Thesis (MPhil) Stellenbosch University, 2014 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In an increasingly complex world where food security remains a challenge in many areas and especially Africa; it is essential to educate children about food – from production to consumption; and to ensure they eat enough as this is a crucial factor for concentration and learning abilities. How can we teach children about food in a sustainable way? This study focuses on schools in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, which have a school feeding programme, school garden and nutrition curriculum. The question studied is: To what extent do two primary schools in central- and east Tigray (North Ethiopia) integrate the feeding scheme, school garden and nutrition curriculum? The methodology chosen is a case study and the empirical data was collected through interviews, surveys and observations. Principals of 14 schools were interviewed about the school gardens, curricula and school gardens. Two schools were then selected for a further in-depth research. The school gardens, mostly initiated by the staff, serve the purpose of creating income for the school and teaching students the skills of gardening. The curriculum is standard for Tigray and focuses on different food types and creating a balanced diet. The school food in most schools is provided by the World Food Programme (WFP), but some exceptions exist. This research shows that integration between the three objectives will be beneficial. Obstacles include getting the staff ‘on board’ as a priority and controlling the unification of the three, for example schools feel that they have less ownership over the feeding scheme because it is organised by an external NGO. This study suggests stakeholders view school gardens, nutrition education and school feeding schemes under one umbrella for the ultimate benefit of creating a sustainable model to teach about food. The case study provides an insight to the specific challenges in Tigray, Ethiopia but important conclusions can also be generalised. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In ’n toenemend komplekse wêreld waar voedsel sekuriteit in baie gebiede, veral in Afrika ’n uitdaging bly, is dit baie belangrik om kinders oor voedsel op te voed - vanaf produksie tot by die verbruik daarvan, en ook om seker te maak dat hulle genoeg eet, wat baie belangrik is vir konsentrasie en die vermoë om te leer. Hoe kan ons kinders op ’n volhoubare manier leer oor voeding? Hierdie studie fokus op twee skole in Tigray, in Ethiopië wat skoolvoedingskemas, skooltuine en voedingkurrikula het. Die vraag wat gevra is, is: Tot watter mate integreer hierdie twee skole in Tigray die voedingskemas, die skooltuine en die voedingkurrikula? Die gekose metodologie is ’n gevallestudie. Empiriese data is ook deur middel van onderhoude, oorsigte en observasies versamel. Onderhoude oor skooltuine, voedingskemas en die kurrikula is gevoer met die skoolhoofde van 14 skole. Twee skole is toe gekies vir in-diepte navorsing. Die skooltuine bring geld in vir die skool en word ook gebruik om vir die leerling tuinmaakvaardighede aan te leer. Die kurrikulum is standaard vir die hele Tigray en word deur die Wêreld Voedsel Program verskaf. Daar is egter ’n paar uitsonderings. In hierdie navorsing is daar bewys dat die integrasie van die skooltuin, die voedingskema en die kurrikula, goeie gevolge kan hê. Dit is egter belangrik dat die skool personeel moet saamwerk en dat die vereniging van die drie beheer moet word. Skole voel bv. Tans dat hulle nie eienaarskap oor die voedingskema het nie, want dit word deur eksterne NROs beheer. Hierdie navorser stel voor dat die skooltuine, skoolvoedingskema en die voedingkurrikulum onder een sambreel beskou moet word met die doel om ’n volhoudbare model vir die onderrig van voeding te skep. Die gevallestudie verskaf insig in die spesifieke uitdagings in Tigray, Ethiopië, maar belangrike slotsomme kan ook veralgemeen word.

The Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 reaffirmed the school as the centre of change and as critical for promoting sustainable education. The purpose of this research was to assess, firstly, how the Eco-Schools Programme can achieve whole school development by implementing sustainability education, and secondly, the feasibility of its incorporation into the formal school system. It examined what impact the South African Eco-Schools Programme, since 2003, has had on the implementation of sustainable education through whole school development. The qualitative evaluation research design was used and data was collected through interviews, questionnaires and narratives that included all role players. It noted the strengths of the programmes already in place and identified the challenges that still need to be addressed. The outcome of the study proves that the Eco-Schools Programme does achieve whole school development by implementing sustainability education and should be incorporated into the formal education system. / Further Teacher Education / M.A. (Education)

Submitted by Regina Correa (rehecorrea@gmail.com) on 2016-09-19T14:29:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMEMF.pdf: 1928126 bytes, checksum: 16d2b42091b2741c7212cb9748f1aac8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-23T18:19:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMEMF.pdf: 1928126 bytes, checksum: 16d2b42091b2741c7212cb9748f1aac8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-23T18:20:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMEMF.pdf: 1928126 bytes, checksum: 16d2b42091b2741c7212cb9748f1aac8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T18:20:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMEMF.pdf: 1928126 bytes, checksum: 16d2b42091b2741c7212cb9748f1aac8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-21 / Não recebi financiamento / Considering that the construction of sustainable social practices are central goals to guide the education of citizens in any learning context the Ministry of Education (MEC) has prepared the Progran “Let’s take care of Brazil” with sustainable schools which provides guidelines for the development of environmental education practices in schools. To participate in this program the school must present an ongoing project, addressing social and environmental issues in which the student is the subject of their learning in order to reach a personal, collective, conscious and critical training. Thus, among the objectives of this research are highlighted as follows: describe and analyze the development of the Program proposed by Ministry of Education (MEC) “Let’s take care of Brazil with sustainable schools / COM –VIDA” in school E.E. Antonio Padilha, located in Sorocaba-SP between the years 2013 and 2014, describe and analyze the practices developed by COM-VIDA and identify practices related to sustainability of those involved in the project. The methodology that leads this research is the study of qualitative case, as the case study focuses on a particular event revealing its peculiarities. For data collection were used different methods such as document analysis, participant observation, questionnaires and semi-structured interview. The Project began timidly in 2013 with the realization of practices that motivated students to participate in the IV National Children and Youth Conference for the Environment and as a result, we have the first group of students who started actions of environmental education at school. In 2014, such actions kept leading the construction of the COM-VIDA, a discussion space on environmental issues, providing carrying out actions to improve the quality of life and sustainability in the school environment. The implementation of the program and the construction of the COM-VIDA, provided to students of elementary school (6º to 9º years) practical experiences in environmental education focused on sustainability. The workshops COM-VIDA, guided in education for sustainability, the students had the opportunity to identify, discuss and propose solutions to local environmental and social problems. Among these activities are the awareness Project “Sustainability without being cliché” about the waste and proper disposal of garbage with the implementation of selective collection in our school, and growing food in the school garden. All activities were designed by the students themselves are the main protagonists in this process. Through these experiences for building theory knowledge about sustainability, it has been built their environmental identities. The move COM-VIDA has made the theme enter therein in the school environment both by students and by the managment staff causing small changes in individual and collective attitudes of the entire school community. / Tendo em vista que a construção de práticas sociais sustentáveis são metas centrais para orientar a educação dos cidadãos em qualquer contexto de aprendizagem o Ministério da Educação (MEC) lançou, em 2003, o programa “Vamos cuidar do Brasil com Escolas Sustentáveis/ COM VIDA” que apresenta diretrizes para a elaboração de práticas de Educação Ambiental no contexto escolar. O objetivo central dessa pesquisa foi descrever e analisar o desenvolvimento desse programa na Escola Estadual Antônio Padilha, localizada no município de Sorocaba-SP entre os anos de 2013 e 2014. Especificamente buscou-se descrever e analisar as práticas desenvolvidas pelo “COMVIDA” e identificar práticas relacionadas à sustentabilidade dos envolvidos no projeto da referida escola. Trata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo estudo de caso qualitativo e os procedimentos de tomada de dados referem-se a análise documental, a observação participante, a aplicação de questionários e realização de entrevista semiestruturada. Como procedimento de análise do conteúdo adotou-se a perspectiva da análise textual discursiva. Como principais resultados têm-se no ano de 2013, a realização de práticas que motivaram os estudantes para a participação da IV Conferência Nacional Infanto- Juvenil pelo Meio Ambiente resultando na organização de um grupo de estudantes que iniciaram ações de Educação Ambiental na escola. No ano de 2014 as ações continuaram dando origem a construção da COM-VIDA, um espaço de discussões sobre as questões ambientais que tem por objetivo a realização de ações para a melhoria da qualidade de vida e sustentabilidade do ambiente escolar. A implementação do projeto e a construção da COM-VIDA, proporcionou aos estudantes do Ensino Fundamental (6º ao 9º ano) experiências práticas em Educação Ambiental voltada para a sustentabilidade. Dentre as atividades desenvolvidas destacou-se o projeto de conscientização “sustentabilidade sem ser clichê” sobre o desperdício e o descarte adequado do lixo com a implantação da coleta seletiva na escola e o cultivo de alimentos na horta escolar. Todas as atividades foram elaboradas pelos próprios estudantes sendo os principais protagonistas nesse processo. Essas experiências contribuíram para construção de conhecimentos teóricos e práticos sobre sustentabilidade, ajudando na formação das identidades ambientais dos estudantes e na minha formação como docente. A movimentação da COM-VIDA fez com que o tema adentrasse no ambiente escolar, tanto pelos estudantes quanto pela equipe gestora, professores e funcionários ocasionando pequenas mudanças nas atitudes individuais e coletivas da comunidade escolar.

Working with an organization outside the public school system that was creating schoolyard gardens, I began to think about culture and cultivation inside and outside of schooling practices. The liveliness of the schoolyard gardens presented possibilities for enlivening educational discourses. With two participants I planted a container box schoolyard garden outside Lamoureux Hall, which houses the Faculty of Education. Utilizing aspects of place-based pedagogy, ecoliteracy, ecopedagogy and a metissage of a/r/tography, eco-art and writing as a method of inquiry, we tended the garden and dwelled upon ideas of nature, culture, and their intersection in a particular place. Our garden experiences left cyber footprints in virtual space as blog spots on a thesis blog site. The garden and the inquiry it generated outside,is brought back inside the education building as a Master's thesis. The garden grew in different and unpredictable ways due to intense construction on site, entwining the planter boxes with unseen variables.

Working with an organization outside the public school system that was creating schoolyard gardens, I began to think about culture and cultivation inside and outside of schooling practices. The liveliness of the schoolyard gardens presented possibilities for enlivening educational discourses. With two participants I planted a container box schoolyard garden outside Lamoureux Hall, which houses the Faculty of Education. Utilizing aspects of place-based pedagogy, ecoliteracy, ecopedagogy and a metissage of a/r/tography, eco-art and writing as a method of inquiry, we tended the garden and dwelled upon ideas of nature, culture, and their intersection in a particular place. Our garden experiences left cyber footprints in virtual space as blog spots on a thesis blog site. The garden and the inquiry it generated outside,is brought back inside the education building as a Master's thesis. The garden grew in different and unpredictable ways due to intense construction on site, entwining the planter boxes with unseen variables.

Working with an organization outside the public school system that was creating schoolyard gardens, I began to think about culture and cultivation inside and outside of schooling practices. The liveliness of the schoolyard gardens presented possibilities for enlivening educational discourses. With two participants I planted a container box schoolyard garden outside Lamoureux Hall, which houses the Faculty of Education. Utilizing aspects of place-based pedagogy, ecoliteracy, ecopedagogy and a metissage of a/r/tography, eco-art and writing as a method of inquiry, we tended the garden and dwelled upon ideas of nature, culture, and their intersection in a particular place. Our garden experiences left cyber footprints in virtual space as blog spots on a thesis blog site. The garden and the inquiry it generated outside,is brought back inside the education building as a Master's thesis. The garden grew in different and unpredictable ways due to intense construction on site, entwining the planter boxes with unseen variables.

Working with an organization outside the public school system that was creating schoolyard gardens, I began to think about culture and cultivation inside and outside of schooling practices. The liveliness of the schoolyard gardens presented possibilities for enlivening educational discourses. With two participants I planted a container box schoolyard garden outside Lamoureux Hall, which houses the Faculty of Education. Utilizing aspects of place-based pedagogy, ecoliteracy, ecopedagogy and a metissage of a/r/tography, eco-art and writing as a method of inquiry, we tended the garden and dwelled upon ideas of nature, culture, and their intersection in a particular place. Our garden experiences left cyber footprints in virtual space as blog spots on a thesis blog site. The garden and the inquiry it generated outside,is brought back inside the education building as a Master's thesis. The garden grew in different and unpredictable ways due to intense construction on site, entwining the planter boxes with unseen variables.

Morero oa thuto e ne e le ho hlahloba hore na hobaneng matichere a maemo a phahameng a hokahanya kapa a sa kopanye thuto ea tikoloho ho ruteng le ho ithuteng. Sepheo sa thuto ena e ne e le tsebo ea mosuoe mabapi le thuto ea tikoloho, maano a ho a sebelisa, liphephetso le menyetla e fumanoeng ha ba tlameha ho kopanya thuto ea tikoloho. Boithuto bo amohetse mokhoa oa ho etsa lipatlisiso oa boleng, thuto ea linyeoe le paradigm ea lipatlisiso. Lintlha tsa boleng li ile tsa bokelloa ho sebelisoa lipuisano le boithuto ba lithuto. Matichere a mararo a nkile karolo thutong ena. Pseudonyms e ne e sebelisoa ho sireletsa boitsebiso ba bona. Mokhoa oa typology o sebelisitsoe ho sekaseka metheo ea data lipotsong tsa lipatlisiso, lihlooho, sebopeho sa mohopolo, tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng le boiphihlelo ba motho oa mofuputsi. Lintlha tsohle tse bokelletsoeng, li ile tsa hlahlojoa le ho hlalosoa e le nyeoe e le ‘ngoe. Phuputso e senotse hore thuto ea tikoloho ha e kopantsoe ka katleho, matichere a hokahanyang le tse sa kopaneng li bile le mathata le hore matichere ha a na tsebo e lekaneng mabapi le ho kopanngoa ha thuto ea tikoloho. Ka hona, ho khothalletsoa hore sekolo mmoho le matichere ba hlahise mananeo a thuto a tikoloho ka bophara le ho fan aka maikutlo a mekhoa e ka sebelisoang ho ntlafatsa maano a bona a ho ruta ho kopanya thuto ea tikoholo ka nepo. / Injongo yesifundo yayikukuphonononga ukuba kutheni kwaye kutheni ootitshala benqanaba eliphakamileyo bedibanisa okanye bengadibanisi imfundo yendalo ekufundiseni nasekufundeni. Ugxininiso kolu phando lwalukwimfundo katitshala malunga nemfundo yendalo esingqongileyo, iindlela zokufundisa ezisetyenzisiweyo, imiceli mngeni kunye namathuba afunyanwa xa kufuneka edibanise imfundo yendalo. Uphononongo lwamkele indlela yophando esemgangathweni, uyilo lwamatyala kunye nepharadigm yophando. Idatha yolwazi yaqokelelwa kusetyenziswa udliwanondlebe kunye nokujonga izifundo. Ngootitshala abathathu abathathe inxaxheba kolu phando. I-pseudonyms yasetyenziswa ukukhusela ubuqu babo. Indlela yokuchwetheza isetyenziselwe ukuhlalutya iziseko zedata kwimibuzo yophando, imixholo, isikhokelo sekhonkco, uphononongo loncwadi kunye namava obuqu omphandi. Yonke idatha eqokelelweyo, yahlalutywa kwaye itolikwa njengecala elinye. Olu phando luveze ukuba imfundo yendalo esingqongileyo ayihlangananga kakuhle, ootitshala abadibanisa kunye nabangazidibanisi nemiceli mngeni kwaye ootitshala abanalwazi lwaneleyo malunga nokudityaniswa kwemfundo yendalo esingqongileyo. K ngoko kucetyiswa ukuba isikolo kunye nabafundisi-ntsapo bazise iinkqubo zokufunda zokusingqongileyo kwaye bacebise ngeendlela ezinokuthi zisetyenziselwe ukuphucula izisetyenziselwe ukuphucula izicwangiso zabo zokufundisa ukulungiselela ukudityaniswa kwemfundo yendalo esingqongileyo ngempumelelo. / The aim of the study was to explore how and why senior phase teachers are capable or incapable of integrating environmental education in teaching and learning. The focus of this study was on teacher’s knowledge about environmental education, instructional strategies used and challenges and opportunities experienced when they have to integrate environmental education. The study adopted a qualitative research method, case study design and an interpretative research paradigm. Qualitative data was collected using interviews and lesson observations. Three teachers participated in this study. Pseudonyms were used to protect their identities. A typology approach was utilised to analyse data based on the research questions, themes, conceptual framework, literature review and the personal experience of the researcher. All data collected was analysed and interpreted as a single case using. The study revealed that environmental education is not integrated effectively, teachers who integrate and those that do not integrate encountered challenges and that teachers have inadequate knowledge about the integration of environmental education. Therefore, it is recommended that the school together with teachers introduce continuous environmental education programmes and suggests approaches that can be used to improve their instructional strategies to enable the intergration of environmental education effectively. / Science and Technology Education / M. Ed. (Environmental Education)