One of the most recent advancements in laser technology is the development of ultrashort pulsed femtosecond lasers (FSLs). FSLs are improving many fields due to their unique extreme precision, low energy and ablation characteristics. In the area of laser medicine, ophthalmic surgeries have seen very promising developments. Some of the most commonly performed surgical operations in the world, including laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK), lens replacement (cataract surgery), and keratoplasty (cornea transplant), now employ FSLs for their unique abilities that lead to improved clinical outcome and patient satisfaction. The application of FSLs in medical therapeutics is a recent development, and although they offer many benefits, FSLs also stimulate nonlinear optical effects (NOEs), many of which were insignificant with previously developed lasers. NOEs can change the laser characteristics during propagation through a medium, which can subsequently introduce unique safety concerns for the surrounding tissues. Traditional approaches for characterizing optical effects, laser performance, safety and efficacy do not properly account for NOEs, and there remains a lack of data that describe NOEs in clinically relevant procedures and tissues. As FSL technology continues to expand towards new applications, FSL induced NOEs need to be better understood in order to ensure safety as FSL medical devices and applications continue to evolve at a rapid pace. In order to improve the understanding of FSL-tissue interactions related to NOEs stimulated during laser beam propagation though corneal tissue, research investigations were conducted to evaluate corneal optical properties and determine how corneal tissue properties including corneal layer, collagen orientation and collagen crosslinking, and laser parameters including pulse energy, repetition rate and numerical aperture affect second and third-harmonic generation (HG) intensity, duration and efficiency. The results of these studies revealed that all laser parameters and tissue properties had a substantial influence on HG. The dynamic relationship between optical breakdown and HG was responsible for many observed changes in HG metrics. The results also demonstrated that the new generation of therapeutic FSLs has the potential to generate hazardous effects if not carefully controlled. Finally, recommendations are made to optimize current and guide future FSL applications.

Choi Kup Sze. / "June 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-127). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

As a good and competent surgical simulator, it should provide surgeons with visual, tactile and behavioral illusion of reality. In literature, methods for object deformation range from non-physically based models to physically based models. Early works of non-physically based models focused on pure geometrical models that were originally employed in computer-aided design. These methods could be used to produce vivid deformable effects in computer animation. However, the soft tissue simulation in surgical applications requires more realistic models based on physical properties of human tissues. As a result, the mass-spring model and the finite element model have become the most popular representations for deformable organs in surgical simulation. Our research focuses on the real-time soft tissue deformable model based on the finite element method for surgical application. / Extended from the hybrid condensed finite element model, an interactive hybrid condensed model with hardware acceleration by the graphics processing unit (GPU) is proposed. Two methods are developed in order to map the data onto the GPU in accordance with the application data structure. The performance of the primary calculation task in the solver is enhanced. Furthermore, an improved scheme is presented to conduct the newly applied forces induced by dragging or poking operations in the non-operational region. / In the thesis, new approaches to establish a physically based model for soft tissue deformation and cutting in virtual-reality-based simulators are proposed. A deformable model, called the hybrid condensed finite element model, based on the volumetric finite element method is presented. By this method, three-dimensional organs can be represented as tetrahedral meshes, divided into two regions: the operational region and the non-operational one. Different methods treat the regions with different properties in order to balance the computational time and the level of the simulation realism. The condensation technique is applied to only involve the calculation of the surface nodes in the non-operational region while the fully calculation of the volumetric deformation is processed in the operational part. This model guarantees the smooth simulation of cutting operation with the exact cutting path when users manipulate a virtual scalpel. Moreover, we discuss the relevant aspects on what affect the efficiency of implementing the finite element method, as well as the issues considered for choosing the effective solving method to our problem. Three numerical methods have been examined in our model. / Surgical simulator, which benefits from virtual reality techniques, presents a realistic and feasible approach to train inexperienced surgeons within a safe environment. It plays more and more important role in medical field and also changes the world of surgical training. Especially, the minimally invasive microsurgery, which offers patients various attractive advantages over the traditional surgery, has been widely used in otolaryngology, gastroenterology, gynecology and neurology in the last two decades. / Through the combination of these approaches, a physically based model which allows users to freely perform the soft tissue cutting and detecting, such as poking or dragging operations, with soft tissue deformation is achieved in real-time. / Wu Wen. / "August 2006." / Adviser: Pheng Ann Heng. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1745. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-127). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

by Lau Wan Yee, Joseph. / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-189). / Title Page --- p.1 / Dedication --- p.2 / Table of Contents --- p.3 / Hypotheses --- p.7 / Precis to the thesis --- p.8 / List of Publications of my research work used in this thesis --- p.19 / List of Figures --- p.25 / List of Tables --- p.26 / Acknowledgments --- p.27 / Statement of Originality --- p.28 / Chapter PART I --- HISTORICAL REVIEW --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- History of Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Surgery --- p.31 / Chapter 1.1 --- History of Endoscopic Surgery --- p.31 / Chapter 1.2 --- History of Documentation of Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Surgery --- p.38 / Chapter 1.3 --- History of Laparoscopic Surgery --- p.39 / Chapter 1.4 --- The future of Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Surgery --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- History of Perforated Peptic Ulcer --- p.53 / Chapter PART II --- SIZE OF THE PROBLEM --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Incidence of Feptic Ulcer in Different Parts of The World --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Incidence of Peptic Ulcer in Hong Kong 1970 -1993 --- p.60 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Incidence of Perforated Peptic Ulcer --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1 --- Incidence of Perforated Peptic Ulcer in Different Parts of The World --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2 --- Incidence of Perforated Peptic Ulcer in Hong Kong --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3 --- "Incidence of Perforated Peptic Ulcer in Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong" --- p.71 / Chapter PART III --- CURRENT TREATMENT OF PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER --- p.74 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Recent Developments in Treatment of Uncomplicated Peptic Ulcer --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- My Contributions to the Medical Treatment of Uncomplicated Peptic Ulcer --- p.78 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Review on Current Treatment of Perforated Peptic Ulcer --- p.79 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2 --- Currently Available Treatment Options --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Perforated Duodenal Ulcer --- p.81 / Chapter [A] --- Nonoperative Treatment --- p.81 / Chapter [B] --- Laparotomy and patch repair --- p.83 / Chapter [C] --- Definitive Ulcer Surgery --- p.84 / Chapter [D] --- Laparoscopic Treatment --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Perforated Gastric Ulcer --- p.89 / Chapter PART IV --- DEVELOPMENT OF LAPAROSCOPIC REPAIR OF PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER IN OUR CENTRE --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Development of the Technique of Laparoscopic Suture Repair of Perforated Peptic Ulcer --- p.92 / Chapter 1.1 --- Surgical Technique --- p.93 / Chapter 1.2 --- Initial Results of Laparoscopic Suture Repair --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Development of the Technique of Laparoscopic Sutureless Repair of Perforated Peptic Ulcer --- p.98 / Chapter 2.1 --- Animal Studies --- p.98 / Chapter [A] --- Pilot Animal Study --- p.99 / Chapter [B] --- Mortality Rate on Different Methods of Repair of the Perforations --- p.100 / Chapter [C] --- Strength of the Repair Site by Studying the Bursting Pressure --- p.103 / Chapter [D] --- Detailed Histological Study --- p.108 / Chapter 2.2 --- Clinical Studies --- p.111 / Chapter [A] --- Surgical technique of Laparoscopic Sutureless Repair --- p.113 / Chapter [B] --- Initial Results of Laparoscopic Sutureless Repair --- p.114 / Chapter PART V --- TESTING THE HYPOTHESES OF THIS THESIS --- p.117 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- A Non-randomised Clinical Study --- p.119 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- A Randomised Clinical Study --- p.126 / Chapter PART VI --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.140 / Chapter PART VII --- THE FUTURE OF LAPAROSCOPIC REPAIR OF PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER --- p.142 / Chapter PART VIII --- REFERENCES --- p.145 / References to the Precis --- p.146 / References to Part I Chapter 1 --- p.147 / References to Part I Chapter2 --- p.157 / References to Part II --- p.162 / References to Part III --- p.168 / References to Part IV --- p.183 / References to Part V --- p.186 / References to Part VII --- p.189 / APPENDIX I BRIEF SUMMARY OF MY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MEDICAL TREATMENT OF UNCOMPLICATED PEPTIC ULCER --- p.190

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Orientador: Antônio Wilson Sallum / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T19:02:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cirino_CamilaCamarinhadaSilva_M.pdf: 1347661 bytes, checksum: 1541e9727de891711daaa2773bd8086f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar, por meio dos parâmetros clínicos, o efeito das terapias periodontais cirúrgica e não-cirúrgica no tratamento da periodontite agressiva generalizada (PAG). Doze pacientes portadores de periodontite agressiva generalizada foram incluídos neste estudo clínico controlado randomizado com desenho experimental de boca dividida, e foram alocados em dois grupos: Grupo TNC (tratamento não-cirúrgico) - debridamento ultrassônico associado a raspagem manual; e Grupo TC (tratamento cirúrgico) - acesso cirúrgico para debridamento ultrassônico associado a raspagem manual. As avaliações clínicas foram realizadas antes do tratamento (baseline), 3 meses e 6 meses após o mesmo, considerando os seguintes parâmetros: índice de placa (IP), índice de sangramento à sondagem (ISS), profundidade de sondagem (PS), nível de inserção clínico (NIC) e recessão gengival (RG). Ambos os tratamentos promoveram ganho de inserção clínica e redução de profundidade de sondagem para todos os sítios em relação ao baseline, sem diferença estatística entre os grupos. As médias de redução de PS para bolsas moderadas foi de 1,3 mm para o grupo TNC e 1,2 mm para o grupo TC (p=0.79). As médias de ganho de inserção foram também semelhantes, com 1 mm para TNC e 0,8 mm para TC (p=0.44). Nas bolsas profundas, o grupo TNC apresentou 2,2 mm de redução de PS, enquanto o grupo TC apresentou redução de 2,9 mm (p=0.18). Quando NIC foi avaliado, o ganho no grupo TNC foi de 1,6 mm, e o grupo TC apresentou ganho de 2,4 mm (p=0.2). Como consequência de ambas as terapias, houve o surgimento de recessão gengival, com valores semelhantes entre os grupos. Dentro dos limites deste estudo, pode-se concluir que as terapias periodontais cirúrgica e não-cirúrgica foram capazes de promover melhoras clínicas em pacientes com periodontite agressiva generalizada / Abstract: This present study aimed to evaluate, based on clinical parameters, the effect of surgical and non surgical periodontal therapy in treatment of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP). Twelve patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis were included in this randomized controlled clinical study with experimental split-mouth design, and were allocated into two groups: NST Group (non surgical treatment) - ultrasonic debridement associated with manual scaling, and ST Group (surgical treatment) - access to surgical ultrasonic debridement associated with scaling manual. Clinical evaluations were performed before treatment (baseline), 3 months and 6 months after treatment, considering the following parameters: plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing index (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and gingival recession (GR). Both treatments promoted gain in CAL and reduction in pocket depth for all sites, with no statistical difference between groups. Means of reduction of PD to moderate pockets was 1.3 mm for NST group and 1.2 mm for ST group (p=0.79). Gain of attachment were also similar, with group NST presenting 1 mm and 0.8 mm for group ST (p=0.44). In deep pockets, the NST group showed 2.2 mm of reduction of PD, while ST group decreased 2.9 mm (p=0.18). When CAL was evaluated, the gain in group NST was 1.6 mm, and ST group presented gain of 2.4 mm (p=0.2). The development of gingival recession was observed after both therapies, with similar values among groups. Within the limits of this study, it can conclude that surgical and non-surgical periodontal therapies were able to promote clinical improvements in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis / Mestrado / Periodontia / Mestra em Clínica Odontológica

Orientadores: Alfio José Tincani, Luciana Rodrigues de Meirelles / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T22:17:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franco_FernandoFabricio_D.pdf: 2115089 bytes, checksum: b74f7a822f16bf0228730d3a2f4ab28a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Introdução: A lipoaspiração é um procedimento cirúrgico que consiste na retirada do excesso de tecido gorduroso localizado, em indivíduos saudáveis. Este procedimento, que muito aumentou nas últimas décadas em todo o mundo, pode ser associado à lipoenxertia. Ambos são empregados para melhora do contorno corporal. Uma das principais complicações relacionadas com a lipoaspiração é a embolia gordurosa. O presente estudo tem por objetivo verificar qualitativamente se existe mobilização intravascular da gordura após lipoaspiração manual pela técnica de infiltração superúmida para pulmões, fígado, rins e cérebro, em ratos da raça Wistar, seguida ou não de lipoenxertia. Método: Utilizou-se 30 modelos animais de ratos da linhagem Wistar. Os animais foram submetidos ao método usual da lipoaspiração e analisados em três diferentes grupos. Todos os animais foram anestesiados e infiltrados no subcutâneo do abdome com soro fisiológico contendo adrenalina, distribuídos da seguinte forma: no grupo A, dez animais serviram de controle, no grupo B, 10 animais foram lipoaspirados na região abdominal e no grupo C outros 10 animais, além de lipoaspirados, foram lipoenxertados na região dorsal inferior. Uma amostra de sangue foi colhida logo após a anestesia e após 48h dos procedimentos em todos os grupos, para gota de esfregaço em lâmina. Esse procedimento analisou os valores da hemoglobina, bem como a oxigenação sanguínea. Todos os animais foram submetidos á eutanásia após 48h, e os pulmões, rins, fígado e cérebro analisados histologicamente por duas colorações diferentes: Hematoxilina e Eosina (H&E) e Sudan Negro. Resultado: Foram encontradas partículas de gordura nos pulmões de três animais do Grupo B que foram apenas lipoaspirados e, em seis animas do grupo C, lipoaspirados e lipoenxertados. Nos animais do grupo controle, não foram identificados à presença de partículas de gordura em nenhum órgão estudado. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstra que há risco de mobilização sistêmica de gordura, após lipoaspiração e este risco aumenta, quando o procedimento está associado à lipoenxertia, em ratos Wistar / Abstract: Introduction: Liposuction is a surgical procedure that consists of the removal of excess fatty tissue found in health subjects. This procedure, which has become increasingly common in recent decades throughout the world, can be associated with fat grafting. Both are employed to improve the body contour. One of the main complications of liposuction is fat embolism. The present study aims to verify whether there is qualitative intravascular mobilization of fat after the employment of the liposuction technique manual super wet infiltration of the lungs, liver, kidneys and brain in Wistar rats followed or not by fat grafting. Method: We used animal models of 30 Wistar rats. The animals were subjected to the usual method of liposuction and analyzed in three different groups. All animals were anesthetized and infiltrated with saline solution containing epinephrine, distributed as follows: Group A, ten animals served as controls, in group B, 10 animals were liposuction in the abdominal region in group C and 10 other animals, and liposuction were in the lower back fat grafting. A blood sample was collected immediately after anesthesia and 48h of procedures in all groups, to drop the smear slide and examine the values of hemoglobin, and blood oxygenation. All animals were euthanized after 48h, and the lungs, kidneys, liver and brains were histologically examined by two different colors: hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and Sudan Black. Results: There were fat particles in the lungs of three animals in Group B that were only subject to liposuction and six animals in group C, subject to liposuction and fat grafting. Fat particles were not found in any organ studied in the control group. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that there is risk of systemic fat mobilization after liposuction and this risk increases when the procedure is associated with fat grafting in Wistar rats / Doutorado / Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica / Doutor em Ciências

Introdução: A exploração cirúrgica do como temporal do ventrículo lateral (CTVL) é realizada para o tratamento de lesões neoplásica, vasculares e, principalmente, para o tratamento cirúrgico da epilepsia do lobo temporal. As abordagens cirúrgicas a esta cavidade são realizadas, a partir da superficie cortical e através de suas paredes, pelos acessos laterais, transsilvianos e inferiores. A escolha do acesso cirúrgico se baseia na exposição adequada e nas alterações neurológicas que possam advir do trauma ao parênquima cerebral. A secção dos diferentes feixes de fibras brancas pode resultar em déficits neurológicos mais duradouros do que a lesão ao córtex cerebral. Os déficits visuais oriundos da interrupção das fibras da radiação óptica são os mais estudados. A identificação das interrupções dos demais conjuntos de fibras e as correlações dos déficits neurológicos originados têm sido subestimadas na literatura Objetivo: Avaliar a interrupção dos feixes de fibras brancas nos diferentes acessos cirúrgicos ao como temporal do ventrículo lateral, utilizando a técnica de dissecção de fibras brancas de Klinger. Métodos: Para o estudo, foram utilizados 40 hemisférios cerebrais cadavéricos adultos (20 encéfalos) preparados no Laboratório de Anatomia da UFMS de acordo com a descrição do método de preparação de Klinger. As aberturas da cavidade ventricular, mimetizando os acessos cirúrgicos lateral (através do giro temporal médio), inferior (através do giro parahipocampal), transsilviano e transuncal foram realizados por meio de incisões de l5 mm a partir das superficies corticais. Resultados: A introdução dos instrumentos de dissecção, de 15 mm de largura por 2 mm de espessura, garantiu a uniformidade das transecções das fibras da superficie cortical à cavidade ventricular. Como resultado obteve­se o acesso que causou menor comprometimento de fibras brancas foi o acesso transucal, esse que atingiu apenas 8,3% das fibras analisadas, sendo as fibras em \"U\" situadas no córtex piriforme. Em seguida, os acessos inferior e transsilviano causaram lesões em 25% das fibras brancas. O acesso que acometeu o maior número de fibras, sendo considerado o mais lesivo para a substância branca foi o acesso lateral, esse que acometeu 75% das fibras analisadas durante a pesquisa. Conclusão: O acesso lateral através do giro temporal médio ocasiona lesões da porção inferior do fascículo longitudinal superior (segmento arqueado e vertical), do fascículo uncinado (segmento dorso lateral da porção temporal), do fascículo occipitofrontal (segmento ventral da porção posterior), da comissura anterior (segmento posterior da extensão lateral), das fibras temporopontinas, do pedúnculo talârnico posterior (alça temporal), do pedúnculo talâmico inferior (fibras posteriores) e do tapete. O acesso transsilviano ocasiona lesões do fascículo uncinado (segmento ventromedial da porção temporal), da comissura anterior (segmento anterior da extensão lateral) e da substância cinzenta da amígdala. O acesso inferior, através do giro parahipocampal, ocasiona lesões do segmento inferior do cíngulo e da formação hipocampal. O acesso transuncallesa apenas a substância cinzenta da amígdala . / Introduction: Surgical access to the temporal hom of lateral ventric1e is performed to treat tumoral and vascular lesions, but mainly to the surgi cal treatment of temporal epilepsy. The surgi cal exploration of this cavity is realized from the cortical surface towards the ventricular walls, through the lateral, transsylvian and inferior approaches, based on the adequate exposure of the cavity and on the postoperative deficits that might be originated from the brain parenchymal trauma. Lesions to the fibers bundles often result in more severe and prolonged deficits than corticallesions. The most common recognized deficits are the visual fields defects secondary to injuries to the optic radiation. Identification of the interruption of other fibers bundles involved and their correlated c1inical manifestation have been underestimated on the literature. Objective: To identify the interruption of the fiber bundles originated from the different approaches to the temporal hom utilizing the Klinger\'s fiber dissection technique. Methods: We studied 40 cerebral hemispheres of 20 brains, prepared according to Klingers method, at the UFMS Laboratory of Anatomy. The surgical access of the temporal hom was performed simulating the lateral (middle temporal gyrus), inferior (parahippocampal gyrus), transsylvian and transuncal approaches, through 15 mm cortical incisions, followed by stepwise dissection of the fibers. Results: Introduction ofthe dissector (15 mm width, 2 mm height) warranted an uniform transection of the fibers from the cortical surface to the ventricular cavity. The least destructive access encountered was the transuncal access, interrupting 8,3% of the studied fibers. Following it, the inferior and the transsylvian approaches interrupted 25% of the fibers. The most destructive, interrupting 75% of the studied fibers was the lateral approach. Conclusion: The lateral approach through the middle temporal gyrus caused interruptions on the inferior portion (vertical and arcuate segments) of the superior longitudinal fasciculus; on the dorso lateral segment of the temporal portion from the uncinate fasciculus; on the ventral segment of the posterior portion from the occipitofrontal fasciculus; on the posterior segrnent of the lateral extension from the posterior commissure; on the temporopontine fibers; on the anterior loop of the posterior thalamic pedunc1e, on the posterior fibers of the inferior thalamic pedunc1e and the tapetum fibers. The transsylvian approach caused interruptions on the ventromedial segrnent of the temporal portion from the uncinate fasciculus; on the anterior segrnent of the lateral extension from the anterior commissure and transected the amygdala on its anterosuperior surface. The inferior approach through the parahippocampal gyrus caused interruptions on the inferior segment of the cingulum and on the fimbria, due to the transection of the hipocampal formation. The transuncal approach only transected the amygdala

Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados iniciais e a curva de aprendizado dos primeiros 100 casos consecutivos do tratamento cirúrgico da obstrução da junção ureteropiélica por meio da pieloplastia robótica laparoscópica. Materiais e Métodos: Um total de 99 pacientes (41 homens e 58 mulheres), com idade média de 38 anos (18-81 anos), foi submetido a 100 pieloplastias robóticas laparoscópicas consecutivas (um procedimento bilateral), realizadas pelo mesmo cirurgião. A determinação da curva de aprendizado foi baseada na avaliação do tempo de anastomose, tempo cirúrgico, complicações precoces e tardias e resultados a longo prazo. Os casos foram divididos em grupos de 25 procedimentos consecutivos (grupos 1, 2, 3, 4) de acordo com a data, em ordem cronológica, em que foram submetidos ao procedimento. Os pacientes foram reavaliados pelos médicos do serviço de urologia 3, 12 meses e anualmente após o procedimento através de avaliação clínica, onde relatavam melhora ou não dos sintomas, e exames de imagem (urografia excretora e/ou cintilografia renal). Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à idade e índice de massa corpórea. O tempo médio para confecção da anastomose foi de 50,0, 36,8, 34,2 e 29,0 minutos para os grupos 1 a 4, respectivamente (p=0,137). O tempo cirúrgico médio foi 144,6, 119,2, 114,5 e 94,6 minutos, apresentando uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos 1 vs. 2 (p=0,015), 1 vs. 3 (p=0,002), 1 vs. 4 (p < 0,001) e 2 vs. 4 (p=0,022). A internação hospitalar média foi de 7,08, 4,76, 4,88 e 4,20 dias, apresentando uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos 1 vs. 2 (p < 0,001), 1 vs. 3 (p < 0,001) e 1 vs. 4 (p < 0,001). Complicações significativas (Clavien-Dindo grau > 3) ocorreram apenas no grupo 2 (2 complicações grau IIIb). Um paciente no grupo 1 necessitou de conversão cirúrgica para a via aberta devido a dificuldades técnicas na dissecção piélica. O seguimento pós-operatório médio foi de 50,6 meses. Houve perda de seguimento em três pacientes do grupo 1, um do grupo 2, dois do grupo 3 e um do grupo 4. Uma melhora significativa (clínica e radiológica) foi demonstrada em 98,9% dos casos nesta série. Em um seguimento tardio (50 meses) um paciente do grupo 3 apresentou um quadro de obstrução recorrente da JUP. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram que a PRL é uma alternativa efetiva para o tratamento da estenose da JUP com altas taxas de sucesso e baixo índice de complicações. Apesar da presença de uma alta taxa de sucesso já nos primeiros casos uma queda significativa no tempo de internação e tempo cirúrgico foi evidente após a realização de 25 procedimentos. Aparentemente um número de 25 casos parece ser suficiente para um aprendizado efetivo das bases deste procedimento cirúrgico e uma diminuição sustentada de seu tempo operatório / Purpose: To evaluate the results and learning curve of laparoscopic robotic pyeloplasty during the initial 100 cases. Materials and Methods: A total of 99 patients (41 men, 58 women), with a median age of 38 years (range: 18-81 years), underwent 100 consecutive laparoscopic robotic pyeloplasties (one bilateral procedure), performed by the same surgeon. Learning curve estimations were used for anastomosis, operative time, early and late complications and long-term results. Sequential analyses were performed between the cases, which were divided in groups of consecutive 25 procedures (groups 1, 2, 3 and 4). Statistical analyses comparing the groups were performed. Results: All groups were similar with respect to age and body mass index. The median anastomosis time was 50.0, 36.8, 34.2 and 29.0 minutes for groups 1 to 4, respectively (p=0.137). Median operative time was 144.6, 119.2, 114.5 and 94.6 minutes, with a statistical difference present when comparing groups 1 and 2 (p=0.015), 1 and 3 (p=0.002), 1 and 4 (p < 0.001) and 2 and 4 (p=0.022). Mean hospital stay was 7.08, 4.76, 4.88 and 4.20 days, with a statistical difference present when comparing groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.001), 1 and 3 (p < 0.001) and 1 and 4 (p < 0.001). Major complications (Clavien-Dindo grade 3 or above) were present only in group 2 (2 grade IIIb complications). One patient in the group 1 required a conversion to open surgery due to dissection difficulties during pyelic exposure. The medium follow up was 50.6 months. Three patients in group 1, one in group 2, two in group 3 and one in group 4 were lost to follow-up. A significant improvement (clinical and radiological) was present in 98.9% of patients in this series. At a late follow-up (50 months) one patient in group 3 presented a recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that success rate of LARP is high and complication rates are low. The operative time (learning curve) decreased with experience, confirming the procedure\'s complexity. Although favorable results were already present in the first few cases, a significant decrease in hospital stay and surgical time was evident after 25 cases. Apparently, 25 cases appear to be a reasonable experience in order to decrease the operative time and master the basics of the procedure

Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados iniciais e a curva de aprendizado dos primeiros 100 casos consecutivos do tratamento cirúrgico da obstrução da junção ureteropiélica por meio da pieloplastia robótica laparoscópica. Materiais e Métodos: Um total de 99 pacientes (41 homens e 58 mulheres), com idade média de 38 anos (18-81 anos), foi submetido a 100 pieloplastias robóticas laparoscópicas consecutivas (um procedimento bilateral), realizadas pelo mesmo cirurgião. A determinação da curva de aprendizado foi baseada na avaliação do tempo de anastomose, tempo cirúrgico, complicações precoces e tardias e resultados a longo prazo. Os casos foram divididos em grupos de 25 procedimentos consecutivos (grupos 1, 2, 3, 4) de acordo com a data, em ordem cronológica, em que foram submetidos ao procedimento. Os pacientes foram reavaliados pelos médicos do serviço de urologia 3, 12 meses e anualmente após o procedimento através de avaliação clínica, onde relatavam melhora ou não dos sintomas, e exames de imagem (urografia excretora e/ou cintilografia renal). Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à idade e índice de massa corpórea. O tempo médio para confecção da anastomose foi de 50,0, 36,8, 34,2 e 29,0 minutos para os grupos 1 a 4, respectivamente (p=0,137). O tempo cirúrgico médio foi 144,6, 119,2, 114,5 e 94,6 minutos, apresentando uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos 1 vs. 2 (p=0,015), 1 vs. 3 (p=0,002), 1 vs. 4 (p < 0,001) e 2 vs. 4 (p=0,022). A internação hospitalar média foi de 7,08, 4,76, 4,88 e 4,20 dias, apresentando uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos 1 vs. 2 (p < 0,001), 1 vs. 3 (p < 0,001) e 1 vs. 4 (p < 0,001). Complicações significativas (Clavien-Dindo grau > 3) ocorreram apenas no grupo 2 (2 complicações grau IIIb). Um paciente no grupo 1 necessitou de conversão cirúrgica para a via aberta devido a dificuldades técnicas na dissecção piélica. O seguimento pós-operatório médio foi de 50,6 meses. Houve perda de seguimento em três pacientes do grupo 1, um do grupo 2, dois do grupo 3 e um do grupo 4. Uma melhora significativa (clínica e radiológica) foi demonstrada em 98,9% dos casos nesta série. Em um seguimento tardio (50 meses) um paciente do grupo 3 apresentou um quadro de obstrução recorrente da JUP. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram que a PRL é uma alternativa efetiva para o tratamento da estenose da JUP com altas taxas de sucesso e baixo índice de complicações. Apesar da presença de uma alta taxa de sucesso já nos primeiros casos uma queda significativa no tempo de internação e tempo cirúrgico foi evidente após a realização de 25 procedimentos. Aparentemente um número de 25 casos parece ser suficiente para um aprendizado efetivo das bases deste procedimento cirúrgico e uma diminuição sustentada de seu tempo operatório / Purpose: To evaluate the results and learning curve of laparoscopic robotic pyeloplasty during the initial 100 cases. Materials and Methods: A total of 99 patients (41 men, 58 women), with a median age of 38 years (range: 18-81 years), underwent 100 consecutive laparoscopic robotic pyeloplasties (one bilateral procedure), performed by the same surgeon. Learning curve estimations were used for anastomosis, operative time, early and late complications and long-term results. Sequential analyses were performed between the cases, which were divided in groups of consecutive 25 procedures (groups 1, 2, 3 and 4). Statistical analyses comparing the groups were performed. Results: All groups were similar with respect to age and body mass index. The median anastomosis time was 50.0, 36.8, 34.2 and 29.0 minutes for groups 1 to 4, respectively (p=0.137). Median operative time was 144.6, 119.2, 114.5 and 94.6 minutes, with a statistical difference present when comparing groups 1 and 2 (p=0.015), 1 and 3 (p=0.002), 1 and 4 (p < 0.001) and 2 and 4 (p=0.022). Mean hospital stay was 7.08, 4.76, 4.88 and 4.20 days, with a statistical difference present when comparing groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.001), 1 and 3 (p < 0.001) and 1 and 4 (p < 0.001). Major complications (Clavien-Dindo grade 3 or above) were present only in group 2 (2 grade IIIb complications). One patient in the group 1 required a conversion to open surgery due to dissection difficulties during pyelic exposure. The medium follow up was 50.6 months. Three patients in group 1, one in group 2, two in group 3 and one in group 4 were lost to follow-up. A significant improvement (clinical and radiological) was present in 98.9% of patients in this series. At a late follow-up (50 months) one patient in group 3 presented a recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that success rate of LARP is high and complication rates are low. The operative time (learning curve) decreased with experience, confirming the procedure\'s complexity. Although favorable results were already present in the first few cases, a significant decrease in hospital stay and surgical time was evident after 25 cases. Apparently, 25 cases appear to be a reasonable experience in order to decrease the operative time and master the basics of the procedure