques. / This PhD dissertation works on the conceptualization of resilience of supply chain network. The initial definition of resilience is the quality of metal of rebounding and returning to its original shape after bending. Our study tries to transpose and apply this concept into the supply chain network, which confronts inevitably with accidents and suffers disruptions. Based on multidisciplinary literature, we have tried to develop a definition of the resilience capacity of supply chain network in the perspective of Resource Based View. In our opinion, the resilience comprises three characteristics, which form a retroactive process, absorption, response, and capitalization. We have synthesized a set of mechanisms, which are favorable for the improvement of resilience. Our exploratory and empirical study is implemented in the field of large scale production of assembling products in China, data gathered by twenty two international companies. We have carried out survey and two case studies in automotive and consumer electronics industries. By the field study, we have validated and complemented the signification of resilience, synthesized its implementation process, identified the enhancing mechanisms, and indicated the influential factors and strategic competitive advantages.

Unternehmen verfügen typischerweise über mehrstufige Zuliefer- und Abnehmerbeziehungen, deren Konfiguration sich jedoch unterschiedlich komplex gestaltet. Ein Management von Nachhaltigkeit muss diese Unterschiede verstehen, bevor passende Konzepte und Maßnahmen empfohlen werden können. Die Arbeit zeigt welche Ansätze des Nachhaltigkeitsmanagements unter welchen strukturellen Konstellationen der Supply Chain geeignet sind.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Problemstellung und Zielsetzung 1.2 Behandlung der Thematik in der Literatur 1.2.1 Nachhaltigkeitsforschung 1.2.2 Management-Forschung 1.2.3 Supply-Chain-Management-Forschung 1.3 Vorgehensweise und Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Konzeptioneller Bezugsrahmen 2.1 Das Leitbild nachhaltiger Entwicklung 2.1.1 Handlungsfelder nachhaltiger Entwicklung 2.1.2 Grundlagen des Nachhaltigkeitsmanagements 2.1.3 Wertschöpfungsübergreifender Charakter des Nachhaltigkeitsmanagements 2.2 Supply-Chain-Management als Ausgestaltungsrahmen für ein wertschöpfungskettenübergreifendes Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement 2.2.1 Begriff der Supply Chain 2.2.2 Netzwerke als Strukturierungsgrundlage für Supply Chains 2.2.3 Gestaltungsperspektiven des Supply-Chain-Managements 2.2.4 Supply-Chain-Management im Kontext globaler Wertschöpfung 2.3 Zusammenführung des konzeptionellen Bezugsrahmens 3 Rahmenkonzeption zur Gestaltung eines Managements von Nachhaltigkeit in Supply-Chain-Netzwerken 3.1 Einflussfaktoren des Konzepts 3.1.1 Netzwerkkomplexität 3.1.1.1 Netzwerk-Tiefe 3.1.1.2 Netzwerk-Breite 3.1.1.3 Netzwerk-Reichweite 3.1.2 Netzwerkbeziehungen 3.1.2.1 Ausmaß der Zusammenarbeit 3.1.2.2 Zielkongruenz im Netzwerk 3.1.2.3 Zeithorizont der Netzwerkbeziehungen 3.1.3 Netzwerkkoordination 3.1.3.1 Informations- und Kommunikationsstruktur 3.1.3.2 Entscheidungskompetenz im Netzwerk 3.1.3.3 Machtverhältnisse im Netzwerk 3.1.4 Zusammenfassung der Einflussfaktoren 3.2 Gestaltungsparameter des Konzepts 3.2.1 Gestaltungsparameter der Selektionsfunktion 3.2.1.1 Supply-Chain-Transparenz 3.2.1.2 Selektion der Wertschöpfungspartner 3.2.1.3 Selektion relevanter Stakeholder 3.2.2 Gestaltungsparameter der Allokationsfunktion 3.2.2.1 Stakeholder-Engagement 3.2.2.2 Industrie-Initiativen und -Verbände 3.2.2.3 Einbindung strategischer Wertschöpfungspartner 3.2.2.4 Kompetenzentwicklung der Wertschöpfungspartner 3.2.3 Gestaltungsparameter der Regulationsfunktion 3.2.3.1 Verhaltenskodizes 3.2.3.2 Indikatoren und Kennzahlen 3.2.3.3 Anreizsysteme 3.2.3.4 Investitionsmaßnahmen 3.2.3.5 Rückverfolgungssysteme 3.2.4 Gestaltungsparameter der Evaluationsfunktion 3.2.4.1 Zertifizierung und Kennzeichnung 3.2.4.2 Prüfung, Monitoring und Verifizierung 3.2.4.3 Selbstbewertung 3.2.4.4 Beschwerdemechanismen 3.2.4.5 Nachhaltigkeitsrating 3.2.4.6 Dokumentation, Berichterstattung und Offenlegung 3.2.4.7 Umweltanalyse 3.2.5 Gestaltungsparameter der Supply-Chain-Resilience 3.3 Zusammenfassung der Gestaltungsparameter 3.4 Darstellung Gesamtmodell 4 Empirische Analyse 4.1 Untersuchungsmethodik 4.2 Charakterisierung der empirischen Datenbasis 4.3 Statistische Analysemethoden zur Auswertung der empirischen Datenbasis 4.3.1 Faktorenanalyse 4.3.2 Clusteranalyse 4.3.3 Charakterisierung der identifizierten Supply-Chain-Netzwerktypen 4.3.3.1 Supply-Chain-Netzwerke mit globalen und komplexen Wertschöpfungsstrukturen 4.3.3.2 Supply-Chain-Netzwerke mit lokalen und einfachen Wertschöpfungsstrukturen 4.3.3.3 Supply-Chain-Netzwerke mit globalen und einfachen Wertschöpfungsstrukturen 4.3.4 Zusammenfassung der Typologisierung 5 Gestaltungsempfehlungen für ein Management von Nachhaltigkeit in Supply-Chain-Netzwerken 5.1 Funktionsspezifische Gestaltungsempfehlungen 5.1.1 Gestaltungsempfehlungen der Selektionsfunktion 5.1.2 Gestaltungsempfehlungen der Allokationsfunktion 5.1.3 Gestaltungsempfehlungen der Regulationsfunktion 5.1.4 Gestaltungsempfehlungen der Evaluationsfunktion 5.1.5 Gestaltungsempfehlungen der Supply-Chain-Resilience 5.2 Typenspezifische Gestaltungsempfehlungen 5.2.1 Gestaltungsempfehlung für Supply-Chain-Netzwerke mit globalen und komplexen Wertschöpfungsstrukturen 5.2.2 Gestaltungsempfehlung für Supply-Chain-Netzwerke mit lokalen und einfachen Wertschöpfungsstrukturen 5.2.3 Gestaltungsempfehlung für Supply-Chain-Netzwerke mit globalen und einfachen Wertschöpfungsstrukturen 5.3 Zusammenfassung der Gestaltungsempfehlungen 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Anhang Literaturverzeichnis

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18568号 / 工博第3929号 / 新制||工||1604(附属図書館) / 31468 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 谷口 栄一, 准教授 宇野 伸宏, 准教授 山田 忠史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

This dissertation studies two important problems in the field of biomass supply chain network. In the first part of the dissertation, we study the pre-disaster planning problem that seeks to strengthen the links between the multi-modal facilities of a biomass supply chain network. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming model is developed to determine the optimal locations for multi-modal facilities and bio-refineries, offer suggestions on reliability improvement at vulnerable links, production at bio-refineries, and make transportation decision under both normal and disrupted scenarios. The aim is to assist investors in determining which links’ reliability can be improved under specific budget limitations so that the biouel supply chain network can prevent possible losses when transportation links are disrupted because of natural disasters. We used states Mississippi and Alabama as a testing ground for our model. As part of numerical experimentation, some realistic hurricane scenarios are presented to determine the potential impact that pre-investing may have on improving the bio-mass supply chain network’s reliability on vulnerable transportation links considering limited budget availability. In the second part of the dissertation, we study the impact of feedstock supply uncertainty on the design and management of an inbound biomass coiring supply chain network. A two-stage stochastic mixed integer linear programming model is developed to determine the optimal use of multi-modal facilities, biomass storage and processing plants, and shipment routes for delivering biomass to coal plants under feedstock supply uncertainty while considering congestion into account. To represent a more realistic case, we generated a scenario tree based on the prediction errors obtained from historical and forecasted feedstock supply availability. We linearized the nonlinear problem and solved with high quality and in a time efficient manner by using a hybrid decomposition algorithm that connects a Constraint generation algorithm with Sample average approximation algorithm and enhanced Progressive hedging algorithm. We used states Mississippi and Alabama as a testing ground for our study and conducted thorough computational experiments to test our model and to draw managerial insights.

Today’s dynamic and increasingly competitive market had expanded complexities for global businesses pressuring companies to start leveraging on Big Data solutions in order to sustain the global competitions by becoming more data-driven in managing their supply chains.The main purpose of this study is twofold, 1) to explore the implications of applying analytics designing supply chain networks, 2) to investigate the link between operational and strategic management levels when making strategic decisions using Analytics.Qualitative methods have been applied for this study to gain a greater understanding of the Supply Chain Analytics phenomenon. An inductive approach in form of interviews, was performed in order to gain new empirical data. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with professional individuals who hold managerial roles such as project managers, consultants, and end-users within the fields of Supply Chain Management and Big Data Analytics. The received empirical information was later analyzed using the thematic analysis method.The main findings in this thesis relatively contradicts with previous studies and existing literature in terms of connotations, definitions and applications of the three main types of Analytics. Furthermore, the findings present new approaches and perspectives that advanced analytics apply on both strategic and operational management levels that are shaping supply chain network designs.

Nesta tese propõe-se um método heurístico para o problema de Projeto de Rede da Cadeia de Suprimentos (Supply Chain Network Design) considerando vários aspectos de relevância prática, tais como: fornecedores e matérias-primas, localização e operação de instalações, atribuição de Centros de Distribuição (CD), e grande número de clientes e produtos. Uma eficiente abordagem heurística de duas fases é proposta para a obtenção de soluções viáveis para os problemas, que inicialmente é modelado como um Programa Linear Inteiro Misto (PLIM) de grande escala. Na fase de construção, uma estratégia de Linear Programming Rounding é aplicada para se obter os valores iniciais para as variáveis de localização inteira do modelo. Simultaneamente, um método Multi-start foi desenvolvido para gerar soluções iniciais diversificadas para cada nova iteração da heurística de Rounding. Na segunda fase, dois procedimentos de Busca Local foram desenvolvidos no sentido de melhorar a solução fornecida pelo método de Rounding. Implementamos duas diferentes abordagens de Busca Local: remoção-inserção e troca. Uma técnica de Busca Tabu para orientar o procedimento de Busca Local para explorar os diferentes espaços de soluções foi desenvolvida. As formulações e algoritmos foram implementados na linguagem C++ utilizando ferramentas de otimização da COIN-OR. O método de solução foi experimentado em instâncias geradas aleatoriamente, com tamanhos diferentes em termos do número de parâmetros, tais como o número de produtos, zonas de clientes, CDs e fábricas considerando um sistema logístico de quatro níveis. As implementações computacionais mostram que o método de solução proposto obteve resultados satisfatórios quando comparados com a literatura. Para validar este método heurístico também foi usado em um caso realista, com base em dados de uma empresa de borracha que está reestruturando sua cadeia de suprimentos devido ao projeto de uma nova uma nova fábrica e produção de novos produtos. A abordagem heurística proposta revelou-se adequada para aplicação prática em um caso real de uma indústria multicommodity em um contexto determinístico. / In this thesis we propose a heuristic method for the Supply Chain Network Design (SCND) problem considering several aspects of practical relevance: suppliers and raw materials, location and operation facilities, distribution center (DC) assignments, and large numbers of customers and products. An efficient two-phase heuristic approach is proposed for obtaining feasible solutions to the problems, which is initially modeled as a large-scale Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP). In the construction phase, a linear programming rounding strategy is applied to obtain initial values for the integer location variables in the model. Simultaneously, a Multi-start method was developed to generate diversified initial solutions from each new iteration in the rounding heuristic. In the second phase, two Local Search procedures were developed towards to improve the solution provided by the rounding method. We implemented two different Local Search approaches: removal-insertion and exchange. A Tabu Search technique was developed to guide the Local Search procedure to explore the different spaces of solutions. The formulations and algorithms were implemented in C++ code language using the optimization engine COIN-OR. The solution method was experimented in randomly generated instances, with different sizes in terms of the number of parameters, such as number of products, customer zones, DCs, and factories considering a four-echelon logistic system. The computational implementations show that the solution method proposed obtained satisfactory results when compared to the literature review. To validate this heuristic method was also used in a realistic case, based on data from a rubber company that is restructuring its supply chain due to the overture of a new factory, producing new products. The proposed heuristic approach proved appropriate to practical application in a realistic case of a multi commodity industry in a deterministic context.

Sample average approximation (SAA) is a well-known solution methodology for traditional stochastic programs which are risk neutral in the sense that they consider optimization of expectation functionals. In this thesis we establish sample average approximation methods for two classes of non-traditional stochastic programs. The first class is that of stochastic min-max programs, i.e., min-max problems with expected value objectives, and the second class is that of expected value constrained stochastic programs. We specialize these SAA methods for risk-averse stochastic problems with a bi-criteria objective involving mean and mean absolute deviation, and those with constraints on conditional value-at-risk. For the proposed SAA methods, we prove that the results of the SAA problem converge exponentially fast to their counterparts for the true problem as the sample size increases. We also propose implementation schemes which return not only candidate solutions but also statistical upper and lower bound estimates on the optimal value of the true problem. We apply the proposed methods to solve portfolio selection and supply chain network design problems. Our computational results reflect good performance of the proposed SAA schemes. We also investigate the effect of various types of risk-averse stochastic programming models in controlling risk in these problems.

Present situation in globalizing economy when margins are falling is forcing businesses to change traditional supply chains to adaptive supply chain networks. Adaptive supply chain network - a network of user oriented enterprises, sharing resources and knowledge, in order to be able to react smoothly to constantly changing and competitive environment. Currently market leading supply chain management systems aren't providing profitable opportunities to organize adaptive supply chain networks. In order to elevate the competitiveness of small and medium enterprises by increasing the effectiveness of their business processes, a supply chain management system, which could make use of e-business concepts, has to be developed. In order to do so, an integrated supply chain network model was created, which serves as a conceptual foundation and provides guidelines for creation of adaptive supply chain network management systems. Because members of adaptive supply chain network are separate enterprises, they must share data by the means of internet. It is purposeful to use web services to implement this requirement, because they enable communication of software systems, which were developed on different platforms or using different programming languages. During a project such a system was developed and it provides an opportunity to integrate an enterprise into an adaptive supply chain network. The solution, which is operating as a set of web services and is implemented in Java, can... [to full text]