Death of a child is a very painful experience for parents and remaining siblings who experience physiological and emotional symptoms as described by the parents. There are few reports from the remaining siblings on their physical and emotional health and even less data on their treatments and associated health care costs after sibling loss. The purpose of this study in children who have lost a sibling in the NICU/PICU, ER or those who have been sent home on technology dependent equipment to die, is to compare parents’ and children’s perceptions of the surviving sibling’s health, identify factors related to these perceptions, and describe treatments for the sibling’s physical and mental health at 2 and 4 months after a sibling’s death. Sixty four surviving siblings and their parents reported on the siblings’ mental and overall health. Available treatment charges (visits to the emergency room, physician office, hospitalization, and any health services (mental & physical) since the sibling death were collected from bills and insurance receipts. Cause of child death (acute or chronic) was collected from the deceased child’s hospital record. The relationship between parent and sibling’s perception of the surviving sibling’s health, and anxiety and depression at 2 and 4 months post the death were measured using the Children’s Depression Inventory and the Spence Anxiety Scales. Data were analyzed using: T-Tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlations, frequencies and descriptive statistics. Findings indicated that at 2 and 4 months parent’s perceived their surviving siblings’ health to be better than the child perceived his/her health to be. At 4 months fathers rated the siblings’ health compared to their peers lower than the siblings. Greater child anxiety was related to lower father’s ratings of the child’s health now and compared to peers. Treatments and charges increased from 2 months to 4 months with males having more treatments than females. The majority of the treatments consisted of routine physician visits, non-routine physician visits, emergency room/urgent care visits and counseling. Study findings can help guide healthcare providers and educators in identifying those children that are at high risk for negative health effects after the death of a sibling.

Firefighter is a discrete-time dynamic process that models the spread of a virus or rumour through a network. The name “Firefighter” arises from the initial analogy being the spread of fire among the vertices of a graph. Given a graph G, the process begins at time t = 0 when one or more vertices of G spontaneously “catch fire”. At each subsequent time step, a collection of b ≥ 1 “firefighters” defend a set of vertices which are not burning, and then the fire spreads from each burning vertex to all of its undefended neighbours. There are many possible objectives one could have, for example minimizing the expected number of vertices burned when the fire breaks out at a random location or locations, finding the maximum number of vertices that can be saved from burning if the fire breaks out at known locations, minimizing the length of the process, or bounding the proportion of vertices that can be saved from burning. It is also possible to consider multiple objectives that may be in conflict. There are a great number of papers in the literature which address these, and other, issues in terms of computational complexity, algorithms, approximation, asymptotics, heuristics, and more. The main purpose of this thesis is to survey developments on Firefighter and its variants which have appeared in the literature subsequent to a previous survey that appeared in 2009 [S. Finbow and G. MacGillivray. The firefighter problem: A survey of results, directions and questions. Australas. J. Comb., 43, 2009]. The thesis concludes with a list of open problems and future directions from the previous survey, annotated with references for papers that have made progress on those topics since then. / Graduate

Historicamente, as crianças e os jovens marginalizados buscam várias alternativas para conseguir recursos para o próprio sustento ou de sua família. Dentre elas, sempre estiveram o ato infracional, o trabalho infantil e o trabalho em situação de rua. Há, atualmente, um grande contingente desses “trabalhadores", o que torna explicita as falhas das políticas públicas com essa população. A principal ênfase das políticas de atendimento tem sido a inclusão desses jovens no trabalho, como a forma de promover a “inclusão social" dos mesmos. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve como proposta contribuir com essa problemática, realizando um caracterização geral e conhecendo as estratégias de sobrevivência para conseguir dinheiro e acesso aos bens de consumo de 104 jovens internos na FEBEM de Ribeirão Preto no período de junho a agosto de 2000. Foram utilizados para coleta dos dados um roteiro estruturado para a realização de entrevistas individuais e a realização de notas em diário de campo para registro das atividades realizadas durante o estudo. Dentre os resultados encontrados observamos que a maioria dos jovens reside em bairros periféricos de Ribeirão Preto e tem escolaridade de 5a e 6a série incompletas. A maioria dos jovens foi internado devido a prática de roubo e homicídio, sendo a faixa etária predominante, na primeira internação, a de 16-17 anos. Quanto as estratégias de sobrevivência observamos que todos os 104 jovens realizaram alguma atividade para ganhar dinheiro e ter acesso aos bens de consumo na sua vida. No entanto, observamos uma diferença na variedade e na quantidade de atividades realizadas pelos jovens se considerarmos a internação na FEBEM, pois, a maioria realizou, antes da internação na FEBEM, as Atividades Ilegais, principalmente o Trabalho Infantil e o Ato Infracional e as Atividades Legais associadas às Atividades Ilegais. Enquanto que, após a internação na FEBEM, foram relatadas predominantemente as Atividades Ilegais, principalmente o Ato Infracional. Percebemos que as atividades de maior duração foram o Ato Infracional e o Trabalho Infantil e a faixa etária para início das Atividades Ilegais foi de 9 a 13 anos e para as Atividades Legais foi de 14 anos. Quanto aos motivos para a interrupção das atividades, encontramos que: a demissão, o tipo de atividade realizada e o valor da remuneração, foram motivos semelhantes para a interrupção do Trabalho Infantil, do Trabalho Juvenil e do Trabalho em Regime de Aprendizagem. O encaminhamento do jovem para a FEBEM também foi citado como um motivo para interrupção dessas atividades e também do Ato Infracional. O Ato Infracional foi a atividade que fornecia maior quantia em dinheiro, sendo esse, utilizado principalmente para comprar roupas e com diversão. A maioria dos jovens entrevistados relatou que após a última internação, gostaria de realizar uma Atividade Legal. Encontramos também jovens que não definiram o que gostariam de fazer após a desinternação e jovens que responderam que não gostariam de realizar atividade pois tinham o interesse em voltar a estudar e também por estar correndo risco de vida. Dessa forma então concluímos que esses jovens buscaram várias alternativas, na grande maioria ilegais para conseguir dinheiro e acesso aos bens de consumo, mostrando a necessidade dos jovens em adquirir mais autonomia para vivenciarem a juventude e o pouco acesso às Atividades Legais de seu interesse. Observamos também que nem todo os jovens gostariam de trabalhar e aqueles que mencionaram esse interesse, gostariam de realizar atividades diferentes daquelas vivenciadas, ou seja, que não fosse caracterizadas como subemprego e possibilitassem pouca mobilidade social. / Historically, youngsters facing a situation of social and individual risk have committed the law-breaking act, practiced infant industry and worked on the streets as an alternative to provide resources for their own subsistence or for their families. The main emphasis of the assistance policies has been the inclusion of these youngsters in the labor market, as a means of fostering their “social inclusion". However, there has been criticism of these assistance patterns and of the view of the society as a whole considering labor to be the best alternative for these people. Thus, the proposal of the present paper was to contribute toward this debate, creating a general portrait and conducting a survey into the surviving strategies in order to get money and accessibility to consumer goods of 104 boarder youngsters at an institution named FEBEM in Ribeirão Preto from June to August, 2000. The data gathering included a framed schedule for the execution of individual interviews and a field work agenda for the recording of the activities that were executed during the study. Among the results that were met we could notice that the vast majority of the youngsters lives in the suburbs of Ribeirão Preto and studied up to the 5th or 6th grade of elementary school. Most of the youngsters were put in that boarding institution for having committed robbery and murder, being the predominant age group, for the first boarding, between 16-17 years old. For the matter of surviving strategies, we could notice that all of the 104 youngsters conducted some kind of activity in order to make some money and have access to consumer goods in their lives. However, we could notice a difference in the variety and amount of activities that were conducted by the youngsters if we consider the boarding at FEBEM, since most of them practiced, before being boarders at FEBEM, Illegal Activities, especially the Infant Industry and the Law-Breaking Act and Legal Activities associated with Illegal ones, whereas after being boarders at the institution, the Illegal Activities were predominantly reported, pointing out the Law-Breaking Act. We could sense that the longest-lasting activities were the Law-Breaking Act and the Infant Industry and the age group for the beginning of the Illegal Activities was from 9 to 13 years old and, for the Legal Activities, 14 years old. Among the causes for the discontinuance of the activities, we could notice that the dismissal, the kind of activity performed and the monetary worth were the most frequent ones in the Infant Industry, Juvenile Industry and in the Training Work. Being sent to FEBEM was also mentioned as another reason for the discontinuance of these activities and also of the Law-Breaking Act. The Law-Breaking Act was the activity that provided the largest amount of money, which was spent especially on clothes and for entertainment. The vast majority of youngsters interviewed mentioned that, after being boarders for the last time, they would like to execute some kind of Legal Activity. We also found youngsters who couldn’t define what they would like to do after leaving the institution and youngsters who said they wouldn’t like to execute any kind of activity, because their goal was to go back to school and/or for fearing death risk Thus, we could conclude that these youngsters seek for several surviving alternatives, most of them being illegal, and we also noticed the need for obtaining greater autonomy to live their youth and be supported to have access to Legal Activities of their personal concern. We could also see that not all youngsters would like to work and, the ones who mentioned such interest would like to accomplish different activities from the ones already endured, that is, activities that were not characterized as underemployment or could not provide social mobility.

Historicamente, as crianças e os jovens marginalizados buscam várias alternativas para conseguir recursos para o próprio sustento ou de sua família. Dentre elas, sempre estiveram o ato infracional, o trabalho infantil e o trabalho em situação de rua. Há, atualmente, um grande contingente desses “trabalhadores”, o que torna explicita as falhas das políticas públicas com essa população. A principal ênfase das políticas de atendimento tem sido a inclusão desses jovens no trabalho, como a forma de promover a “inclusão social” dos mesmos. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve como proposta contribuir com essa problemática, realizando um caracterização geral e conhecendo as estratégias de sobrevivência para conseguir dinheiro e acesso aos bens de consumo de 104 jovens internos na FEBEM de Ribeirão Preto no período de junho a agosto de 2000. Foram utilizados para coleta dos dados um roteiro estruturado para a realização de entrevistas individuais e a realização de notas em diário de campo para registro das atividades realizadas durante o estudo. Dentre os resultados encontrados observamos que a maioria dos jovens reside em bairros periféricos de Ribeirão Preto e tem escolaridade de 5a e 6a série incompletas. A maioria dos jovens foi internado devido a prática de roubo e homicídio, sendo a faixa etária predominante, na primeira internação, a de 16-17 anos. Quanto as estratégias de sobrevivência observamos que todos os 104 jovens realizaram alguma atividade para ganhar dinheiro e ter acesso aos bens de consumo na sua vida. No entanto, observamos uma diferença na variedade e na quantidade de atividades realizadas pelos jovens se considerarmos a internação na FEBEM, pois, a maioria realizou, antes da internação na FEBEM, as Atividades Ilegais, principalmente o Trabalho Infantil e o Ato Infracional e as Atividades Legais associadas às Atividades Ilegais. Enquanto que, após a internação na FEBEM, foram relatadas predominantemente as Atividades Ilegais, principalmente o Ato Infracional. Percebemos que as atividades de maior duração foram o Ato Infracional e o Trabalho Infantil e a faixa etária para início das Atividades Ilegais foi de 9 a 13 anos e para as Atividades Legais foi de 14 anos. Quanto aos motivos para a interrupção das atividades, encontramos que: a demissão, o tipo de atividade realizada e o valor da remuneração, foram motivos semelhantes para a interrupção do Trabalho Infantil, do Trabalho Juvenil e do Trabalho em Regime de Aprendizagem. O encaminhamento do jovem para a FEBEM também foi citado como um motivo para interrupção dessas atividades e também do Ato Infracional. O Ato Infracional foi a atividade que fornecia maior quantia em dinheiro, sendo esse, utilizado principalmente para comprar roupas e com diversão. A maioria dos jovens entrevistados relatou que após a última internação, gostaria de realizar uma Atividade Legal. Encontramos também jovens que não definiram o que gostariam de fazer após a desinternação e jovens que responderam que não gostariam de realizar atividade pois tinham o interesse em voltar a estudar e também por estar correndo risco de vida. Dessa forma então concluímos que esses jovens buscaram várias alternativas, na grande maioria ilegais para conseguir dinheiro e acesso aos bens de consumo, mostrando a necessidade dos jovens em adquirir mais autonomia para vivenciarem a juventude e o pouco acesso às Atividades Legais de seu interesse. Observamos também que nem todo os jovens gostariam de trabalhar e aqueles que mencionaram esse interesse, gostariam de realizar atividades diferentes daquelas vivenciadas, ou seja, que não fosse caracterizadas como subemprego e possibilitassem pouca mobilidade social. / Historically, youngsters facing a situation of social and individual risk have committed the law-breaking act, practiced infant industry and worked on the streets as an alternative to provide resources for their own subsistence or for their families. The main emphasis of the assistance policies has been the inclusion of these youngsters in the labor market, as a means of fostering their “social inclusion”. However, there has been criticism of these assistance patterns and of the view of the society as a whole considering labor to be the best alternative for these people. Thus, the proposal of the present paper was to contribute toward this debate, creating a general portrait and conducting a survey into the surviving strategies in order to get money and accessibility to consumer goods of 104 boarder youngsters at an institution named FEBEM in Ribeirão Preto from June to August, 2000. The data gathering included a framed schedule for the execution of individual interviews and a field work agenda for the recording of the activities that were executed during the study. Among the results that were met we could notice that the vast majority of the youngsters lives in the suburbs of Ribeirão Preto and studied up to the 5th or 6th grade of elementary school. Most of the youngsters were put in that boarding institution for having committed robbery and murder, being the predominant age group, for the first boarding, between 16-17 years old. For the matter of surviving strategies, we could notice that all of the 104 youngsters conducted some kind of activity in order to make some money and have access to consumer goods in their lives. However, we could notice a difference in the variety and amount of activities that were conducted by the youngsters if we consider the boarding at FEBEM, since most of them practiced, before being boarders at FEBEM, Illegal Activities, especially the Infant Industry and the Law-Breaking Act and Legal Activities associated with Illegal ones, whereas after being boarders at the institution, the Illegal Activities were predominantly reported, pointing out the Law-Breaking Act. We could sense that the longest-lasting activities were the Law-Breaking Act and the Infant Industry and the age group for the beginning of the Illegal Activities was from 9 to 13 years old and, for the Legal Activities, 14 years old. Among the causes for the discontinuance of the activities, we could notice that the dismissal, the kind of activity performed and the monetary worth were the most frequent ones in the Infant Industry, Juvenile Industry and in the Training Work. Being sent to FEBEM was also mentioned as another reason for the discontinuance of these activities and also of the Law-Breaking Act. The Law-Breaking Act was the activity that provided the largest amount of money, which was spent especially on clothes and for entertainment. The vast majority of youngsters interviewed mentioned that, after being boarders for the last time, they would like to execute some kind of Legal Activity. We also found youngsters who couldn’t define what they would like to do after leaving the institution and youngsters who said they wouldn’t like to execute any kind of activity, because their goal was to go back to school and/or for fearing death risk Thus, we could conclude that these youngsters seek for several surviving alternatives, most of them being illegal, and we also noticed the need for obtaining greater autonomy to live their youth and be supported to have access to Legal Activities of their personal concern. We could also see that not all youngsters would like to work and, the ones who mentioned such interest would like to accomplish different activities from the ones already endured, that is, activities that were not characterized as underemployment or could not provide social mobility.

It is surmised that the Maintenance of Surviving Spouses Act 27 of 1990 can be classified as a very profound, yet acceptable limitation on a married person’s right to freedom of testation. This research provides an exposition as to the background of the Act, the promulgation thereof, as well an exposition of provisions of the said Act and a critical analysis of these provisions. At common law, before the promulgation of the Maintenance of Surviving Spouses Act, a surviving spouse had no right to claim maintenance from the estate of the first dying spouse. This research shows that the main proponents for the disallowance of a claim for maintenance by the surviving spouse, can be attributed to two prominent features, namely, a person’s right to freedom of testation and due to the fact that there was no duty of support on the first dying spouse’s estate. The aim of this dissertation is to give an analysis as to the accessibility to a claim for maintenance in terms of the Maintenance of Surviving Spouses Act, as well as to outline certain issues that have been experienced thus far. As a point of departure, an exposition is given as to the reasoning and the purpose for the promulgation of the Act. An examination is further made as to what denotes a “spouse” in order to be eligible to qualify for a claim, as the Act has failed in giving a concise definition in this regard. This aspect is investigated from a traditional standpoint, as well from the standpoint based on constitutional principles. The research furthermore focuses on the determination of the claim itself, the factors that must be taken into consideration to ascertain if a claim is allowable against the estate of the first dying spouse and how the executor is to deal with the said claim. In conclusion, this research provides certain recommendations that could assist in striking a balance between the allowance of a claim against the estate of the first dying spouse, as well as the ultimate beneficiaries who would have benefitted in terms of the will, or in terms of the law of intestate succession. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Private Law / LLM / Unrestricted

No description available.

A qualitative approach was taken to explore Canadian Congolese refugees’ experience of war trauma recovery. Six volunteers (three men and three women), who self-identified as traumatized by their experience of war in Congo and had lived in Canada for less than ten years, participated in in-depth interviews. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach to analysis, a core construct of Surviving War was identified. A hierarchical model of surviving war was developed that subsumed all other categories. By extrapolating principles from this model, a theory of Surviving War was developed which identifies factors that contribute to surviving war. Limitations of the current research are presented along with suggestions for further research. Recommendations for professionals working with a refugee population are also presented.

A qualitative approach was taken to explore Canadian Congolese refugees’ experience of war trauma recovery. Six volunteers (three men and three women), who self-identified as traumatized by their experience of war in Congo and had lived in Canada for less than ten years, participated in in-depth interviews. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach to analysis, a core construct of Surviving War was identified. A hierarchical model of surviving war was developed that subsumed all other categories. By extrapolating principles from this model, a theory of Surviving War was developed which identifies factors that contribute to surviving war. Limitations of the current research are presented along with suggestions for further research. Recommendations for professionals working with a refugee population are also presented.

Vi lever i en ömtålig vardag. Vi gör den än ömtåligare genom vårt sätt att leva. Det är ingen idé att jag säger det med ord; jag har redan sagt det så många gånger att människorna runt omkring mig har slutat lyssna. Kanske är objekt en bättre ingång till samtal. I det här arbetet har jag, genom såväl text som praktiskt arbete inom corpuskonstfältet, undersökt vad som händer med oss när vardagen faller sönder och kaos utbryter. Genom en startpunkt i klimatkatastrofen år 536, som ledde till att närmare hälften av Nordens befolkning dog, har jag spekulerat kring om samma sak skulle hända idag, eller kanske att det händer idag. Resursbrist leder alltid till våld. Trots att vi vet det fortsätter vi knapra i oss jorden en liten bit i taget. Vad är tanken att vi ska göra när den tar slut? / We live in a fragile everyday. We make it even more fragile by the way we live it. There is no point in saying it with words any more, I've already tried that so many times that people have stopped listening. Maybe objects are a better way to start a conversation. In this project, that consists of this thesis and the physical body of work "Memories from a parallel future", I've been investigating what happens to us when the everyday falls apart and chaos erupts. With a starting point in the climate-crisis of the year 536, that led to the death of almost half of the Norse population, I've been speculating what would have happened today. Or maybe that it is actually happening today. Depletion of resources always results in violence. We know this, but still we keep nibbling at the earth, a little chunk at a time. What do we plan to do when there is nothing left? / <p>Bilder av verk av konstnärerna Iain Baxter&amp;, Naoko Ito och Luiana Rondolini har tagits bort av upphovsrättsliga skäl. Titlarna på verken står dock kvar. </p>

Background: Cconsiderable proportion of the population experiences major life disruptions after losing a loved one to suicide. Social stigma attached to suicide survivors adds to complications occurring in the course of suicide bereavement. Despite its known risks, stigma related to suicide survivors has been sparsely investigated. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo and PsyArticles, of studies indexed up through August 2015. Articles were eligible for inclusion if they addressed experiences of stigma in suicide survivors, compared them to other bereavement populations, or investigated stigmatizing attitudes within the public. The search was restricted to English-language studies. Results: 25 records matched inclusion criteria. Study designs were heterogeneous, making comparisons difficult. Results demonstrated that suicide survivors experience stigma in the form of shame, blame, and avoidance. Suicide survivors showed higher levels of stigma than natural death survivors. Stigma was linked to concealment of the death, social withdrawal, reduced psychological and somatic functioning, and grief difficulties. Only one study investigated stigmatizing attitudes towards suicide survivors among the general population. Limitations: Internal and external validity of the studies was restricted by a lack of valid measures and selection bias. Conclusions: More methodologically sound research is needed to understand the impact of stigma on suicide survivors\' grief trajectories and to separate it from other grief aspects. Clinicians and grief-counselors as well as the public should be educated about the persistent stigma experienced by suicide survivors.