Abstract This study aims to investigate the influence of micrometeorology on atmospheric visibility in Taipei Basin by carrying on routine and intensive visibility observation, analyzing particle concentrations and size distribution, monitoring atmospheric optical coefficients of particles, and collecting meteorological conditions (wind direction, wind speed, temperature and humidity). Based on the information of the broad view of the meteorological parameters from 1998 to 2005, the air pollution episode in Taipei Basin mainly occurred during the winter periods accompanied with the weather patterns of high pressure outflow style I, high pressure outflow style II or circus-sluice of high pressure outflow. Based on the collected visibility data from Taipei of Central Weather Bureau for the past 21 years (1983~2004), it shows the visibility increasing each year. The visibility seasonal variation was also observed higher than that during winter. The mean visibilities from Tamsui, Songshan, and Sindian directions are 10.54 km , 9.72 km and 8.62 km, respectively. In general, the visibility from the Tamsui direction is slightly higher than those the from two directions, This result shows visibility is influenced not only the pollution factor and meteorological factor, but affected by the local topography. Our study revealed that the visibility data leads on the Tamsui, Songshan obserrative directions is better. Two intensive sampling campaign were conducted during August 15~22 of 2004 and January 15~22 of 2005 on the roof of Taipei County Government, respectively. The results showed mass concentration of particulate matter in winter is higher than that in summer. A bi-mode size distribution of aerosol particles was also observed in the Taipei basin. Two peaks of aerodynamic diameter of PM were observed at 0.56~1.0 µm and 3.2~5.6 µm, respectively. In addition, extinction coefficient is always high during winter. Mean scattering coefficient is about 80~108 Mm-1 while the mean absorption coefficient is around 9~35 Mm-1, during the 1st intensive sampling period. Mean scattering coefficient is about 101~119 Mm-1 while the mean absorption coefficient is around 16~64 Mm-1, during the 2nd intensive sampling period. Our study also shows that visibility has a higher correlation with fine particles(R=0.70~0.96) than that with coarse particles(R=0.045~0.629). Hance, visibility is affected mainly by fine particles. In general, the intensive observation of visibility also shows that in summer the visibility is higher than that in winter. In addition, the analysis from MM5 shows that the visibility for the Tamsui direction is usually influenced by the prevailing wine direction, It is because of that northwestern from sea brings lots of water spray into the basin. This spray water will increase the particle diameter and cause the increasing of extinction coefficient. It will also impair the visibility.

The purpose of this essay is to describe the legal conditions of the two legal rights the safety representatives upholds, the right to suspend work and the right to request investigations. Furthermore, it should be investigated and explained what obstacles and problems the safety representatives may face when it comes to exercising these rights. The aim is also to give the essay a diversity perspective with the help of a study of language problems among migrated workers and if this can be a safety hazard in the work and how it then can be related to the safety representatives legal rights mentioned above. As occupational health and safety issues also are regulated by EU law, the purpose of this essay is also to give a brief account of how EU bodies affects the law concerning occupational health and safety issues. In order to answer the essays research questions and to achieve its purpose, I have worked with the legal method and also performed a qualitative research interview.   I have concluded that the right to request investigations and the right to suspend work are two powerful tools that a safety representative has at its disposal. However, there are several aspects that can affect how they can be used and for what. Furthermore, I also came to the conclusion that there are certain obstacles affecting safety representatives possibilities  to work with its right, in the form of knowledge, time for education and also fear from negative consequences applied from the employer. Finally, I would like to present my conclusions concerning language problems and that they could be considered a safety hazard in the work and that the right to request investigations and the right to suspend work could be relevant in the particular case.

With the rapid change of society, economy, education, and science & technology, and following the gradual crack of world, national boundaries, races and classes, modern women are stepping out their footsteps to open up the equal-rights reform for the two sexes, which reveals their different journey of life from the traditional women. Due to the social advancement, the trend of double salary for a family¡¦s income has prevailed, so it is very popular for women to enter the job field. Consequently, the situation starts the issue of equal rights between the opposite sexes. Looking into the contemporary job market, one can see that women are mistreated. For example, first, in the job field, they have to keep higher attempted motivation, more sufficient ability and stronger physical strength to compete with men. Then, they still have to play the major role of labor supplier for their families, that is, they have to deal with all the housework after they return home from work, which adds a ¡§second duty shift¡¨ to their responsibilities. Therefore, the double-folded responsibilities of both working hard in the office and taking well care of the family create a predicament to modern women who are like ¡§a candle burning at two ends.¡¨ As a result, modern women have to bear more responsibilities and heavier burdens than the traditional women do in the field of business affair and family matter. Since May 20, 1997, the government has stipulated, released, and implemented ¡§The Method for Government Employees to Retain the Job but Suspend the Salary¡¨. The method has been revised for four times until now. According to the statistics from the Ministry of Civil Service, there are 538 government employees who retain the jobs and suspend the salaries due to the reasons of ¡§nursing the babies,¡¨ ¡§waiting upon the parents,¡¨ and ¡§the severe injuries and sickness of the spouses and children.¡¨ Among them, male government officials are 86 persons (15.99%) while females are 452 (84.01%), that is, women¡¦s are 5.3 times as much as men¡¦s. Is the meaning in which the data show closely related to the situation that women are traditionally the main housework suppliers? In succession, what influence will it make for the future career development of the female government officials? I as a female government official feel very curios to this question and then become interested to it, so I set about my research into it. My research is centered on documental survey adopting the ¡§Analytical Approach of the Statistic Data on Government Employees to Retain the Job but Suspend the Salary¡¨ from the Ministry of Civil Service. My case objects of study are sampled from Chiayi County. They are nine Government employees who have retained the job but suspended the salary all because of the ¡§family cause.¡¨ My approach is to interview them with depth to see their experience and opinions, and following their thoughts, I probe into the problems and analyze the questions to study. My study discovers a fact that although the government employees work at a rather stable-income position, at the time of major events in the family, like ¡§nursing the babies,¡¨ ¡§waiting upon the parents,¡¨ and ¡§the severe injuries and sickness of the spouses and children,¡¨ they still hold the stereotype of the traditional concept of ¡§men dominate outside, women dominate inside¡¨ to deal with the problem, despite the condition that they already have the strong support from the government issued ¡§The Method for Government Employees to Retain the Job but Suspend the Salary,¡¨ since they are limited by gender discrimination and social recognition. Even though the trend of double salary for a family¡¦s income has prevailed, women still have to play the major role of labor supplier for their families, so female government employees are forced to retain the job and suspend the salary which may influence their promotion in the future career in the government. Therefore, the uneven relationship between the two sexes in family matters has greatly affected their future progress in private life and public service. ¡§The Method for Government Employees to Retain the Job but Suspend the Salary¡¨ surely serves as a buffer when the swing of choice between public affair and family matter comes. However, a complete set of rights and interests for the people who retain the job but suspend the salary is not established. For instance, they cannot participate in annual merit system to evaluate their efficiency of work, their seniority will be suspended, and their allowance for marriage, birth, and children¡¦s education will be cut short. Therefore, from the social welfare¡¦s point of view, I sincerely hope that our government should issue a perfect plan for women to balance their responsibilities for work and family.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-09-21T14:02:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1641348 bytes, checksum: ae4691703d3eb583215d294d501f00c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-21T14:02:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1641348 bytes, checksum: ae4691703d3eb583215d294d501f00c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The investigations carried out for this work aim at reflecting about the nature of the pyrrhonian discourse, and, at the same time, at trying to comprehend the sophistic‟s contribution to the formation of certain skeptical argumentative procedures. Initially, the historical development of skepticism will be traced, including, at this stage, the moment preceding the formation of the skeptical tradition as school, i.e., the moment called proto-skepticism, which bursts out still during the pre-Socratic period. Afterwards, a critical-comparative analysis between sophistry and skepticism will be started, focusing on the thoughts of the sophists Protagoras of Abdera and Gorgias of Leontini. Here we will see how some of these sophists‟ theoretical formulas and theses anticipated some of the most significant principles and arguments of the pyrrhonian tradition. Finally, the investigation addresses the skeptical discourse itself, as the fundamental characteristics and the identitary elements of the pyrrhonian logos will be examined. Especially at this point, the search for the crucial components of the skeptical discourse will be grounded on Sextus Empiricus‟s writings, the richest and most important sources about greek skepticism. We shall have, thus, a meticulous dialogue with this pyrrhonian author, in order to extract the main features of the skeptical discourse. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo principal refletir sobre a natureza do discurso pirrônico, e, paralelamente, tentar compreender a contribuição da sofistica para a formação de determinados procedimentos argumentativos céticos. Inicialmente, traçaremos o desenvolvimento histórico do ceticismo, incluindo, nesta etapa, o momento precedente à formação da tradição cética como escola, isto é, o momento do chamado proto-ceticismo, que irrompe ainda no período pré-socrático. Em seguida, daremos início à análise crítico-comparativa entre a sofística e o ceticismo, tendo por foco desta análise o pensamento dos sofistas Protágoras de Abdera e Górgias de Leontinos. Aqui veremos como algumas fórmulas teóricas e teses destes sofistas anteciparam alguns dos princípios e argumentos mais significativos do discurso pirrônico. Por último, nossa investigação se volta para o discurso cético em si mesmo, pois examinaremos as características fundamentais e os elementos identitários do lógos cético. Nesta fase, sobretudo, nossa busca pelos componentes fulcrais do discurso pirrônico terá por fundamento os escritos de Sexto Empírico, nossa mais rica e importante fonte sobre o ceticismo grego. Teremos, pois, um diálogo meticuloso com o autor pirrônico, para que assim possamos extrair as principais características do discurso cético.

Container-virtualisering har blivit mer och mer använt efter att uppdateringar till cgroups och namespace-funktionerna släpptes i Linuxkärnan. Samtidigt så lider industrins högpresterande beräkningskluster av dyra licenskostnader som skulle kunna hanteras av virtualisering. I den här uppsatsen utformades experiment för att ta reda på om Dockers funktion checkpoint, som fortfarande är under utveckling, skulle kunna utnyttjas i industrins beräkningskluster. Genom att demonstrera detta koncept och dess möjligheter att pausa distribuerade containrar, som kör parallella processer inuti, användes den välkända NAS Parallel Benchmarken (NPB) fördelad över två test-maskiner. Sedan så pausades containrar i olika ordningar och Docker lyckas återuppta benchmarken utan problem både lokalt och distribuerat. Om man försiktigt överväger ordningen som man skriver ner containers till disk (checkpoint) så går det utan problem att återuppta benchmarken lokalt på samma maskin. Slutligen så visar vi även att distribuerade containrar kan återupptas på en annan maskin än där den startade med hög framgång. Dockers prestanda, möjligheter och flexibilitet lämpar sig i framtidens industriella högpresterande kluster där man mycket väl kan köra sina applikationer i containrar istället för att köra dom på det traditionella sättet, direkt på hårdvaran. Genom användning av Docker-containers kan man hantera problemet med dyra licenskostnader och prioriteringar. / Lightweight container virtualization has gained widespread adoption in recent years after updates to namespace and cgroups features in the Linux kernel. At the same time the Industrial High Performance community suffers from expensive licensing costs that could be managed with virtualization. To demonstrate that Docker could be used for suspending distributed containers with parallel processes, experiments were designed to find out if the experimental checkpoint feature is ready for this community. We run the well-known NAS Parallel Benchmark (NPB) inside containers spread over two systems under test to prove this concept. Then, pausing containers and unpausing them in different sequence orders we were able resume the benchmark. After that, we further demonstrate that if you carefully consider the order in which you Checkpoint/Restore containers, then the checkpoint feature is also able to resume the benchmark successfully. Finally, the concept of restoring distributed containers, running the benchmark, on a different system from where it started was proven to be working with a high success rate. Our tests demonstrate the performance, possibilities and flexibilities of Dockers future in the industrial HPC community. This might very well tip the community over to running their simulations and virtual engineering-applications inside containers instead of running them on native hardware.

We analyzed recent total suspended solids (TSS) data from 45 gages on 36 rivers throughout the state of Minnesota. Watersheds range from 32 to 14,600 km2 and represent a variety of distinct settings in terms of topography, land cover, and geologic history. Our study rivers exhibited three distinct patterns in the relationship between discharge and TSS: simple power functions, threshold power functions, and peaked or negative power functions. Differentiating rising and falling limb samples, we generated sediment rating curves (SRC) of form TSS = aQb, Q being normalized discharge. Rating parameters a and b describe the vertical offset and steepness of the relationships. We also used the fitted SRCs to estimate TSS values at low flows and to quantify event-scale hysteresis. In addition to quantifying the watershed-average topographic, climatic/hydrologic, geologic, soil and land cover conditions, we used high-resolution lidar topography data to characterize the near-channel environment upstream of gages. We used Random Forest statistical models to analyze the relationship between basin and channel features and the rating parameters. The models enabled us to identify morphometric variables that provided the greatest explanatory power and examine the direction, form, and strength of the partial dependence of the response variables on individual predictor variables. The models explained between 43% and 60% of the variance in the rating curve parameters and determined that Q-TSS relation steepness (exponent) was most related to near-channel morphological characteristics including near-channel local relief, channel gradient, and proportion of lakes along the channel network. Land use within the watershed explained most variation in the vertical offset (coefficient) of the SRCs and in TSS concentrations at low flows.

During the past several decades, the water jet cutting concept has developed from a novel concept into a well-accepted machine cutting tool. With the addition of abrasive particles and the improvement of high pressure pumps, the water jet stream is currently capable of cutting through metal, concrete, and composite materials. Water jet systems have been utilized at a wide range of different pressures. Research performed at Brigham Young University has revealed that low pressure water jets have the ability to cut human teeth. Experiments have shown that when abrasive particles are added to the water jet stream, an greater amount of tooth material can be removed at lower input pressures. Many different methods have been proposed to entrain and suspend particles in a high pressure water jet system. The abrasive particles can be entrained before the water is pressurized, while the water is being pressurized, or after the water jets stream exits the pressurized system. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Unfortunately, keeping abrasive particles homogeneously entrained and suspended in a water jet stream has proven to be difficult. Research at Brigham Young University has encountered similar problems. Researchers are attemping to place abrasive particles in a low pressure water jet stream, but have not been able to maintain a suspended homogeneous slurry. It is the objective of this research to investigate and suggest several possible methods to entrain and suspend abrasive particles into a low pressure water jet system intended for a dental cutting application. A broad review of methods to entrain abrasives in high pressure water jet systems was performed. A list of methods and concepts as possible solutions to entrain abrasives in a low pressure system has been generated. Product design principles were applied to screen, score, and rank these generated concepts to narrow down the list to the most viable concepts for BYU's low pressure dental water jet. Several tests and experiments were also performed to validate the suggested concepts and to provide useful information for future research. It is anticpated that one or more of these methods will be applicable for the proposed dental application as well as other similar applications.

In April 2021, the military in Chad seized power upon the death of its President Idriss Deby whiles in the field fighting the rebel group Fighters of the Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT). By the end of 2021, soldiers had toppled elected governments in Mali, Guinea Conakry, and Sudan. The African Union and its relevant sub-regional organizations reacted by suspending all the countries above from participating in its activities as provided for in its constitutive act with a curious exception of Chad. Using a qualitative content approach of the African Union Peace and Security Council communiques and press releases, this research investigates the factors that influenced this inconsistent response of the AU. The central argument that is defended in this research is that the African Union put security considerations ahead of good governance by considering the unique security challenges in the Sahel region and Lake Chad Basin and the importance a stable Chad plays in the sub-regional fight against violent extremism. This is reinforced by the influence of France’s support to the military in Chad, the silent of the sub-regional economic community of Central Africa on the ongoing situation in Chad and a divided Peace and Security Council of the African Union. This thesis employs constructivism and rational choice theory as a theoretical framework.

本論文目的在藉由研析美國聯邦政府採購規則、歐盟採購指令及大陸政府採購法救濟制度，並比較GPA爭端解決機制及我國政府採購救濟制度，論述政府採購協定適用主體、適用客體及其爭端解決機制，從中尋求GPA與我國政府採購救濟制度規範不一致之處，為與政府採購協定之爭端解決機制之規範一致，並建立一個公平、公正及公開爭端解決機制，以吸引更多國外廠商來台參與投標，並帶動國際貿易商機。本研究結論建議如下： 一、建立異議及申訴前之諮商制度，經由爭議廠商與採購機關之事先諮商，有助爭端事先解決，以機先解決爭議。 二、廢除異議前置失權效規定，賦予爭議廠商得直接提起申訴之權，以加速程序進行並保障採購廠商應有之權益。 三、放寬異議及申訴主體資格，廠商採購權益之相關利害關係人，即得具有提出申訴之主體資格，以擴大解決採購紛爭。 四、增加異議或申訴之原因與事由，擴及未違反法令或條約、協定，廠商政府採購權益直接或間接遭受損害，即得提起救濟，以擴大行政自我預先審查功能與範圍。 五、採公開審議程序，以維護政府採購審議公平、公開審理，並保障申訴廠商之採購權益，避免造成書面審議失去公平判斷之可能。 六、明確規範暫停採購程序事由，避免事後因無法即時改正招標機關錯誤採購行為，而影響異議人之權益。 七、改正採購爭議審議委員會審議判斷，以符合政府採購協定（GPA）救濟有效性之要求。 / The purpose of the research is to study the inconsistency between GPA and Government Procurement Act in Taiwan by analyzing the subject, object and the dispute settlement mechanism and making comparison among U.S Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), EU Procurement Directives and China Government Procurement Law dispute settlement .In order to attract more foreign firms to participate in the vendors, and promote international trade opportunities. The main conclusion of the research is as follows: 1. It is suggested to establish a consultation mechanism to assist disputing parties to discuss and resolve their differences prior to the protests and appeals. 2. It is advised to add “causes and reasons” to protest and appeal on Government Procurement Act of Taiwan to expand administrative function and the scope of self-examination in advance. 3. In consideration of the interests of the vendors, it is recommended to abolish the regulation on the loss of efficiency right without protest. 4. To ensure the interests of the complained vendors, it is advised to broaden the qualification of objections and appeals. 5. Implement a transparent and open public review process to maintain the fairness of government procurement and secure the interests of the complained vendors. 6. It is important to define suspend procurement procedure clearly to avoid jeopardizing the rights of complaining suppliers and the entity. 7. In order to comply with the effectiveness of the relief requested under Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), it is necessary to correct the review decision of the Complaint Review Board for Government Procurement (CRBGP).

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