Sustainable transport is now a popular goal of transport planning. As with any aspiration, systems and mechanisms are required to assess and gauge success in achieving this policy goal. There is increasing reliance on sustainable transport indicators as appropriate tools for this purpose. The usefulness and credibility of any indicator-based assessment will undoubtedly depend on the specific indicators utilised. As such, indicators must be selected carefully to maximise their contribution to the sustainable transport decision making process. A review of current applications of sustainable transport indicators has revealed however, that they are typically selected in an ad hoc and arbitrary fashion. Development of a framework that facilitates transparent and systematic indicator selection would therefore represent a significant advance in transport research. In that regard, this thesis presents the Evaluative and Logical Approach to Sustainable Transport Indicator Compilation (ELASTIC), a methodological framework which provides a flexible, participatory and systematic mechanism for identifying and selecting key sustainable transport indicators. The output of ELASTIC is the Transport Sustainability Profile (TSP), a small un-aggregated suite of sustainable transport indicators which together can provide a snapshot of the sustainability of a transport system. Using various multi-criteria and statistical techniques, ELASTIC applies a robust process to evaluate and select indicators based on their analytical soundness and their relevance to key objectives of sustainable transport. A generic and transferable tool, ELASTIC is capable of application at different geographical scales as well as to non-transport sustainability assessment. For the purpose of this research, the framework is demonstrated through application to England, UK where the judgements of relevant Academics and Transport Planners are elicited and entered into the ELASTIC framework to systematically select a subset of 15 indicators from an initial set of 200. By disaggregating the sample of stakeholders into regional groupings, different context-specific suites of indicators for the regional groupings were also derived. The demonstration confirms ELASTIC to be an inclusive and practical approach to compiling a suite of sustainable transport indicators specific to context and which reflects the unique values of key stakeholders.

Submitted by Ana Laura Lordelo dos Santos null (analaura.lordelo@gmail.com) on 2018-01-18T11:44:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final -Ana Laura.pdf: 3624495 bytes, checksum: 2c75ecdf5ec482366d33ce31dfa26db6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-01-19T11:51:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_an_me_bauru.pdf: 3624495 bytes, checksum: 2c75ecdf5ec482366d33ce31dfa26db6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-19T11:51:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_an_me_bauru.pdf: 3624495 bytes, checksum: 2c75ecdf5ec482366d33ce31dfa26db6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo objetiva contribuir com a promoção de uma mobilidade sustentável através da identificação das principais barreiras que dificultam a implementação dos Planos de Mobilidade Urbana (PMU) , e m conformidade com a Lei n.12.587/2012, retardando o alcance e evolução de cidades mais sustentáveis e acessíveis. Tal identificação pode apoiar o planejamento estratégico através de informações objetivas que podem ser usadas para aconselhar políticos e de mais partes interessadas na promoção da mobilidade urbana sustentável nas cidades de pequeno e médio porte do Estado de São Paulo. Para responder esta questão foi utilizada uma pesquisa exploratória e quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada através d o procedimento do tipo survey , utilizando um questionário semiestruturado enviado aos gestores públicos de cidades de pequeno e médio porte responsáveis pela mobilidade urbana , bem como para especialistas sobre o tema. Houve diferenças entre a percepção de barreiras entre os municípios de pequeno e médio porte, bem como entre os municípios e os especialistas. Para os municípios as principais barreiras encontram - se nas barreiras de recursos e nas barreiras sociais e culturais, já para os especialistas as bar reiras práticas e tecnológicas e as barreiras institucionais e políticas foram as mais relevantes. Na barreira de recursos foram apontadas limitações orçamentárias para investir em sistemas de transportes mais sustentáveis, limitações orçamentárias para a implementação das medidas propostas, bem como o repasse insuficiente de verbas do governo federal para a mobilidade urbana. Nas barreiras sociais e culturais as principais dificuldades são a falta de participação pública na elaboração do PMU, dificuldades em adotar soluções que atendam às necessidades dos diferentes atores envolvidos, e dificuldade em conciliar as necessidades da população aos serviços e infraestrutura disponíveis. Também foram relevantes a ausência de uma base de dados integrada, falta de mão de obra qualificada dentro da prefeitura e a dependência de outros setores para a adoção de soluções para a mobilidade. / The present study aims to contribute to the promotion of sustainable mobility by identifying the barriers that are an impediment for Urban Mobility Plans (UMP) implementation in accordance with Law no. 1287//2012, delaying the achieve ment and evolution of more sustainable and acce ssible cities. Thus, aim to support strategic planning through objective information that can be used to advise politicians and other interested parties in the promotion of sustainable urban mobility in the small and medium - sized cities of the State of São Paulo. To answer this question it was used an exploratory and quantitative analysis and the data collection was performed through the survey procedure using a semi - structured questionnaire , which was sent to public managers of small and medium - sized citie s, as well as experts on the subject. There were differences between the perception of barriers between small and medium sized municipalities, as well as between municipalities and specialists. For municipalities, the main barriers are found in resource ba rriers and in social and cultural barriers, while for practitioners, practical and technological barriers and institutional and political barriers were the most relevant. In the resource barrier, there were budgetary constraints to invest in more sustainab le transport systems, budget constraints for the implementation of the proposed measures, as well as the insufficient transfer of funds from the federal government to urban mobility. In social and cultural barriers the main difficulties are the lack of pub lic participation in the elaboration of the U MP, difficulties in adopting solutions that meet the needs of the different actors involved, and it is difficult to reconcile the needs of the population with the available services and infrastructure. Also rele vant were the absence of an integrated database, lack of skilled manpower within the city hall and dependence on other sectors for the adoption of mobility solutions.

Le transport durable est un enjeu contemporain primordial. La santé humaine risque aujourd'hui d'être menacée par une gestion approximative de ce problème qui ne permettrait pas de combattre la pollution, notamment quand ce phénomène est en contact direct avec la population. En utilisant le prisme du droit, avec l'analyse de la production législative internationale, communautaire et régionale dans le domaine du transport durable, cette recherche vise à identifier les problématiques principales, trier les meilleures solutions, proposer des alternatives fonctionnelles, pour pouvoir concilier mobilité et durable. La norme EURO, le projet de test antipollution unifié au niveau international (Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures), la multi modalité, le véhicule intelligent, la stratégie du marketing du durable, sont des exemples des différentes mesures prises pour remédier au problème de la pollution. La souveraineté territoriale reste l'un des obstacles majeurs à dépasser pour que les décisions politiques favorisant le développement durable, incarnées dans des traités internationaux, puissent être vraiment contraignantes pour les états signataires. Le droit est l'instrument privilégié pour faire coïncider un développement économique et social avec une protection environnementale, mais une prise de conscience généralisée de l'importance de cet enjeu, et notamment du rôle joué par les transports, est indispensable pour atteindre cet objectif. L'urgence dictée par la détérioration de l'environnement pousse à ce que des actions soient entreprises par les gouvernements avec courage et rapidité. / Sustainable transport is a major contemporary issue. Human health may be threatened by a superficial management of this problem that would undermine a most needed fight against pollution, especially when this phenomenon is in direct contact with the population. Using the prism of law, with the analysis of international, European and regional legislations on sustainable transport, this research aims at identifying the main problems, sorting the best solutions and proposing functional alternatives to reconcile mobility with sustainability. The EURO standard, the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure, the multi-modality, the intelligent vehicle and the sustainable marketing strategy are examples of the various measures taken to remedy the problem of pollution. Territorial sovereignty is still one of the major factors hindering a full implementation of all sustainable development policies embodied in international treaties and making them truly binding on the signatory States. Law is the ideal instrument to align economic and social development with environmental protection, but a widespread awareness of the importance of the environment, and in particular the role played by transport, is essential to achieve this objective. The urgency given by the deterioration of the environment demands world governments to take actions as fast and brave as possible.

Between 1950 and 2013 the total amount of Swedish travelling has increased from about 20 billion to about 140 billion passenger kilometers. This included an increase in travelling with private cars from about 3 billion to about 105 billion passenger kilometers, and in bus travelling from about 2.5 billion to about 5 billion passenger kilometers. The European commission has indicated that public transportation (if powered by clean fuels) is a suitable way to reduce environmental and health problems.   This thesis focuses on sustainable personal road transport, and aims to develop and test a new approach to examining the economic and socio-ecological sustainability effects of various road vehicles for private travelling and related business models. A special focus is set on comparing various bus systems for public transport and ways (business models) for private people to access cars. The main comparison parameters are the total cost of ownership and carbon dioxide emissions of different energy carriers for buses and cars. The Design Research Methodology is used to guide the research approach. The approach also builds on the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development, which includes, for example, principles that define any sustainable future and a strategic planning process. The approach first employs Strategic Life Cycle Assessment to give a quick overview of sustainability challenges in each bus life cycle stage from raw materials to end of life. Several analysis tools such as Life Cycle Costing, Life Cycle Analysis, Product Service System, and Business Model Canvas mapping are then iteratively used to ”dig deeper” into identified prioritized challenges. Literature reviews, interviews, and simulations are used as supporting methods.   The results from a first theoretical test of the new approach suggest that a shift from diesel buses to electric buses (powered by renewable energy) could significantly lower carbon dioxide emissions, while also significantly lowering the total cost of ownership. The theoretical calculations were followed up by testing of electric buses in real operation in eight Swedish municipalities. The tests verified the theoretical results, and showed that electric buses are better than diesel buses both from a sustainability point of view and a cost point of view, and also that electric bus operation is a practically viable alternative for public transport. The new approach was tested also by comparing a variety of business models for private car travelling. The results indicate, among other things, that only people who travel more than 13.500 kilometers per year would benefit from owning a car.   In all, the thesis suggests a simultaneous shift from diesel buses to electric buses in public transport and, for the majority of the car drivers that drive less than 13.500 kilometers per year, switching from car ownership to car use services would be favourable for an affordable transition of the transport sector towards sustainability.

The aim of this thesis is to find out, whether the European Union is capable to propose and implement consistent, comprehensive and really practically run strategy in the field of transport using renewable energy. Renewable energy can be identified as a solution for the long-term environmental and energetic issues considering the trend of growing volume of European transport to continue. The question is, whether the adopted measures are affective enough and affect the development of transport using renewable sources of energy in praxis.

El crecimiento económico y social que afronta el país en la actualidad ha traído como resultado un gran incremento de la demanda de viajes en las zonas urbanas de Lima Metropolitana; esto se ve reflejado en el incesante aumento de transporte privado y público, lo que da a lugar a la congestión vehicular, diversos accidentes de tránsito y elevados niveles contaminación ambiental y sonora. El flujo vehicular ha aumentado, no solo en avenidas principales, sino también calles secundarias, por vehículos particulares y de transporte público debido a que el parque automovilístico en el Perú ha aumentado en estos últimos años. Llegando a alcanzar hasta Julio del año 2018 un aumento del 5.5% anual, así lo indica el informe técnico N°09 de la INEI y el MTC. Es por esta razón que es necesaria la implementación de otras alternativas para el transporte privado y que sirva como apoyo al transporte público. La importancia de establecer una solución al importante tráfico que se vive en las calles diariamente ha concluido en la utilización de la bicicleta como medio de transporte cotidiano. En los últimos años, ciudades como Bogotá, en Colombia y Santiago en Chile han logrado que la bicicleta pase ser un modo de transporte recreativo a ser también un modo de transporte urbano cotidiano y eficiente. Sin embargo, Lima ha mantenido el porcentaje de personas que usa la bicicleta, ya sea de manera recreativa o laboral, en un 0.5% de la población, según el FONAM. Asimismo, los 150 km de ciclovía establecidas hasta la actualidad presentan falta de funcionalidad, planificación y deficiencia en el diseño geométrico de la interconectividad entre estas. Por lo tanto, en la presente tesis se analizará la aceptación de una ciclovía que conecte las estaciones de la Av. Angamos de dos medios de transporte masivo como lo son el Metro y el Metropolitano de Lima y se propondrá una ruta que cumpla con las bases de tiempo, infraestructura y accesibilidad de manera que cumpla eficientemente las necesidades de los usuarios de llegar a tiempo. / The economic and social growth that the country is facing nowadays has resulted in an unceasing increase in the demand for travel in the urban areas of Metropolitan Lima; This is reflected in the constant increase in private and public transport, which leads to high traffic congestion, accidents, environmental pollution and noise. The traffic flow has increased, not only in main avenues, but also secondary streets, by private vehicles and public transport because the automobile fleet in Peru has increased in recent years. Reaching until July of 2018 an increase of 5.5% per year, as indicated in the technical report N ° 09 of the INEI and the MTC. It is for this reason that it is necessary to implement other alternatives for private transportation and to serve as a support to public transport. The importance of establishing a solution to the important traffic that lives on the streets daily has ended in the use of the bicycle as a means of daily transport. In recent years, cities such as Bogotá, Colombia and Santiago in Chile have made cycling a recreational mode of transport and also a daily and efficient mode of urban transport. However, Lima has maintained the percentage of people who use the bicycle, either recreationally or work, in 0.5% of the population, according to the FONAM. Likewise, the 150 km of bikeways established to date present lack of functionality, planning and deficiency in the geometric design of the interconnectivity between them. Therefore, in this thesis will be analyzed the acceptance of a bikeway that connects the stations of Av. Angamos of two means of mass transport as they are the Metro and the Metropolitan of Lima and a route that complies with the bases will be proposed of time, infrastructure and accessibility in a way that efficiently meets the needs of users to arrive on time. / Tesis

This master’s thesis summarizes the sustainable transport issues and practical applications in this field. It also deals with components of non-sustainable transport, European Union's policy and explores the theory of externalities in sustainable transport. On a practical example - parking in the Brno city center, is finding a solution to the problem of insufficient parking capacity, using principles of sustainable transport

ABSTRACT Background and purpose: The purpose of this study is to fill the gap which is present in the science area of sustainable transport. According to the literature study that has been performed within this thesis it has not been possible to identify any studies which investigates what individuals that has a willingness to pay (WTP) for sustainable transport has in common. By investigating if there are any differences between these individuals the study aims to find a common ground in terms of socioeconomic factors or general attitude towards the climate. By doing this, the science gap within this area will be reduced and companies can use the result to identify which kind of services this should be applied to. If more companies apply the sustainable transport choice, more individuals will be able to choose it and the climate footprint could become smaller.    Method: In order to find differences between individuals it is essential to apply a method which can be established in the science. By performing a qualitative pre-study of earlier science and literature science, questions have been constructed to create a foundation for a survey. The survey was performed digitally and included questions about the individual socioeconomic factors, general attitude towards the climate and their WTP for sustainable transport. After removal of non-essential answers 109 respondents was left which became the foundation of the analysis. The study is limited to the author’s social network represented by people living in Sweden.   Result: The study has found common ground for individuals that has a WTP for sustainable transport. The socioeconomic differences of the individuals has no impact on their WTP for sustainable transport. An individual with WTP is known by its’ concern for the environment and by performing other climate smart choices in the everyday life.   Conclusion: The result support, which has been proven by this study, that all companies have the possibility to apply sustainable transport regardless of what target group they have. Also, companies that have individuals that do other climate smart choices as a target group has even bigger chances of successfully implementing sustainable transport.  Keywords: Sustainable transport, Green transport, Willingness to pay / SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund och syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att fylla det gap som finns i forskningen inom området hållbar transport. Enligt den litteraturstudie som har utförts i anknytning till arbetet har det inte identifierats några studier som undersökt vad som kännetecknar individer som innehar betalningsvilja för hållbar transport. Genom att undersöka om det finns skillnader mellan individer och på så vis hitta gemensamma nämnare i form av socioekonomisk bakgrund eller generell inställning till miljön ska denna studie bidra till forskningen genom att dels täcka det gap som finns men också ge företag som kan applicera denna tjänst ett incitament för att ta det steget. Om fler företag erbjuder hållbar transport kommer fler individer ha möjlighet att välja denna tjänst och i sin tur kommer miljöpåverkan i samhället minska.   Metod: För att hitta skillnader mellan individer är det essentiellt att tillämpa ett metodval som kan förankras i forskningen. Genom en kvalitativ förstudie av tidigare forskning och litteratur har det utformats frågor som lagt grund för en enkätundersökning. Enkätundersökningen utfördes digitalt och inkluderade frågor om individens socioekonomiska bakgrund, generell inställning till miljön samt betalningsviljan för hållbar transport. Efter bortplockande av felaktigt genomförda undersökningar kvarstod 109 tillfrågade respondenter vilket la grund för den analys som sedan lett fram till resultatet. Studien är avgränsad till författarens sociala medier vilket är representerat av människor som bor i Sverige.   Resultat: Studien har hittat gemensamma nämnare för de individer som innehar en betalningsvilja för hållbar transport. Vad en individ har för socioekonomisk bakgrund spelar ingen roll för individens betalningsvilja för hållbar transport. En individ som innehar betalningsvilja för hållbar transport kännetecknas enbart av att den är orolig för klimatförändringarna och dess konsekvenser samt att den gör andra klimatsmarta val i vardagen.   Konklusion: Resultatet stödjer, med denna studie som grund, att hållbar transport kan appliceras på samtliga företag och det har alltså ingen betydelse vilken målgrupp produkten eller tjänsten inriktar sig på. Däremot har företag vars målgrupp är individer som gör andra klimatsmarta val ännu större chanser att lyckas sälja hållbar transport.   Nyckelord: Hållbar transport, Grön transport, Betalningsvilja

Urban planning needs to address the future role of transport infrastructure in cities. Due to previous planning ideals, our cities consist of transport networks that stand in conflict with ambitions to create dense and multifunctional urban environments, decrease pollution, and create safe urban space. Here, the urban street is a measure that enables new multifunctional solutions for transport infrastructures. This thesis, therefore, investigates street redevelopment projects in relation to the Swedish planning process, which is assessed through five case studies of street redevelopment projects in Swedish cities. Interviews combined with a desktop study are utilised as methods. The theoretical framework of obduracy and socio-technical transitions is applied to understand the mechanisms behind the hindering- and enabling factors present in the projects.  Our results show that hindering factors exist on the interpersonal scale in the projects between planners and planning departments, internally within the municipalities between planning organisation and politics, and externally between different actor groups such as public and state actors. Hindering factors are also identified in the physical infrastructure and historical context of the streets where older planning ideals still influence the physical and societal preconditions of the street networks. These factors slowed down the planning processes and led to compromises in aim and vision. It is not evident that the formal planning process should change in order to overcome these obstacles. Rather, it is the cooperation and coordination between actors that mainly determines the functionality of the process. Successful strategies in the projects have been; anchoring projects in municipal goals, combining incorporating different urban planning aspects and departments, municipalities as main actors, carefully assessing the location and context and integrating street redevelopment projects with broader development projects.

The world is facing a change that needs to reduce the carbon output that humanity and its technologies produce. One such shift is the swap to non-fossil fueled cars and more sustainable ways to travel. Travelling by bicycle has for several decades been one of the most sustainable ways to travel and now the evolution of bicycling is upon us with the boom of electric bicycles.    With the electric bicycle, you can push the active distance you can commute with a bicycle as you get a helping hand when traversing steep hills and a speed boost as well. Not to mention that you won't arrive drenched in sweat. As the evolution of sustainable traveling methods continue, how does the cities and urban areas around them evolve? As we see more charging posts for electrified cars and local buses, not much has been done within the spaces for electric bicycles. So, what is the future for the electric bicycle as a sustainable transport method and how should the municipalities and cities plan for it?    By using content analysis on different kinds of plans that municipalities work with when planning for transport methods, the goal is to see how widespread planning for electric bicycles is and if there are any other factors affecting this. By using a pre-set list of keywords and a PDF reader, the goals were to search each plan for the keywords. A hypothesis is that if a municipality mentions the electric bicycle, then the municipality may plan for it. Two categories were made, one that mentions the electric bicycle for what it is and nothing more. The other if the municipality in some greater context describes planning for the electric bicycle.   The result show that 24% of Swedish municipalities have plans that includes planning regarding the electric bicycle. Three factors were created that may explain why and if a municipality had planning or not for the electric bicycle and these were geographical aspects, the acceptance date of the plan and local factors.   For the electric bicycle to have a place in the future as a sustainable transport method it needs to be recognized as one. As well as given the space within our municipalities and city's, to be able to be used safely and not pose a risk to other users. As the electric bicycle has other requirements on the infrastructure than regular bikes, they need more space, wider roads etc. That is why it is crucial to plan for them, if they are to be among the future sustainable transport methods.