Syftet Syftet med denna studie är att ge en ökad förståelse försvenska ekoturismföretagens hantering av transportfrågor.Studien syftar vidare till att identifiera förändringsmönstergällande transport till och inom ekoturismdestinationer.  Frågeställningar ➢ På vilka sätt arbetar ekoturismföretag för att främja hållbartransport till och inom destinationerna? ➢ Vilka förändringar har skett inom ekoturismföretagenstransportplanering de senaste åren? Metod För att uppnå syftet och svara på frågeställningarna har vi valt attgenomföra empiriinsamlingen med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod. Detkvalitativa materialet utgörs av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer medsvenska ekoturismföretag.  Slutsatser Studiens resultat har visat att svenska ekoturismföretag intearrangerar transport för turisterna till destinationer, om detta inteefterfrågas. Turisterna uppmuntras att alltid välja de mestmiljövänliga transportalternativen till och inom destinationer. Lokalaaktörer är engagerade i arrangerandet av transport inomdestinationerna och efterfrågan på hållbara transporter har ökat.Svenska ekoturismdestinationers lokalisering orsakar attkollektivtrafiken har otillräckligt många åkturer till dessadestinationer, därtill blir kollektivtrafiken ett olämpligttransportalternativ för turisterna.

Spatial externalities in transport: Prague case study Summary: This diploma thesis deals with spatial externalities in transport, namely occupation of land in the centre of Prague. It is divided into eleven chapters, which are further divided into individual subchapters. Literature review, in which the theoretical part of this work is contained, deals with the issue of externalities in transport and real estate evaluation and is listed in chapter four to seven. Practical part of thesis, which is primarily focused on quantifying and evaluating of occupation of land is contained in chapter eight. In its introduction there is also mentioned the methodology of work, including the data and programs used. Following part is a brief description of the monitored area. Based on the results of quantification and evaluation of occupation of land by the transport infrastructure there is subsequently elaborated discussion of possible use of the acquired knowledge. Ninth chapter is the conclusion in which the objectives of this work are repeated and thanks to their fulfilment also answers to the research questions that the author put in the introduction. Key words: externalities, sustainable transport, occupation of land, land evaluation, paid parking zones

A bicicleta é vista hoje como uma alternativa para melhorar a mobilidade urbana de forma sustentável. Apesar disto, os procedimentos de planejamento disponíveis para o desenvolvimento de infraestruturas cicloviárias ainda não estão totalmente consolidadas. Sendo assim, este estudo visa desenvolver e aplicar um método objetivo para o planejamento de redes cicloviárias com base na mineração de dados desagregados de origem-destino, em recursos de SIG e de técnicas de análise multicritério. É sugerida a realização de três etapas: a) identificação, a partir do perfil de usuários reais, de usuários potenciais, b) planejamento de propostas de redes cicloviárias, e c) comparação entre as redes propostas e as definidas pelo poder municipal, considerando os usuários reais e potenciais e critérios de custos e benefícios. Como resultado positivo, o uso de dados desagregados permitiu mensurar e analisar a proximidade dos usuários às redes, a quantidade de pessoas atendidas e a identificação dos usuários potenciais. Além disso, a análise com base em critérios de custo e de benefício foi capaz de indicar, por exemplo, que a rede cicloviária existente (RCE) na cidade considerada como estudo de caso (São Carlos, SP, Brasil) não serve adequadamente os usuários, quando comparado às redes propostas. / Cycling is seen nowadays as an alternative to improve urban mobility in a sustainable way. Nevertheless, the planning procedures available for developing cycling infrastructures are not yet fully consolidated. This study aims at the development and application of an objective method for planning cycling networks based on data-mining of disaggregated origindestination data, GIS resources and multicriteria analysis techniques. The method involves basically three steps: a) an identification of potential users based on real users profiles, b) planning of proposed cycling networks, and c) a comparison, considering real and potential users, as well as cost-benefit criteria, between the proposed networks and those actually developed by the municipality. As a positive outcome, the use of disaggregated data allows not only a reasonable estimate of the number of people served by the networks, but also a detailed analysis of their proximity to that infrastructure and an identification of potential users. Also, the analysis based on cost-benefit criteria was able to show, for example, that the existing cycling network (ECN) of the city taken as a case study (São Carlos, SP, Brazil) does not properly serve the users, when compared to the proposed networks.

High urban transport energy consumption is directly influenced by the level of transport energy dependence of urban forms and transport systems. Despite the introduction of new land use policies and vehicle technologies, dramatic reductions in urban transport energy dependence are not yet being observed. It is proposed that stricter land use regulations coupled with new GIS tools are required that specifically tackle the energy dependence issue. The objective of this project is to design a GIS tool that could be used within an urban development framework to dramatically reduce urban transport energy dependence. A tool was developed and named the Transport Energy Specification (TES). The TES measures urban transport energy dependency from travel behaviour, mode use and spatial data inputs. The TES is designed to be used as an energy based land-use regulation inside an urban development framework by specifying a maximum allowable energy dependency limit for land use modifications in existing urban areas and new developments. Implementation of the energy dependency land use regulation will be achieved through zoning and providing financial or other incentives for the specific desired land use activities (residential, supermarkets, kindergartens etc.). Trials were performed in Germany, New Zealand and Brazil, allowing different urban neighbourhoods and transport systems to be measured with the TES energy dependency measurement tool. The measurements confirmed similar findings from previous researchers regarding the benefits of high density areas and mixed activities in urban areas. Further analysis, trials and workshops with local governments will set in motion the process of including the TES into future urban development policy. / O alto consumo de energia nos transportes urbanos é diretamente influenciado pelo grau de dependência energética das formas urbanas e dos sistemas de transportes. Como o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias veiculares e políticas de uso do solo ainda não foi capaz de produzir reduções significativas no grau de dependência energética dos transportes urbanos, defende-se aqui que uma legislação mais restritiva de uso do solo, combinada com novas ferramentas de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas, constitui-se em uma condição necessária para enfrentar a questão da dependência energética. O objetivo deste projeto é desenvolver uma estrutura conceitual em plataforma SIG, que possa ser usada como ferramenta de planejamento para o desenvolvimento urbano, capaz de reduzir drasticamente a dependência energética do transporte urbano. A ferramenta desenvolvida recebeu a designação Especificação de Energia para Transporte (ou TES, da sigla em inglês Transport Energy Specification), e destina-se a medir o nível de dependência do transporte urbano em relação a aspectos como o comportamento de viagens, escolha modal e aspectos espaciais dos elementos urbanos. A TES foi concebida para ser usada como elemento regulatório do uso do solo, sob o ponto de vista da eficiência energética, a partir da especificação de um valor máximo para o limite de dependência energética decorrente de modificações em áreas urbanas existentes ou em novos loteamentos. A implantação de uma estratégia de regulação de uso do solo baseada no conceito de dependência energética pode ser alcançada através de uma legislação de zoneamento e de incentivos, inclusive financeiros, para determinadas tipos de uso (residências, supermercados, creches, etc.). Estudos de caso com a ferramenta proposta para avaliação do grau de dependência energética foram conduzidos em cidades selecionadas na Alemanha, Nova Zelândia e Brasil, de forma a contemplar diferentes tipos de arranjos de vizinhança e de sistemas de transportes. Os resultados encontrados confirmaram os benefícios, já apontados por outros pesquisadores, de áreas com elevadas densidades e uso misto em zonas urbanas. Novas análises, estudos de caso e discussões com governos locais são necessários para fazer do TES parte de políticas futuras de desenvolvimento urbano.

A bicicleta é vista hoje como uma alternativa para melhorar a mobilidade urbana de forma sustentável. Apesar disto, os procedimentos de planejamento disponíveis para o desenvolvimento de infraestruturas cicloviárias ainda não estão totalmente consolidadas. Sendo assim, este estudo visa desenvolver e aplicar um método objetivo para o planejamento de redes cicloviárias com base na mineração de dados desagregados de origem-destino, em recursos de SIG e de técnicas de análise multicritério. É sugerida a realização de três etapas: a) identificação, a partir do perfil de usuários reais, de usuários potenciais, b) planejamento de propostas de redes cicloviárias, e c) comparação entre as redes propostas e as definidas pelo poder municipal, considerando os usuários reais e potenciais e critérios de custos e benefícios. Como resultado positivo, o uso de dados desagregados permitiu mensurar e analisar a proximidade dos usuários às redes, a quantidade de pessoas atendidas e a identificação dos usuários potenciais. Além disso, a análise com base em critérios de custo e de benefício foi capaz de indicar, por exemplo, que a rede cicloviária existente (RCE) na cidade considerada como estudo de caso (São Carlos, SP, Brasil) não serve adequadamente os usuários, quando comparado às redes propostas. / Cycling is seen nowadays as an alternative to improve urban mobility in a sustainable way. Nevertheless, the planning procedures available for developing cycling infrastructures are not yet fully consolidated. This study aims at the development and application of an objective method for planning cycling networks based on data-mining of disaggregated origindestination data, GIS resources and multicriteria analysis techniques. The method involves basically three steps: a) an identification of potential users based on real users profiles, b) planning of proposed cycling networks, and c) a comparison, considering real and potential users, as well as cost-benefit criteria, between the proposed networks and those actually developed by the municipality. As a positive outcome, the use of disaggregated data allows not only a reasonable estimate of the number of people served by the networks, but also a detailed analysis of their proximity to that infrastructure and an identification of potential users. Also, the analysis based on cost-benefit criteria was able to show, for example, that the existing cycling network (ECN) of the city taken as a case study (São Carlos, SP, Brazil) does not properly serve the users, when compared to the proposed networks.

High urban transport energy consumption is directly influenced by the level of transport energy dependence of urban forms and transport systems. Despite the introduction of new land use policies and vehicle technologies, dramatic reductions in urban transport energy dependence are not yet being observed. It is proposed that stricter land use regulations coupled with new GIS tools are required that specifically tackle the energy dependence issue. The objective of this project is to design a GIS tool that could be used within an urban development framework to dramatically reduce urban transport energy dependence. A tool was developed and named the Transport Energy Specification (TES). The TES measures urban transport energy dependency from travel behaviour, mode use and spatial data inputs. The TES is designed to be used as an energy based land-use regulation inside an urban development framework by specifying a maximum allowable energy dependency limit for land use modifications in existing urban areas and new developments. Implementation of the energy dependency land use regulation will be achieved through zoning and providing financial or other incentives for the specific desired land use activities (residential, supermarkets, kindergartens etc.). Trials were performed in Germany, New Zealand and Brazil, allowing different urban neighbourhoods and transport systems to be measured with the TES energy dependency measurement tool. The measurements confirmed similar findings from previous researchers regarding the benefits of high density areas and mixed activities in urban areas. Further analysis, trials and workshops with local governments will set in motion the process of including the TES into future urban development policy. / O alto consumo de energia nos transportes urbanos é diretamente influenciado pelo grau de dependência energética das formas urbanas e dos sistemas de transportes. Como o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias veiculares e políticas de uso do solo ainda não foi capaz de produzir reduções significativas no grau de dependência energética dos transportes urbanos, defende-se aqui que uma legislação mais restritiva de uso do solo, combinada com novas ferramentas de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas, constitui-se em uma condição necessária para enfrentar a questão da dependência energética. O objetivo deste projeto é desenvolver uma estrutura conceitual em plataforma SIG, que possa ser usada como ferramenta de planejamento para o desenvolvimento urbano, capaz de reduzir drasticamente a dependência energética do transporte urbano. A ferramenta desenvolvida recebeu a designação Especificação de Energia para Transporte (ou TES, da sigla em inglês Transport Energy Specification), e destina-se a medir o nível de dependência do transporte urbano em relação a aspectos como o comportamento de viagens, escolha modal e aspectos espaciais dos elementos urbanos. A TES foi concebida para ser usada como elemento regulatório do uso do solo, sob o ponto de vista da eficiência energética, a partir da especificação de um valor máximo para o limite de dependência energética decorrente de modificações em áreas urbanas existentes ou em novos loteamentos. A implantação de uma estratégia de regulação de uso do solo baseada no conceito de dependência energética pode ser alcançada através de uma legislação de zoneamento e de incentivos, inclusive financeiros, para determinadas tipos de uso (residências, supermercados, creches, etc.). Estudos de caso com a ferramenta proposta para avaliação do grau de dependência energética foram conduzidos em cidades selecionadas na Alemanha, Nova Zelândia e Brasil, de forma a contemplar diferentes tipos de arranjos de vizinhança e de sistemas de transportes. Os resultados encontrados confirmaram os benefícios, já apontados por outros pesquisadores, de áreas com elevadas densidades e uso misto em zonas urbanas. Novas análises, estudos de caso e discussões com governos locais são necessários para fazer do TES parte de políticas futuras de desenvolvimento urbano.

The transport sector is responsible for a significant and growing proportion of greenhouse gas emissions.  The urgent actions are required to take in the transport sector facing the challenge of growing global change. The major trends, including global urbanization, widespread application of digital technologies, and broad demand for sustainable development, have provided new opportunities for data-driven smart mobility in the future. This research aims to explore potentials of data-driven smart mobility in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 11.2, “provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all,” and Sustainable Development Goal 13.2, “take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts” and “integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning” reducing greenhouse gas emissions every year. In order to meet this aim, this research explores the understandings and innovations of data-driven smart mobility in achieving decarbonization in urban, as well as barriers during the current practices. Hangzhou, as the capital city in Zhejiang Province in China, has been selected for the case study to examine data-driven smart mobility approaches. The research results show that the potentials of the data to tackle climate issues lie in the efficient transport operation and travel behaviors change. Data technologies have been widely applied to improve the integration of travel modes and the efficiency of transport management to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in road traffic. However, there are few drivers to mine data resources for travel behavior change. Moreover, data-driven smart mobility initiatives applied in urban areas involve multiple stakeholders but with limited access to data sharing and opening. Considering disruptive effects and potential promises brought by the big data technologies, the implementation of smart mobility requires for public data strategy with a holistic view of the complex urban challenges and global climate change.

La presente investigación se titula “Importación y venta de kits para conversión de bicicletas convencionales a eléctricas y bicicletas eléctricas como una alternativa de transporte ecológico en Lima Metropolitana”. Dicha idea de negocio surgió como una iniciativa de los ejecutores del proyecto para hacer frente a la necesidad de buscar un medio de transporte para mitigar el problema de la congestión vehicular en Lima Metropolitana. Uno de los problemas que aqueja a la ciudad de Lima es la congestión vehicular, esto produce estrés por el mayor tiempo invertido para trasladarse de un lugar a otro; ante ello, el presente estudio brinda una alternativa ante este problema social. Durante el año 2020, la demanda sobre el uso de las bicicletas eléctricas se ha convertido en muy buena alternativa para movilizarse, asimismo sería una respuesta eficaz a raíz de la pandemia que se está viviendo a nivel mundial. La finalidad de disminuir la posibilidad del contagio del Covid-19, reducir la congestión, el consumo de combustible, la contaminación y los tiempos de desplazamientos. / The present research is entitled “Import and sale of kits for conversion from conventional bicycles to electric bicycles and electric bicycles as an alternative for ecological transport in Metropolitan Lima”. This business idea emerged as an initiative of the project's executors to address the need to seek a means of transport that to mitigate the traffic congestion that exists in Metropolitan Lima. One of the problems that binds the city of Lima is the vehicle congestion, this causes stress for the longer time spent to move from one place to another; before this, the present study provides an alternative to this social problem. During 2020, demand for the use of electric bicycles has become a very good alternative for mobilization, and it would also be an effective response to the pandemic that is being experienced worldwide. The aim is to reduce the possibility of covid-19 transmission, reduce congestion, fuel consumption, pollution and travel times. / Trabajo de investigación

In Brazil, the use of private motorized vehicles has dramatically increased in recent decades, while public transportation is marked by a weak performance, and pedestrians and cyclists cope with a poor infrastructure design. Thus, suitable approaches are required to tackle current transport problems of Brazilian megacities. In view of the World Cup 2014 and the Olympic Games 2016, the megacity Rio de Janeiro is undergoing significant changes which offers a unique opportunity to ease the current situation and achieve an integrated sustainable urban transport concept. Therefore, this Diploma thesis creates an overview on the current transport situation in large Brazilian cities, in particular for Rio de Janeiro; provides integrated and sustainable approaches to tackle transport problems of Rio de Janeiro; analyzes the transferability of infrastructure measures between Curitiba and Rio de Janeiro; and examines the impact of the upcoming sports events. First, a literature review focuses on the transport situation in Brazil and Rio de Janei ro and explains Curitiba's unique approaches. Second, an audio-based qualitative content analysis of seven expert interviews with stakeholders in urban- and transportation planning gives a concise insight into the current transport situation. Third, a synthesis of both the literature review and the output of the expert interviews provide recommendations for decision makers, researchers and international organizations. In order to initiate a sustainable development of the megacity Rio de Janeiro, urban- and transportation planning must be interconnected with each other, a transport association has to be created to design and manage a metropolitan public transport network, and it is imperative to reorganize the local bus system. Furthermore, non-motorized transportation modes should be promoted by designing streets based on sidewalk policies and building a bicycle network in regard to the local demands. In addition, Curitiba's most important lesson for Rio de Janeiro is the interconnection of high density areas with mobility corridors. However, the megacity will not be able to achieve an integrated sustainable urban transport concept by the sports events. In conclusion, future transport measures have to focus on the middle class, while ensuring a needs-oriented mobility for all social classes. Decision makers should concentrate on the three "I's" – Information, Integration and Inclusion – to enable real transport mode choices, facilitate sound and seamless travel, and attract more people towards ecomobile transportation modes. Eventually, a paradigm shift towards ecomobility is needed in order to enable a sustainable urban transportation concept for today's and future generations.:TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES VII LIST OF TABLES IX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS X 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 2.1 BRAZIL 3 2.1.1 GENERAL STRUCTURE 3 2.1.2 INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES 6 2.1.3 SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT 7 2.1.4 TRANSPORT STRUCTURE 10 2.1.5 TRANSPORT PROBLEMS OF BRAZILIAN CITIES 15 2.2 RIO DE JANEIRO 21 2.2.1 GENERAL STRUCTURE 21 2.2.2 TRANSPORT STRUCTURE 24 2.2.3 FUTURE MOBILITY ISSUES 32 2.3 THE BUS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM OF CURITIBA 40 2.4 SUMMARY 44 3 EXPERT INTERVIEWS 46 3.1 METHODOLOGY 46 3.1.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERVIEWS 46 3.1.2 AUDIO - BASED QUALITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS 49 3.2 OUTPUT 53 3.2.1 TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS 53 3.2.2 TRACKLING TRANSPORT PROBLEMS 58 3.2.3 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 64 3.3 SUMMARY 68 4 RECOMMENDATIONS 69 4.1 TACKLING TRANSPORT PROBLEMS 69 4.1.1 BACKGROUND 69 4.1.2 ADAPT URBAN PLANNING PROCESSES 70 4.1.3 RATIONALIZE CAR USAGE 71 4.1.4 REFORM THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM 72 4.1.5 PROMOTE NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORTATION 73 4.2 TRANSFERABLITY OF CURITIBIAN MEASURES 75 4.3 IMPACT OF SPORTS EVENTS IN RIO DE JANEIRO 76 5 CONCLUSIONS 79 REFERENCES 81 APPENDICES

The need to decrease emissions from the transport sector is getting urgent and public transport can play an important role in the transition to low emission fuels. To a large extent, public transport in Europe is provided by regional authorities who controls the traffic to a varying degree, from complete public monopoly to competitive tendering. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyse how the organisation of the public bus transport market influences the introduction of renewable fuels. The focus is on understanding what the motivation is for the use of different organisational forms and what challenges and opportunities the authorities in a region encounter during the introduction of renewable fuels. Interviews with authorities in ten Swedish public transport regions show that when functional requirements are used in competitive tendering it will exclusively result in the cheapest renewable fuel available. Thus, if new fuels or technologies should be able to enter the market, either it will be necessary for regional authorities to take more control using specific requirements or publicly management, or the national government must introduce policy instruments that enable new renewable fuels to become competitive on the market.