A remoção parcial de tecido cariado (RPTC) em lesões profundas de cárie em dentes decíduos tem demonstrado excelentes resultados clínicos, radiográficos e microbiológicos. No entanto, o desempenho das restaurações com resina composta em dentes que tiveram esse tratamento ainda merece esclarecimentos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a taxa de manutenção de restaurações sobre tecido cariado através de uma revisão sistemática de literatura e de um ensaio clínico controlado randomizado. Métodos: Cinquenta e uma crianças de 3 a 8 anos de idade (28 meninos e 23 meninas) portadoras de ao menos um molar com lesão profunda de cárie foram incluídas no estudo. Os dentes foram aleatoriamente divididos de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: Grupo controle: Remoção total de tecido cariado (RTTC) e teste: Remoção parcial de tecido cariado (RPTC). Nos casos em que ocorreu exposição pulpar foi realizada pulpotomia. Três Odontopediatras realizaram os procedimentos que foram acompanhados em 3, 6,12, 18 e 24 meses. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia local e isolamento absoluto. No início e no final do procedimento as crianças reportaram sua ansiedade através de duas escalas: Venham Picture Test (VPT) e Facial Image Scale (FIS). O comportamento da criança durante o atendimento foi avaliado através da escala de Sarnat. Em todos os momentos experimentais foram avaliados os aspectos clínicos e radiográficos dos tratamentos e as restaurações foram analisadas por um examinador cego e calibrado através do USPHS modificado.Para determinar as taxas de sucesso clínico e radiográfico e das restaurações de resina composta foram geradas curvas de sobrevida com o estimador Kaplan-Meyer. A distribuição dos indivíduos cooperativos e não cooperativos de acordo com diferentes variáveis independentes, assim como as comparações das escalas FIS e VENHAM entre os três tratamentos, foram avaliadas utilizando-se o teste de Qui-quadrado. Resultados: Quarenta e oito crianças e 120 dentes foram incluídos na análise. Dentre as variáveis analisadas, apenas o tempo de atendimento afetou significativamente o comportamento das crianças (p=0,018). No grupo RTTC ocorreram 15 casos de exposição pulpar (27,5%), enquanto que no grupo RPTC apenas 1 caso (2%). As taxas de sucesso clínicoradiográfico após RPTC e RTTC foram 92% e 98%, respectivamente (p=0,14). Foi observada uma tendência a menor taxa de sucesso clínicoradiográfico em cavidades oclusoproximais (92%) em comparação com cavidades oclusais (100%), porém não estatisticamente significante (p=0,08). Não houve diferença significativa entre os operadores. A taxa de sobrevida das restaurações foi de 66%, 85% e 92%, para os grupos RPTC, RTTC e pulpotomia, respectivamente, após 24 meses, (p=0,09). Quando a taxa de sobrevida das restaurações foi avaliada de acordo com o tratamento e o tipo de cavidade, foi observada taxa de sobrevida significativamente menor (p=0,007) para restaurações do tipo oclusoproximais após RPTC (52%).Por outro lado, os maiores percentuais 10 de sobrevida das restaurações foram observados em cavidades oclusais após RPTC (95%). A revisão de literatura demonstrou que o sucesso das restaurações aumenta quanto menor o número de superfícies envolvidas, assim, cavidades classe I apresentaram em torno de 90% de sucesso e diminui para 50% quando mais de uma superfície foi restaurada. Conclusões: As restaurações de resina composta sobre tecido cariado necessitam de proservação em curtos períodos de tempo para manutenção e reparo. / Partial caries removal in deep carious lesions of primary teeth has been demonstrated excellent clinical, radiographs and microbiological results. However, the clinical performance of composite resin restorations placed over the demineralized dentin need more information. The objective of this work was to investigate the restoration performance over carious tissue trough a literature systematic review and a randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods: Fifty-one children aged from 3 to 8 years old (28 boys and 23 girls) with, at least, one molar with deep carious lesion were included in this clinical trial. The teeth were randomly divided according to the following treatments: Control group - total caries removal (TCR); and Test - partial caries removal (PCR). In case of pulp exposure during dentinal excavation, pulpotomy was performed. Three Pediatric Dentist made the procedures that were followed-up by 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. All procedures were performed under local anesthesia and rubber dam isolation. At the beginning and right after the procedure the children reported their anxiety through two scales: Venham Picture Test (VPT) and Facial Image Scale (FIS). The children behavior during the attendance was valued through Sarnat scale. During the time course follow-up clinical and radiographic aspects of the treatments were evaluated and the restorations analyzed by a calibrated and blinded examiner through modified USPHS. To determine the clinical and radiographic outcomes of composite restorations the groups were statistically analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival followed by Log Rank. The distribution of cooperatives and non-cooperatives subjects in accordance with different independent variables as well as FIS and VENHAM comparisons between the tree treatments were availed using Qui-square test. Results: The final sample was comprised by forty-eight children and 120 teeth. Among all the analyzed variables, only the time spent for the procedure significantly affected the children behavior (p=0.018) The total caries removal procedure produced 15 pulp exposures (27.5%), while the same event occurred only in one case for the PCR group (2%). The clinical- radiographic success rate after PCR and TCR were 92% and 98%, respectively (p=0.14). It was observed a tendency to lower clinical-radiographic success rate in oclusoproximal cavities (92%) in comparison with oclusal (100%) but without statistic significance (p=0.08). The restorations survival rate was 66%, 85% and 92% to PCR, TCR and pulpotomy groups, respectively after 24 months follow-up (p=0.09). When the restorations survival rate was evaluated in accordance with type of treatment and the type of cavity was observed a significant lower survival rate (p=0.007) to oclusoproximal restoration after PCR (52%). On the other hand, the highest restorations survival was observed in oclusal cavities with partial caries removal (95%). The literature review shows that success rate increases with the decrease of involved surface at the restoration, thus class I restorations presented around 90% of success and it decreases below to 50% if more than one surface are restored. Conclusions: The composite resin restorations placed over caries tissue need shorter follow-up time to evaluate the necessity of being repaired or replaced.

A remoção parcial de tecido cariado (RPTC) em lesões profundas de cárie em dentes decíduos tem demonstrado excelentes resultados clínicos, radiográficos e microbiológicos. No entanto, o desempenho das restaurações com resina composta em dentes que tiveram esse tratamento ainda merece esclarecimentos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a taxa de manutenção de restaurações sobre tecido cariado através de uma revisão sistemática de literatura e de um ensaio clínico controlado randomizado. Métodos: Cinquenta e uma crianças de 3 a 8 anos de idade (28 meninos e 23 meninas) portadoras de ao menos um molar com lesão profunda de cárie foram incluídas no estudo. Os dentes foram aleatoriamente divididos de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: Grupo controle: Remoção total de tecido cariado (RTTC) e teste: Remoção parcial de tecido cariado (RPTC). Nos casos em que ocorreu exposição pulpar foi realizada pulpotomia. Três Odontopediatras realizaram os procedimentos que foram acompanhados em 3, 6,12, 18 e 24 meses. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia local e isolamento absoluto. No início e no final do procedimento as crianças reportaram sua ansiedade através de duas escalas: Venham Picture Test (VPT) e Facial Image Scale (FIS). O comportamento da criança durante o atendimento foi avaliado através da escala de Sarnat. Em todos os momentos experimentais foram avaliados os aspectos clínicos e radiográficos dos tratamentos e as restaurações foram analisadas por um examinador cego e calibrado através do USPHS modificado.Para determinar as taxas de sucesso clínico e radiográfico e das restaurações de resina composta foram geradas curvas de sobrevida com o estimador Kaplan-Meyer. A distribuição dos indivíduos cooperativos e não cooperativos de acordo com diferentes variáveis independentes, assim como as comparações das escalas FIS e VENHAM entre os três tratamentos, foram avaliadas utilizando-se o teste de Qui-quadrado. Resultados: Quarenta e oito crianças e 120 dentes foram incluídos na análise. Dentre as variáveis analisadas, apenas o tempo de atendimento afetou significativamente o comportamento das crianças (p=0,018). No grupo RTTC ocorreram 15 casos de exposição pulpar (27,5%), enquanto que no grupo RPTC apenas 1 caso (2%). As taxas de sucesso clínicoradiográfico após RPTC e RTTC foram 92% e 98%, respectivamente (p=0,14). Foi observada uma tendência a menor taxa de sucesso clínicoradiográfico em cavidades oclusoproximais (92%) em comparação com cavidades oclusais (100%), porém não estatisticamente significante (p=0,08). Não houve diferença significativa entre os operadores. A taxa de sobrevida das restaurações foi de 66%, 85% e 92%, para os grupos RPTC, RTTC e pulpotomia, respectivamente, após 24 meses, (p=0,09). Quando a taxa de sobrevida das restaurações foi avaliada de acordo com o tratamento e o tipo de cavidade, foi observada taxa de sobrevida significativamente menor (p=0,007) para restaurações do tipo oclusoproximais após RPTC (52%).Por outro lado, os maiores percentuais 10 de sobrevida das restaurações foram observados em cavidades oclusais após RPTC (95%). A revisão de literatura demonstrou que o sucesso das restaurações aumenta quanto menor o número de superfícies envolvidas, assim, cavidades classe I apresentaram em torno de 90% de sucesso e diminui para 50% quando mais de uma superfície foi restaurada. Conclusões: As restaurações de resina composta sobre tecido cariado necessitam de proservação em curtos períodos de tempo para manutenção e reparo. / Partial caries removal in deep carious lesions of primary teeth has been demonstrated excellent clinical, radiographs and microbiological results. However, the clinical performance of composite resin restorations placed over the demineralized dentin need more information. The objective of this work was to investigate the restoration performance over carious tissue trough a literature systematic review and a randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods: Fifty-one children aged from 3 to 8 years old (28 boys and 23 girls) with, at least, one molar with deep carious lesion were included in this clinical trial. The teeth were randomly divided according to the following treatments: Control group - total caries removal (TCR); and Test - partial caries removal (PCR). In case of pulp exposure during dentinal excavation, pulpotomy was performed. Three Pediatric Dentist made the procedures that were followed-up by 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. All procedures were performed under local anesthesia and rubber dam isolation. At the beginning and right after the procedure the children reported their anxiety through two scales: Venham Picture Test (VPT) and Facial Image Scale (FIS). The children behavior during the attendance was valued through Sarnat scale. During the time course follow-up clinical and radiographic aspects of the treatments were evaluated and the restorations analyzed by a calibrated and blinded examiner through modified USPHS. To determine the clinical and radiographic outcomes of composite restorations the groups were statistically analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival followed by Log Rank. The distribution of cooperatives and non-cooperatives subjects in accordance with different independent variables as well as FIS and VENHAM comparisons between the tree treatments were availed using Qui-square test. Results: The final sample was comprised by forty-eight children and 120 teeth. Among all the analyzed variables, only the time spent for the procedure significantly affected the children behavior (p=0.018) The total caries removal procedure produced 15 pulp exposures (27.5%), while the same event occurred only in one case for the PCR group (2%). The clinical- radiographic success rate after PCR and TCR were 92% and 98%, respectively (p=0.14). It was observed a tendency to lower clinical-radiographic success rate in oclusoproximal cavities (92%) in comparison with oclusal (100%) but without statistic significance (p=0.08). The restorations survival rate was 66%, 85% and 92% to PCR, TCR and pulpotomy groups, respectively after 24 months follow-up (p=0.09). When the restorations survival rate was evaluated in accordance with type of treatment and the type of cavity was observed a significant lower survival rate (p=0.007) to oclusoproximal restoration after PCR (52%). On the other hand, the highest restorations survival was observed in oclusal cavities with partial caries removal (95%). The literature review shows that success rate increases with the decrease of involved surface at the restoration, thus class I restorations presented around 90% of success and it decreases below to 50% if more than one surface are restored. Conclusions: The composite resin restorations placed over caries tissue need shorter follow-up time to evaluate the necessity of being repaired or replaced.

A remoção parcial de tecido cariado (RPTC) em lesões profundas de cárie em dentes decíduos tem demonstrado excelentes resultados clínicos, radiográficos e microbiológicos. No entanto, o desempenho das restaurações com resina composta em dentes que tiveram esse tratamento ainda merece esclarecimentos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a taxa de manutenção de restaurações sobre tecido cariado através de uma revisão sistemática de literatura e de um ensaio clínico controlado randomizado. Métodos: Cinquenta e uma crianças de 3 a 8 anos de idade (28 meninos e 23 meninas) portadoras de ao menos um molar com lesão profunda de cárie foram incluídas no estudo. Os dentes foram aleatoriamente divididos de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: Grupo controle: Remoção total de tecido cariado (RTTC) e teste: Remoção parcial de tecido cariado (RPTC). Nos casos em que ocorreu exposição pulpar foi realizada pulpotomia. Três Odontopediatras realizaram os procedimentos que foram acompanhados em 3, 6,12, 18 e 24 meses. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia local e isolamento absoluto. No início e no final do procedimento as crianças reportaram sua ansiedade através de duas escalas: Venham Picture Test (VPT) e Facial Image Scale (FIS). O comportamento da criança durante o atendimento foi avaliado através da escala de Sarnat. Em todos os momentos experimentais foram avaliados os aspectos clínicos e radiográficos dos tratamentos e as restaurações foram analisadas por um examinador cego e calibrado através do USPHS modificado.Para determinar as taxas de sucesso clínico e radiográfico e das restaurações de resina composta foram geradas curvas de sobrevida com o estimador Kaplan-Meyer. A distribuição dos indivíduos cooperativos e não cooperativos de acordo com diferentes variáveis independentes, assim como as comparações das escalas FIS e VENHAM entre os três tratamentos, foram avaliadas utilizando-se o teste de Qui-quadrado. Resultados: Quarenta e oito crianças e 120 dentes foram incluídos na análise. Dentre as variáveis analisadas, apenas o tempo de atendimento afetou significativamente o comportamento das crianças (p=0,018). No grupo RTTC ocorreram 15 casos de exposição pulpar (27,5%), enquanto que no grupo RPTC apenas 1 caso (2%). As taxas de sucesso clínicoradiográfico após RPTC e RTTC foram 92% e 98%, respectivamente (p=0,14). Foi observada uma tendência a menor taxa de sucesso clínicoradiográfico em cavidades oclusoproximais (92%) em comparação com cavidades oclusais (100%), porém não estatisticamente significante (p=0,08). Não houve diferença significativa entre os operadores. A taxa de sobrevida das restaurações foi de 66%, 85% e 92%, para os grupos RPTC, RTTC e pulpotomia, respectivamente, após 24 meses, (p=0,09). Quando a taxa de sobrevida das restaurações foi avaliada de acordo com o tratamento e o tipo de cavidade, foi observada taxa de sobrevida significativamente menor (p=0,007) para restaurações do tipo oclusoproximais após RPTC (52%).Por outro lado, os maiores percentuais 10 de sobrevida das restaurações foram observados em cavidades oclusais após RPTC (95%). A revisão de literatura demonstrou que o sucesso das restaurações aumenta quanto menor o número de superfícies envolvidas, assim, cavidades classe I apresentaram em torno de 90% de sucesso e diminui para 50% quando mais de uma superfície foi restaurada. Conclusões: As restaurações de resina composta sobre tecido cariado necessitam de proservação em curtos períodos de tempo para manutenção e reparo. / Partial caries removal in deep carious lesions of primary teeth has been demonstrated excellent clinical, radiographs and microbiological results. However, the clinical performance of composite resin restorations placed over the demineralized dentin need more information. The objective of this work was to investigate the restoration performance over carious tissue trough a literature systematic review and a randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods: Fifty-one children aged from 3 to 8 years old (28 boys and 23 girls) with, at least, one molar with deep carious lesion were included in this clinical trial. The teeth were randomly divided according to the following treatments: Control group - total caries removal (TCR); and Test - partial caries removal (PCR). In case of pulp exposure during dentinal excavation, pulpotomy was performed. Three Pediatric Dentist made the procedures that were followed-up by 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. All procedures were performed under local anesthesia and rubber dam isolation. At the beginning and right after the procedure the children reported their anxiety through two scales: Venham Picture Test (VPT) and Facial Image Scale (FIS). The children behavior during the attendance was valued through Sarnat scale. During the time course follow-up clinical and radiographic aspects of the treatments were evaluated and the restorations analyzed by a calibrated and blinded examiner through modified USPHS. To determine the clinical and radiographic outcomes of composite restorations the groups were statistically analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival followed by Log Rank. The distribution of cooperatives and non-cooperatives subjects in accordance with different independent variables as well as FIS and VENHAM comparisons between the tree treatments were availed using Qui-square test. Results: The final sample was comprised by forty-eight children and 120 teeth. Among all the analyzed variables, only the time spent for the procedure significantly affected the children behavior (p=0.018) The total caries removal procedure produced 15 pulp exposures (27.5%), while the same event occurred only in one case for the PCR group (2%). The clinical- radiographic success rate after PCR and TCR were 92% and 98%, respectively (p=0.14). It was observed a tendency to lower clinical-radiographic success rate in oclusoproximal cavities (92%) in comparison with oclusal (100%) but without statistic significance (p=0.08). The restorations survival rate was 66%, 85% and 92% to PCR, TCR and pulpotomy groups, respectively after 24 months follow-up (p=0.09). When the restorations survival rate was evaluated in accordance with type of treatment and the type of cavity was observed a significant lower survival rate (p=0.007) to oclusoproximal restoration after PCR (52%). On the other hand, the highest restorations survival was observed in oclusal cavities with partial caries removal (95%). The literature review shows that success rate increases with the decrease of involved surface at the restoration, thus class I restorations presented around 90% of success and it decreases below to 50% if more than one surface are restored. Conclusions: The composite resin restorations placed over caries tissue need shorter follow-up time to evaluate the necessity of being repaired or replaced.

Huit instruments d’évaluation du risque ont été appliqués sur 580 délinquants sexuels. Il s’agit du VRAG, du SORAG, du RRASOR, de la Statique-99, de la Statique-2002, du RM-2000, du MnSORT-R et du SVR-20. De plus, les sujets ont été cotés sur la PCL-R, qui vise la mesure de la psychopathie, mais qui a fait ses preuves en matière de prédiction de la récidive (Gendreau, Little, et Goggin, 1996). En vue de mesurer l’efficacité de ces instruments et de la PCL-R, une période de suivi de 25 ans a été observée. Aussi, une division de l’échantillon a été faite par rapport à l’âge au moment de la libération, afin de mesurer les différences entre les délinquants âgés de 34 ans et moins et ceux de 35 ans et plus. Le présent travail vise à répondre à trois objectifs de recherche, soit 1) Décrire l’évolution du risque en fonction de l’âge, 2) Étudier le lien entre l’âge, le type de délinquant et la récidive et 3) Comparer l’efficacité de neuf instruments structurés à prédire quatre types de récidive en fonction de l’âge. Les résultats de l’étude suggèrent que l’âge influence le niveau de risque représenté par les délinquants. Par ailleurs, les analyses des différents types de récidive indiquent que le type de victime privilégié par les délinquants influence également ce niveau de risque. Les implications théoriques et pratiques seront discutées. / Eight evaluation techniques demonstrating high risk sexual offenders has been taken upon 580 individual sexual offenders. They are among the VRAG, the SORAG, the RRASOR, the Static-99, the Static-2002, the RM-2000, the MnSORT-R ans the SVR-20. Also, the subjects have been quoted according to the PCL-R, which focuses on their mental health, however supporting the quotes by prediction and relaps (Gendreau, Little, et Goggin, 1996). With the ongoing measuring of the suitability of these instruments as well as the PCL-R, it will take a period of 25 years for the observance. As well, a group of subjects have been studied from the age they were let out of prison, to come up with conclusions differentiating the offenders aging 34 and less with the offenders aging 35 and older. The present work on this subject matter hopes to focus on three research objectives: 1) Describe the evolution of risk according to the age, 2) To study the common point between age, they type of offender, and their relaps, and 3) To compare the suitability of 9 instruments the predict 4 types of relaps according to their age. The study results suggest that age affects the level of risk posed by offenders. Furthermore, analyses of different types of recidivism indicate that the preferred type of victim offender also influences the level of risk. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

L’Inventaire des risques et des besoins liés aux facteurs criminogènes (IRBC) est un instrument utilisé depuis le début des années 1990 pour évaluer les risques de récidive des jeunes contrevenants québécois. Il est le produit d’une collaboration du Québec avec l’Ontario, survenue dans le cadre de travaux de recherche effectués sur les instruments d’évaluation du risque de récidive des jeunes contrevenants. L’IRBC est donc le seul instrument précisément conçu pour évaluer les risques de récidive des jeunes contrevenants québécois et il n’a jamais fait l’objet d’une démarche visant à tester sa validité prédictive. Le but de ce projet de mémoire est de tester la validité prédictive de l’IRBC. Des analyses de courbes ROC et des analyses de survie ont été utilisées pour tester les propriétés métriques de l’instrument. Ces analyses suggèrent que, dans l’ensemble, l’IRBC arrive à prédire la récidive de façon acceptable. Quatre des huit grands domaines associés à la récidive, communément appelé BIG FOUR, seraient des prédicteurs modérés de la récidive lorsque testés avec les données issues de l’IRBC. Il s’agit des domaines Antécédents, Pairs, Personnalité-Comportements, et Attitudes-Tendances. Des aspects en lien avec la fidélité de l’instrument témoignent toutefois d’irrégularités dans le processus d’évaluation, ce qui interroge le niveau de rigueur maintenu au jour le jour par les professionnels. Des aspects en lien avec la fidélité de l’IRBC demeureraient à investiguer. / The Inventaire des risques et des besoins liés aux facteurs criminogènes (IRBC) is a test used since the early 1990s to assess young offenders’s risk of recidivism in Quebec. It is the product of a collaboration between Quebec and Ontario which occurred in the context of research work on instruments used to evaluate young offenders’s risk of recidivism. The IRBC is the only instrument specifically designed to assess the risk of recidivism of young offenders in Quebec and has never been subject of a predictive validity study. The aim of this master project is to test the predictive validity of the IRBC. ROC curves analysis and survival analysis were used to test the metric properties of the instrument. The results suggest that overall the IRBC is capable of predicting recidivism acceptably. Four of the eight domains associated with criminal recidivism, commonly called BIG FOUR, would be moderate predictors of recidivism when tested with data from the IRBC. These are Antécédents, Pairs, Personnalité-Comportements, and Attitudes-Tendances. However, aspects related to the fidelity of the instrument show irregularities in the assessment process, which questioned the rigor maintained daily by professionals. Aspects related to the fidelity of the IRBC would remain to be investigated.

L’intérêt porté à l’évaluation du risque de récidive chez les délinquants ayant une déficience intellectuelle (DI) a notablement augmenté depuis les 10 dernières années. D’ailleurs, certains croient que les instruments utilisés pour mesurer le risque chez les auteurs d’infractions sexuelles neurotypiques peuvent s’appliquer aux auteurs d’infractions sexuelles ayant une DI tandis que d’autres appuient l’idée d’utiliser et de développer des mesures actuarielles propres à ces individus. Trois objectifs ont été posés pour tenter d’éclaircir ces deux visions, soit 1) Comparer les taux de récidive entre les deux groupes d’auteurs d’infractions sexuelles (ayant une DI et neurotypiques), en plus de déterminer lequel récidive plus rapidement sur une courte période de temps, 2) Analyser la validité prédictive de huit instruments actuariels (et de la PCL-R) auprès d’un échantillon d’auteurs d’infractions sexuelles ayant une DI et 3) Analyser la composition des instruments par domaines (Knight et Thornton, 2007). L’échantillon est composé de 550 auteurs d’infractions sexuelles dont 54 ont une DI. Les résultats suggèrent que les deux groupes d’auteurs d’infractions sexuelles (neurotypiques et ayant une DI) présentent des taux de récidive similaires. Un nombre restreint d’instruments semblent par contre efficaces chez les auteurs d’infractions sexuelles ayant une DI. De ce fait, le SVR-20 s’est révélé avoir une validité prédictive pour la récidive sexuelle, le RMC, le RMV et le MnSOST-R pour la récidive violente et le VRAG pour la récidive non violente. Il est toutefois justifié de se questionner sur la manière d’évaluer le risque chez cette clientèle particulière. L’analyse de la composition des instruments semble importante puisque certains domaines pourraient prédire différemment la récidive chez les auteurs d’infractions sexuelles ayant une DI. Une grande partie des facteurs pouvant être utiles dans la prédiction de la récidive ne semblent toujours pas avoir été identifiés, repoussant ainsi la création d’instruments propres aux délinquants ayant une DI. / Interest in the risk assessment for offenders with intellectual disabilities (ID) has particularly grown during the last 10 years. Two opinions are shared on this subject: some believe that the instruments used to measure risk in sexual offenders can apply to sexual offenders with ID while others support the idea of using and developing actuarial measures for these people. Three objectives were set in an attempt to clarify these two visions: 1) Compare recidivism rates between the two groups of sexual offenders (with and without ID), 2) Analyze the predictive validity of the eight most commonly used actuarial instruments (and the PCL-R) based on a sample of sex offenders with ID and 3) Analyze the composition of the instruments according to their domains (Knight and Thornton, 2007). The sample consisted of 550 sex offenders of which 54 have an ID. The results suggest that the two groups of sexual offenders have similar rates of recidivism. A limited number of instruments also seems to be effective for sex offenders with ID. The SVR-20 was found to have predictive validity regarding sexual recidivism, the RMC, the RMV and the MnSOST-R for violent recidivism and the VRAG for non-violent recidivism. However, it is justified to question how the risk of recidivism is assessed for this particular clientele. The composition analysis of the actuarial instruments seems important among sex offenders with ID since some domains could predict differently the risk of recidivism. Finally, many of the risk factors that may be more useful in predicting recidivism has not been identified yet, thus delaying the creation of instruments tailored to offenders with ID.

Huit instruments d’évaluation du risque ont été appliqués sur 580 délinquants sexuels. Il s’agit du VRAG, du SORAG, du RRASOR, de la Statique-99, de la Statique-2002, du RM-2000, du MnSORT-R et du SVR-20. De plus, les sujets ont été cotés sur la PCL-R, qui vise la mesure de la psychopathie, mais qui a fait ses preuves en matière de prédiction de la récidive (Gendreau, Little, et Goggin, 1996). En vue de mesurer l’efficacité de ces instruments et de la PCL-R, une période de suivi de 25 ans a été observée. Aussi, une division de l’échantillon a été faite par rapport à l’âge au moment de la libération, afin de mesurer les différences entre les délinquants âgés de 34 ans et moins et ceux de 35 ans et plus. Le présent travail vise à répondre à trois objectifs de recherche, soit 1) Décrire l’évolution du risque en fonction de l’âge, 2) Étudier le lien entre l’âge, le type de délinquant et la récidive et 3) Comparer l’efficacité de neuf instruments structurés à prédire quatre types de récidive en fonction de l’âge. Les résultats de l’étude suggèrent que l’âge influence le niveau de risque représenté par les délinquants. Par ailleurs, les analyses des différents types de récidive indiquent que le type de victime privilégié par les délinquants influence également ce niveau de risque. Les implications théoriques et pratiques seront discutées. / Eight evaluation techniques demonstrating high risk sexual offenders has been taken upon 580 individual sexual offenders. They are among the VRAG, the SORAG, the RRASOR, the Static-99, the Static-2002, the RM-2000, the MnSORT-R ans the SVR-20. Also, the subjects have been quoted according to the PCL-R, which focuses on their mental health, however supporting the quotes by prediction and relaps (Gendreau, Little, et Goggin, 1996). With the ongoing measuring of the suitability of these instruments as well as the PCL-R, it will take a period of 25 years for the observance. As well, a group of subjects have been studied from the age they were let out of prison, to come up with conclusions differentiating the offenders aging 34 and less with the offenders aging 35 and older. The present work on this subject matter hopes to focus on three research objectives: 1) Describe the evolution of risk according to the age, 2) To study the common point between age, they type of offender, and their relaps, and 3) To compare the suitability of 9 instruments the predict 4 types of relaps according to their age. The study results suggest that age affects the level of risk posed by offenders. Furthermore, analyses of different types of recidivism indicate that the preferred type of victim offender also influences the level of risk. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Bien que le travail soit bénéfique et souhaité par une majorité de personnes aux prises avec un trouble mental grave (TMG), les études réalisées auprès de cette clientèle montrent des taux d’emploi d’environ 10 à 20%. Parmi les services visant le retour au travail, les programmes de soutien à l’emploi (PSE) se sont montrés les plus efficaces avec des taux de placement en emploi standard oscillant entre 50 et 60%, sans toutefois garantir le maintien en emploi. Plusieurs études ont tenté de cerner les déterminants de l’obtention et du maintien en emploi chez cette population sans toutefois s’intéresser à la personnalité, et ce, bien qu’elle soit reconnue depuis toujours comme un déterminant important du fonctionnement des individus. De plus, peu de questionnaires d’évaluation de la personnalité selon le modèle de la personnalité en cinq facteurs (FFM) ont été utilisés auprès d’une clientèle avec un TMG et ceux-ci ont montré des propriétés psychométriques ne respectant pas des normes reconnues et acceptées. Cette thèse porte sur les liens entre la personnalité et l’intégration au travail chez les personnes avec un TMG. La première partie vise la validation d’un outil de mesure de la personnalité selon le FFM afin de répondre aux objectifs de la deuxième partie de la thèse. À cet effet, deux échantillons ont été recrutés, soit 259 étudiants universitaires et 141 personnes avec un TMG. Des analyses factorielles confirmatoires ont mené au développement d’un nouveau questionnaire à 15 items (NEO-15) dont les indices d’ajustement, de cohérence interne et de validité convergente respectent les normes établies, ce qui en fait un questionnaire bien adapté à la mesure de la personnalité normale dans des contextes où le temps d’évaluation est limité. La deuxième partie présente les résultats d’une étude réalisée auprès de 82 personnes aux prises avec un TMG inscrites dans un PSE et visant à identifier les facteurs d’obtention et de maintien en emploi chez cette clientèle, particulièrement en ce qui concerne la contribution des éléments normaux et pathologiques de la personnalité. Les résultats de régressions logistiques et de régressions de Cox (analyses de survie) ont démontré que l’historique d’emploi, les symptômes négatifs et le niveau de pathologie de la personnalité étaient prédictifs de l’obtention d’un emploi standard et du délai avant l’obtention d’un tel emploi. Une autre série de régressions de Cox a pour sa part démontré que l’esprit consciencieux était le seul prédicteur significatif du maintien en emploi. Malgré certaines limites, particulièrement des tailles d’échantillons restreintes, ces résultats démontrent la pertinence et l’importance de tenir compte des éléments normaux et pathologiques de la personnalité dans le cadre d’études portant sur l’intégration au travail de personnes avec un TMG. De plus, cette thèse a permis de démontrer l’adéquation d’un nouvel instrument de mesure de la personnalité auprès de cette clientèle. Des avenues futures concernant la réintégration professionnelle et le traitement des personnes avec un TMG sont discutées à la lumière de ces résultats. / Although work is a central component of the recovery of individuals with a severe mental illness (SMI), studies have shown employment rates ranging from 10 to 20% among that population. Among different services aimed at integrating people with a SMI to the labour market, supported employment programs (SEP) are the most effective with 50 to 60% of their participants getting a competitive employment, without however offering job tenure. Several studies have investigated which factors impact job acquisition and tenure among that population but personality has never been considered, although it has been recognized as an important determinant of functioning. Furthermore, few questionnaires aiming at evaluating personality according to the Five-Factor Model of personality (FFM) have been used with a SMI population and those questionnaires have demonstrated psychometric properties that do not satisfy commonly accepted and recognized criteria. This thesis focuses on the link between personality and work integration of people with a SMI. The first part aims at validating a personality questionnaire according to the FFM in order to achieve the objectives of the second part of the thesis. For this purpose, two samples were recruited: one of 259 university students and one of 141 people with a SMI. Confirmatory factor analyses led to the development of a new 15-item questionnaire (NEO-15) presenting with strong fit indices, internal consistency and convergent validity, which makes it well suited to measure normal personality in time-limited settings. The second part of this thesis presents the results of a study conducted with 82 people with a SMI enrolled in a SEP and aiming at investigating which variables predict job acquisition and tenure, with a special focus on normal and pathological personality variables. Results from logistic regressions and Cox regressions (survival analyses) demonstrated that prior employment, negative symptoms and level of pathological personality were predictive of competitive employment acquisition and delay to such acquisition. Additional series of Cox regressions showed that tenure of a competitive job was only predicted by conscientiousness. Although presenting some limits, restricted sample sizes in particular, our results demonstrate the relevance and the importance of considering normal and pathological personality in studies on work outcomes of people with a SMI. Furthermore, this thesis revealed the suitability of a new personality questionnaire to the SMI population. Future directions regarding the work integration and treatment of people with SMI considering these results are discussed.

Le cancer du sein est actuellement dans les pays occidentaux le premier cancer chez la femme, en termes d’incidence et de mortalité (taux standardisés de 101,5 et 17.7 pour 100 000 personnes années en 2005 respectivement). De très nombreux facteurs de risque et facteurs pronostiques sont déjà connus et étudiés, plusieurs axes de recherche sont développés sur toutes les étapes de la maladie, mais l’influence des facteurs socio-économiques et géographiques, aux niveaux individuel et environnemental n’avait pas encore été étudiée en France sur le cancer du sein.L’objectif général de ce travail était d’explorer cette influence par différents moyens afin d’en tirer des connaissances et une application pratique dans la prévention du cancer du sein, qu’elle soit primaire, secondaire ou tertiaire.Dans notre première étude nous avons montré que les femmes d’un niveau socio-éducatif faible étaient moins à même d’avoir bénéficié d’au moins une mammographie dans les 6 ans ou d’au moins un suivi gynécologique dans les 3 ans précédant leur diagnostic de cancer du sein. Egalement elles ont un stade de diagnostic plus avancé que les femmes de niveau socio-éducatif plus élevé. Ces variables sont ensuite retrouvées comme facteurs pronostiques péjoratifs de la survie. Dans notre seconde étude nous avons montré que l’accès à un chirurgien spécialisé dans les interventions du cancer du sein, gage d’une meilleure survie, était influencé par le niveau socio-économique du lieu de résidence de la patiente, ainsi que par son éloignement géographique par rapport aux centres de traitement de référence du cancer, où travaillent les chirurgiens spécialisés. Dans notre troisième étude nous avons montré qu’à l’inverse de nombre de cancers, l’incidence du cancer du sein était plus élevée dans les zones socio-économiquement plus favorisées, et ce quelle que soit la classe d’âge de la patiente, phénomène pour lequel nous n’avons pas vraiment d’explication, surtout pour les femmes les plus jeunes. Enfin dans notre quatrième étude actuellement en cours, nous avons pour objectif d’étudier au niveau individuel, conjointement avec le nouvel indice de défavorisation européen adapté à la France, en quoi le degré de richesse économique et sociale et la proximité des services médicaux des patientes atteintes de cancer du sein joue sur le stade de la tumeur, l’accès et les modalités de traitement, et la survie. / In developed countries, breast cancer is currently the leading cancer in women in terms of incidence and mortality (standardized rate of 101.5 and 17.7 per 100,000 person-years in 2005, respectively). Many risk factors and prognostic factors have been studied and are well known. Research is under way with regard to every step in the development of breast cancer, but the impact of socio-economic and geographic factors, at the individual and environmental level with regard to the disease have never been studied in France.The general aim of this work was to explore the impact of these factors in different ways to build on our knowledge and to develop practical applications in the primary, secondary or tertiary prevention of breast cancer.In our first study, we showed that women with a low socio-educational level were less likely to have benefited from at least one mammography within the 6 years or at least one gynaecological consultation within the 3 years before the diagnosis of breast cancer. These women also had a more advanced tumour at diagnosis than did women with a higher socio-educational level. These variables also came to light as predictors of a poor prognosis in terms of survival. In our second study, we showed that access to a surgeon specialised in breast cancer surgery, which is associated with better survival, was influenced by the socio-economic level of the patient’s place of residence, as well as the distance between the patient’s home and reference centres for cancer treatment, where the specialised surgeons work. In our third study, we showed that in contrast to many cancers, the incidence of breast cancer was highest in the most socio-economically privileged areas, and this whatever the age of the patient. We have no explanation for this phenomenon, particularly with regard to the youngest age group of women. Finally, the aim of our fourth study, which is currently on-going, is to study at the individual level, using the new European deprivation index adapted to France, to what extent economic wealth and social standing, as well as the proximity of medical services for patients with breast cancer have an impact on tumour stage, access to treatment, treatment techniques and survival.