Three dimensional (3-D) seismic reflection surveying is accepted as the preferred method for imaging complex geology for proving and developing commercial oil and gas fields. However, the cost of 3-D seismic recording and processing is substantial and often can be as expensive as the cost of production drilling. This is particularly the case for land oil field development, where the cost of 3-D surveying is often unacceptably high. Such high costs also restrict its application in coal exploration, where 2-D seismic methods have long been accepted.During the early 1980's, a low fold technique for recording land 3-D data was devised which offered significant cost savings. The technique was adapted by the author for land 3-D surveying over coal fields. Inherent in the technique was a requirement that the data must have a high signal-to-noise ratio, which is not generally the case in land surveying due to the presence of strong source generated surface wave noise. A further major impediment to the technique was its inability to perform an acceptable stacking velocity analysis because of the low number of seismic traces generated. This thesis defines three data collection and processing advancements in low fold 3-D technology which go some way towards resolving these impediments.The first advancement is a method to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the stacked seismic data, and consists of a Radon-based transform which stacks shot domain data along a curved trajectory, thereby attenuating surface waves on swath recorded data. This transform is termed the 'Radial Transform' of 3-D data.The second advancement is a statics method to improve the stacked image from a low number of input traces. The method uses the concept that if both the reflected and refracted waves pass through a weathering layer with very similar travel paths, then static corrections to remove the ++ / effects of weathering variations on the refraction travel times would be very similar to those required for the reflections. This method, which was patented, is used equally for both 2-D and 3-D field data, and is regularly used in high resolution seismic processing for coal at Curtin University.The third advancement resolves the problem of azimuthal variation of stacking velocities. By predicting the true reflector dip and its azimuth, apparent dip can be included in the normal moveout equation, which is named the Generalized Moveout equation. The requirement for an azimuthally dependent stacking velocity is then no longer an impediment in low fold 3-D processing of coal data.After developing these transforms and applying them to synthetic data, they were tested with success on modelled field data. All field data used within this thesis were either recorded in the field by the author, or were produced with a physical modelling system, which was built by the author at the University of Houston and later at Curtin University.Results indicate that the procedures described in this thesis enable the low fold 3-D technique to be used as a viable method for recording seismic data when survey economics are a major issue. Furthermore, all three advancements are suitable for application in conventional two dimensional (2-D) and swath seismic surveying.

<p>The threats imposed by the ongoing climate change become successively more clear. In the municipality of Sandviken the possible rise in water level in the lake Storsjön might cause major problems. This study aims to produce an elevation model over one of the threatened areas so that the effect of different water levels in the lake can be studied in the future.</p><p>The area of study consists of an esker cutting straight through the lake Storsjön. The area is densely populated and the size is about 13 hectares.</p><p>Measurements were performed, both with GPS, utilizing Network-RTK, and with total station. The formations of the ridge were captured by following the breaklines with a point density of 225 points/ha as an intended goal.</p><p>The GPS measurements were transformed into the local coordinate system of Sandviken municipality. The measured coordinates for six control points were compared to the true coordinates. The fit was not perfect, so a Helmert transformation was performed on the plane coordinates. The accuracy of the measurements was below 50 mm after the transformation. Net adjustments in plane and height were performed on the total station measurements. The error ellipses for the station points varied from 2 to 44 mm. The over all point density achieved was 274 points/ha.</p><p>Two elevation models were created, one Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) and one interpolated model using a kriging interpolation. Contour lines from both models were produced and compared with each other. The TIN creates a more angular surface and therefore the contour lines are not as smooth as in the interpolated model. Both models showed good resemblance compared with the original data.</p> / <p>Problem relaterade till klimatförändringar blir alltmer uttalade. I Sandvikens kommun kan problem uppstå om vattennivåerna i Storsjön stiger. Syftet med det här examensarbetet var att skapa en höjdmodell över ett av de utsatta områdena för att effekter av en eventuell vattennivåhöjning skall kunna studeras i framtiden.</p><p>Området består av en rullstensås som sträcker sig rakt igenom Storsjön. Området är tättbefolkat och ca 13 hektar stort.</p><p>Mätningarna utfördes med både GPS och totalstation. Vid GPS-mätningarna utnyttjades Nätverks-RTK. Åsens formationer fångades genom att följa brytlinjer med en estimerad punkttäthet på 225 punkter/ha.</p><p>GPS-mätningarna transformerades till Sandvikens lokala koordinatsystem. De mätta koordinaterna för sex kontrollpunkter jämfördes med de sanna koordinaterna. Eftersom de mätta värdena inte passade in perfekt så utfördes en Helmerttransformation av plankoordinaterna. Noggrannheten på mätta värden var inom 50 mm efter transformationen. Nätutjämningar i plan och höjd gjordes på totalstationsmätningarna. Felellipserna för stationspunkterna varierade mellan 2 och 44 mm. Den sammanlagda punkttätheten uppgick till 274 punkter/ha.</p><p>Två höjdmodeller framställdes, en TIN-model (Triangular Irregular Network) och en interpolerad model där interpolationsmetoden kriging användes. Höjdkurvor framställda från respektive modell skapades och jämfördes med varandra. Ett TIN ger en mer kantig yta vilket återspeglas i höjdkurvorna som inte är lika jämna som de från den interpolerade modellen. Båda modellerna visade god överensstämmelse med originaldata.</p>

The threats imposed by the ongoing climate change become successively more clear. In the municipality of Sandviken the possible rise in water level in the lake Storsjön might cause major problems. This study aims to produce an elevation model over one of the threatened areas so that the effect of different water levels in the lake can be studied in the future. The area of study consists of an esker cutting straight through the lake Storsjön. The area is densely populated and the size is about 13 hectares. Measurements were performed, both with GPS, utilizing Network-RTK, and with total station. The formations of the ridge were captured by following the breaklines with a point density of 225 points/ha as an intended goal. The GPS measurements were transformed into the local coordinate system of Sandviken municipality. The measured coordinates for six control points were compared to the true coordinates. The fit was not perfect, so a Helmert transformation was performed on the plane coordinates. The accuracy of the measurements was below 50 mm after the transformation. Net adjustments in plane and height were performed on the total station measurements. The error ellipses for the station points varied from 2 to 44 mm. The over all point density achieved was 274 points/ha. Two elevation models were created, one Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) and one interpolated model using a kriging interpolation. Contour lines from both models were produced and compared with each other. The TIN creates a more angular surface and therefore the contour lines are not as smooth as in the interpolated model. Both models showed good resemblance compared with the original data. / Problem relaterade till klimatförändringar blir alltmer uttalade. I Sandvikens kommun kan problem uppstå om vattennivåerna i Storsjön stiger. Syftet med det här examensarbetet var att skapa en höjdmodell över ett av de utsatta områdena för att effekter av en eventuell vattennivåhöjning skall kunna studeras i framtiden. Området består av en rullstensås som sträcker sig rakt igenom Storsjön. Området är tättbefolkat och ca 13 hektar stort. Mätningarna utfördes med både GPS och totalstation. Vid GPS-mätningarna utnyttjades Nätverks-RTK. Åsens formationer fångades genom att följa brytlinjer med en estimerad punkttäthet på 225 punkter/ha. GPS-mätningarna transformerades till Sandvikens lokala koordinatsystem. De mätta koordinaterna för sex kontrollpunkter jämfördes med de sanna koordinaterna. Eftersom de mätta värdena inte passade in perfekt så utfördes en Helmerttransformation av plankoordinaterna. Noggrannheten på mätta värden var inom 50 mm efter transformationen. Nätutjämningar i plan och höjd gjordes på totalstationsmätningarna. Felellipserna för stationspunkterna varierade mellan 2 och 44 mm. Den sammanlagda punkttätheten uppgick till 274 punkter/ha. Två höjdmodeller framställdes, en TIN-model (Triangular Irregular Network) och en interpolerad model där interpolationsmetoden kriging användes. Höjdkurvor framställda från respektive modell skapades och jämfördes med varandra. Ett TIN ger en mer kantig yta vilket återspeglas i höjdkurvorna som inte är lika jämna som de från den interpolerade modellen. Båda modellerna visade god överensstämmelse med originaldata.

The essence of this thesis may be described by Ruther's argument that the survey profession is confronted with the necessity of having to redefine its role in society, or face the consequences of having the profession become marginalised (n .d: 1). The thesis reviews the functions of a traditional land surveyor, and shows how these functions are diminishing. This is done to illustrate the need for change in the profile of a traditional land surveyor, and the necessity of him redefining his role in society, in order to prosper in the future. The concept of geomatics, as an integrated approach to the acquisition and management of spatial data is introduced, and is used to illustrate the types of skills which a traditional land surveyor already has, and would need to acquire, in order to make the transition to a modern land surveyor, or what is tenned a geomaticist. A case study is then carried out in order to test the validity of the conceptual framework. / Thesis (M.Sc.Sur)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.

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Long-term individual-based studies can be central to collecting data on aspects of individual and population biology and ecology. Photo-identification often underpins longterm individual based studies, particularly for cetaceans. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are long-lived with low reproductive rates and complex social structures, while showing plasticity in their behaviour, biology and ecology. As such long-term individual based studies are key to investigating the complexities of their population dynamics. My aim for this thesis was to synthesise over two decades of photo-identification data with the intention of exploring the value and contribution of a long-term individual based photo-identification study and answer key questions about the ecology and biology of bottlenose dolphins in Scottish waters. This thesis provides the first data on distribution and status of bottlenose dolphins around Scotland. Results highlighted the smaller population on the west coast split into two discrete communities with different ranging patterns and provided the first evidence that the highly mobile east coast population may be increasing. For the east coast of Scotland bottlenose dolphin population, laser photogrammetry identified morphological differences (larger size, no sexual dimorphism, no sex differences in growth) and highlighted fitness consequences to variation in early calf growth (calves that died over their first winter were significantly shorter). This thesis also identified differences in social structure over two decades at the two extremes of the population's range, potentially caused by or a consequence of, range expansion. Finally, this study provided empirical evidence of increasing trends in population abundance, reproductive rate and calf survival. This is a rare example of empirical evidence of a positive trend in demographic parameters of a cetacean population using a marine protected area. This work highlights the need for long-term individual based data to detect biologically meaningful change and suggests this small bottlenose dolphin population is a conservation success story.

<p>Detta projekt har genomförts på mark- och mätningsavdelningen i Hudiksvalls kommun och projektets område är beläget norr om Hudiksvall, ca 6 km från centrala Hudiksvall vid norra infarten till E4:an.</p><p>I området ligger en friskola, en gymnasieskola som heter ”Glada Hudik-skolan”. I skolans lokaler har det tidigare bedrivits hotellverksamhet i många år, f.d. Hammering Hotell. Hösten 2006 öppnade skolan sina portar och de räknar med att öka antalet elever varje läsår. I närheten av skolan finns den kända travbanan, Hagmyren.</p><p>Syftet med arbetet var att göra en inmätning av fastigheten Hållsta 2:3, eftersom det inte fanns några inmätningar där tidigare. Stompunkter mättes in både i plan och höjd, därefter gjordes det detaljmätningar. Koordinatsystemet i plan i Hudiksvall är RTR10 2.5 gon V 0:- 15 och i höjd RH 70. Efter stom- och detaljmätningarna konstruerades en primärkarta i Geosecma som är ett kartprogram.</p><p>I den här rapporten kommer mätmetoder, beräkningar, dokumentation och kartframställning att redovisas.</p><p>Målet med projektet är att kommunen skall få nytta av inmätningarna i framtiden för olika projekteringar och att jag skall få mer erfarenhet av både mätning och kartframställning. Jag får även kunskaper om hur det går till på arbetsplatsen, tankegångar kring ett projekt och lärdomar av att arbeta självständigt.</p>