A população mundial aumenta a cada dia e, somado aos movimentos populacionais, a ocupação do território urbano tem crescido a taxas cada vez maiores. O Brasil segue a mesma tendência, já que quase dobrou sua população em pouco mais de trinta anos, essa se estabeleceu predominantemente nas cidades. O mundo está próximo de atingir níveis populacionais jamais imaginados e as pessoas estão migrando para os grandes centros urbanos, que crescem de forma descontrolada, causando impactos diversos, desde ambientais até relacionados ao bem-estar físico e mental de seus ocupantes. Como resultado, as cidades são os locais onde as maiores desigualdades sociais e impactos ao ambiente natural acontecem. Diante desse contexto, as estratégias de planejamento correntes estão fadadas ao fracasso, pois repetem estratégias utilizadas em séculos anteriores, e não estão preparadas para as demandas que surgem com o desenvolvimento humano e urbano do século XXI. Pesquisadores divergem sobre a forma de crescimento da cidade, são sugeridas soluções, que vão desde o controle do espalhamento da área urbana, incentivo à cidade compacta e até o incentivo à verticalização. Ao mesmo tempo, as cidades se espalham no território e verticalizam. A lacuna verificada foi determinada a partir da constatação da escassez de trabalhos que considerassem de forma sistêmica as características e os possíveis impactos de cada uma das formas de crescimento urbano, a falta de vinculação dessas informações aos princípios de desenvolvimento sustentável, tão preconizado, e a fragmentação dos temas relacionados ao desenvolvimento urbano sustentável. O entendimento sobre como as cidades crescem, e quais são os impactos das formas urbanas resultantes, e quais são as demandas para um crescimento sustentável pode se tornar a base para auxiliar os planejadores no processo de tomada de decisão. O desenvolvimento sustentável é um desafio a ser considerado nos ambientes consumidores, poluidores e opressores em que se transformaram as cidades. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de buscar um modelo conceitual para o planejamento sustentável do crescimento urbano. Por se tratar de uma proposta que procura atender uma demanda real, a melhoria nas práticas tradicionais de planejamento urbano, e contribuir com a construção do conhecimento sobre o assunto, através da organização das informações, foi adotada como estratégia a pesquisa construtiva. Para tanto, foi realizada na primeira etapa, de compreensão, ampla busca de referencial teórico para auxiliar na estruturação do trabalho. Na segunda etapa, na fase de desenvolvimento, foram propostos os resultados, organizados a partir de um modelo conceitual formado a partir de constructos relacionados ao crescimento urbano e ao planejamento urbano sustentável. O modelo foi complementado por uma sequência de etapas para a futura implementação em contextos reais (método). O modelo ainda foi avaliado por especialistas da área de sustentabilidade. Por fim, na etapa de reflexão foram definidos os avanços práticos, avanços teóricos, replicabilidade e possibilidades de pesquisas futuras. Através do desenvolvimento deste trabalho constatouse que, apesar da complexidade, é possível trabalhar de forma sistêmica com o planejamento do crescimento urbano, contemplando-se as metas para o desenvolvimento sustentável em todas as suas dimensões: social, econômica, ecológica, espacial e cultural. / The world population is increasing each day and, in addition to population movements, the occupation of urban territory has grown at rates ever higher. Brazil follows the same trend, almost doubled its population in little more than thirty years that has been established mainly in the cities. The world is approaching population levels never imagined before and people are migrating to the large urban centers, which grow in an uncontrolled manner, causing different impact, since environmental until related to physical and mental well-being of its occupants. As a result, cities are the places where the greatest social inequalities and impacts on the natural environment happen. In this context, the planning strategies are doomed to fail, because repeat strategies used in previous centuries, and are not prepared for the demands that arise with urban and human development of the 21st century. Researchers differ on the way to the city's growth, suggesting solutions, ranging from the control of the sprawl of the urban area, encouraging the compact city and until the incentive to vertical city. At the same time, the cities spread across the territory and get taller. The gap was determined from the observation of the scarcity of studies that consider in a systematic way the characteristics and the potential impacts of each of the forms of urban growth, the lack of binding of these information to the principles of sustainable development, as recommended, and the fragmentation of topics related to sustainable urban development. The understanding of how cities grow, what are the impacts of urban forms resulting from, and what are the demands for a sustainable growth can become the basis for helping the planners of the decision-making process. The sustainable development is a challenge that must be considered in consumer, polluters and oppressors environments that became the cities. This work has the objective to seek a conceptual model for the sustainable planning of urban growth. This is a proposal that seeks to meet a real demand, improving the traditional practices of urban planning, and contribute to the construction of knowledge on the subject, through the organization of the information, was adopted as a strategy the constructive research. For both, was performed in the first step, of understanding, broad search of theoretical framework to assist in structuring the work. In the second stage, the stage of development, were proposed results, organized from a conceptual model formed from constructs related to urban growth and urban planning sustainable. The model was complemented by a sequence of steps for the future implementation in real contexts (method). The model has been evaluated by experts in the area of sustainability. Finally, the reflection phase were defined the practical developments, theoretical advances, replicability and possibilities for future research. Through the development of this work it was found that, despite the complexity, it is possible to work in a systematic way with the planning of urban growth, contemplating the goals for sustainable development in all its dimensions: social, economic, ecological, spatial and cultural.

Green infrastructure development is desired in many municipalities because of its potential to address pressing environmental and social issues. However, despite technical optimism, institutional challenges create significant barriers to effective green infrastructure design, implementation, and maintenance. Institutional challenges stem from the disparate scales and facility types that make up the concept of green infrastructure, which span from large-scale natural areas to small engineered bioswales. Across these disparate facilities 1) different performance metrics are used, 2) different institutions have jurisdiction, and, 3) facility types are differentially classified as assets, producing epistemological and ontological variegation across the spectrum of green infrastructure that must be negotiated within and across municipal institutions. This has led to knowledge challenges that constrain and shape facility design, implementation, maintenance, and--ultimately--performance on-the-ground. Here, the eco-techno spectrum is developed to highlight the different degree to which biological entities (e.g. plants, microbes) are incorporated as infrastructural components in facilities; this inclusion presents a major knowledge challenge to green infrastructure, namely it brings biological and ecological knowledge into traditionally engineering-dominated decision-making spaces where it does not easily fit procedures for defining, measuring, or valuing existing facility component types. Therefore, municipal institutions have created and vetted new practices, protocols, and institutional structures to appropriately implement and manage green infrastructure. The institutionalization of green infrastructure is examined in this dissertation using knowledge systems analysis in two comparative case studies conducted in Portland and Baltimore. Discourse analysis provides 'thick' description of knowledge systems dynamics within and between different municipal departments in each city; a follow-up Q-method survey is used to further examine these qualitative results and explore the subjectivities that underlie the various ways of 'knowing' green infrastructure in the city.

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-21T14:20:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseSPS.pdf: 7148087 bytes, checksum: 030a3087a773f12ba04ea57e6ff1eb13 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-03-20T13:30:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseSPS.pdf: 7148087 bytes, checksum: 030a3087a773f12ba04ea57e6ff1eb13 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-03-20T13:30:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseSPS.pdf: 7148087 bytes, checksum: 030a3087a773f12ba04ea57e6ff1eb13 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T13:38:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseSPS.pdf: 7148087 bytes, checksum: 030a3087a773f12ba04ea57e6ff1eb13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-27 / Não recebi financiamento / Many municipalities have problems with the drainage system and the excess rainwater in certain periods of the year. The management of cities should take into account the sustainability and for this, the indicators are important tools in helping to making the use and land use decision and thus avoid risk situations related to urban water. The sustainability principles guided the development of this research for this, were developed 13 sustainability principles specific to the management of stormwater based on general principles in the literature. After surveying the literature of sustainability indicators, they were found 102 indicators and of those, 65 that could be used in the management of rainwater, one of the indicators selection criteria was the correlation with the specific principles and other direct relationship with problem. Then we sought in the literature, the problems faced by the government and the people related to rainwater, were 47 major found this total, 19 were considered direct problems and the remaining effects caused by these problems. These 19 problems were divided into five dimensions of sustainability: environmental, social, economic, political, cultural and technological or management. For each problem have been assigned their respective indicators, a total of 54, leaving at least 2 indicators of the problem. Using multi-criteria method, priority indicators were selected, that is, those that would be most suitable for the monitoring of problems, however, in the absence of information available to these priority indicators can be used side indicators. These indicators served for the preparation of SAMSAP tool - Support System for Water Management Stormwater, which will serve for the development of scenarios for monitoring and decision making of managers and responsible for the management of rainwater. / Muitos municípios brasileiros apresentam problemas com o sistema de drenagem e com os excessos de águas pluviais em determinados períodos do ano. A gestão das cidades deve levar em conta a sustentabilidade e para isso, os indicadores são ferramentas importantes no auxílio à tomada de decisão do uso e ocupação do solo e dessa maneira evitarem situações de risco relacionados a águas urbanas. A finalidade foi produzir uma ferramenta capaz de orientar gestores do manejo de águas pluviais na tomada de decisão. Os princípios de sustentabilidade nortearam o desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa, para isso, foram elaborados 13 princípios de sustentabilidade específicos ao manejo de águas pluviais baseados em princípios genéricos presentes na literatura. Após o levantamento na literatura de indicadores de sustentabilidade, foram encontrados 102 indicadores e desses, 65 que poderiam ser utilizados no manejo de águas pluviais, um dos critérios de seleção dos indicadores foi a correlação com os princípios específicos e a outra a relação direta com o problema. Em seguida, buscou-se na literatura, os problemas enfrentados pelo poder público e pela população relacionados às águas pluviais, foram 47 os principais encontrados, desse total, 19 foram considerados problemas diretos e o restante, efeitos causados por esses problemas. Esses 19 problemas foram subdivididos em 5 dimensões de sustentabilidade: ambiental, social, econômica, política, cultural e tecnológica ou gestão. Para cada problema foram designados seus respectivos indicadores, num total de 54, cabendo no mínimo 2 indicadores por problema. Usando método multicritério, foram selecionados indicadores prioritários, isto é, aqueles que seriam mais adequados para o monitoramento dos problemas, entretanto, na ausência de informações disponíveis para o desses indicadores prioritários, poderá ser utilizado os indicadores secundários. Esses indicadores serviram para elaboração da ferramenta SAMSAP – Sistema de Apoio ao Manejo de Águas Pluviais, que servirá para a elaboração de cenários, para monitoramento e para tomada de decisão dos gestores e responsáveis pelo manejo de águas pluviais.

Urbana områden har formats efter den bilnorm som råder i modern tid. Detta har belastat miljön och medfört att städer idag står inför det stora arbetet att ställa om till hållbara samhällen. Hållbara mobilitetslösningar har blivit ett aktuellt ämne som följd av denna problematik. Viktiga aktörer i arbetet med åtgärder för hållbar urban mobilitet är fastighetsutvecklare. Syftet med studien är att undersöka fastighetsutvecklares roll i arbetet med hållbart resande vid uppbyggnaden av en ny stadsdel. Tre områden i Västra Hamnen i Malmö har bedömts relevanta och fungerar som fallstudier. Med hjälp av teorier kring ämnet hållbar urban mobilitet samt semistrukturerade intervjuer och dokumentanalys har frågeställningarna undersökts och diskuterats. Studiens slutsatser visar att fastighetsutvecklare har en betydande roll i implementeringen av hållbar mobilitet vid nybyggnation. Vidare identifieras parkeringsnormen som ett viktigt verktyg. Studien belyser vidare vikten av åtgärder för beteendeförändring, samt planering anpassad för målgrupp. / Urban areas are shaped after the existing automobile dependency in modern time. This has burdened the environment and resulted in a need for cities to evolve into sustainable places. Sustainable mobility measures have become an urgent matter as a result of this problem. An important actor in the work with mobility measures for a sustainable urban mobility are developers. The purpose of this study is to examine developers’ role in the work with sustainable travel when a new city area is under development. Three areas in the Western Harbour in Malmö have been deemed relevant as case studies. Theories about sustainable urban mobility together with semi-structured interviews and document analyses served to examine and discuss the formulated questions. The conclusions of the study show that developers have a prominent role in the implementation of sustainable mobility in new city areas. Furthermore, the parking standards are identified as an important tool. The study illuminates the importance of measures for behavioral changes as well as planning for a targeted group

Thesis (M.Phil. (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water and sanitation is one of the key factors in the socio-economic development of a nation and people. Billions of people worldwide do not have access to clean water or basic sanitation leading to many health problems and developmental issues. This article discusses the challenges facing the world, South Africa and in particular the Western Cape and Cape Town in the provision of water and sanitation. For most people the desire is to have access to their own private portable water supply and their own private flush toilet connected via costly bulk water services to sewage treatment plants far away. The question posed is whether this model is sustainable into the future, given the water demands in many parts of the world affected by droughts and more violent weather cycles as a result of climate change and global warming. These factors will affect water supplies in South Africa and in particular the Western Cape and Cape Town. To answer some of the questions raised the Lynedoch EcoVillage development is discussed in detail in terms of sustainable neighbourhood planning and implementation. Sustainable Development is discussed, also various options in terms of applying ecological sanitation. The on-site water and sanitation system of the Lynedoch EcoVillage is discussed as a case study. The results of influent and effluent tests conducted by the CSIR are analysed to see whether the system is conforming to the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry standards for the use of effluent water in irrigation and re-use of water in toilets. Localised models of water and sanitation provision might thus be a way forward to satisfy the increasing demand for such services made on national and local authorities as urban areas increase in size and population.

Better understanding of urban travelers is necessary, as sustainable development is becoming an integral part of transportation policy and practice. A volume of research shows people’s expressed willingness to adopt more sustainable urban travel behaviours, but a general sense of resistance to change is often encountered. Current methods in transportation research are not able to fully grasp on individual motivations such as discontent with public transport. This gap of knowledge in qualitative transportation research calls for the development of new methods. James Scott’s concept of the hidden transcript allows for the assumption that there are expressions of dissatisfaction towards public transportation at grassroots level. In order to access hidden transcripts on public transportation in Stockholm there is a need for a new method, which is developed in this thesis. The proposed visual mixed method draws from principles of visual ethnography, virtual ethnography, nethnography and social media research. The methodology is then tested and assessed as a platform to give voice to hidden transcripts on public transportation. The choice of method for developing the method is meta-methodology. The discussion sheds light on the potential of the framework (1) to grant access to hidden transcripts; (2) to fill a knowledge gap in transportation qualitative research; (3) to assist planners towards sustainable development of urban transportation.

Ce travail de thèse a évalué les niveaux et les voies d'introduction de la contamination en micropolluants des eaux pluviales d'un petit bassin versant urbain, et mis en évidence les impacts de l'utilisation de techniques alternatives (TA) sur les flux d'eau et de contaminants. Quatre bassins versants à Noisy-le-Grand, homogènes par leur taille et leur occupation du sol (1 à 2 ha, résidentiel dense), et présentant une diversité de gestion des eaux pluviales (séparatif classique et différentes combinaisons de TA) ont été étudiés. La présence d'un certain nombre de substances prioritaires de la directive cadre européenne sur l'eau (HAP, alkylphénols, phtalates, diuron, isoproturon, atrazine, plomb) a été mise en évidence dans les eaux pluviales d'un bassin versant amont, à des niveaux de contamination globalement plus faibles qu'à l'aval des réseaux séparatifs. Cette contamination est tout de même significative pour certains paramètres qui ont été mesurés au dessus des normes de qualité. Pour le zinc, la contamination à l'amont est même plus élevée qu'à l'aval du fait de l'émission par des matériaux de couverture.Ce travail a montré que les TA diminuent les volumes d'eau rejetés vers l'aval d'environ 50% et réduisent les masses de contaminants émises de 20 à 80% (MES, DCO, PCB, HAP, alkylphénols, métaux traces). Cette réduction de masse est essentiellement liée à la diminution de volume, l'effet épuratoire sur les concentrations n'étant pas systématiquement mis en évidence. L'amplitude de ces effets varie suivant l'importance de la pluie, mais surtout en fonction du type d'ouvrage mis en place.La gestion à l'amont des eaux pluviales est donc à favoriser car elle évite la sur-contamination liée aux processus en réseau (mauvais branchements, érosion...). Elle permet de séparer les eaux peu chargées (infiltration ou rejet au milieu) des effluents contaminés qui pourront être traités localement ou à l'aval. Dans un objectif de réduction des flux polluants la conception des TA devra prendre en compte les pluies courantes et non pas seulement les événements exceptionnels / This thesis aimed at evaluating the contamination of urban stormwater from an upstream watershed by micropollutants and their introduction pathways, and estimating the hydrological effects and the pollutant removal performances of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). Four watersheds located in Noisy-le-Grand were studied. They had comparable sizes (1 to 2 ha) and land use patterns (dense residential), but one was drained by a classical separate sewers system, and the other was managed by SUDS.We showed that stormwater from an upstream watershed is contaminated by some priority substances of the Water Framework Directive (PAHs, alkylphenols, phtalates, diuron, isoproturon, atrazine, lead), but at lower levels than the downstream. The concentrations of some parameters still excede the quality standards. Zinc concentrations are even higher than downstream, as a result of emissions from metallic materials from roong.SUDS reduce the volume of surface water discharged by 50 %. The mass of contaminants also decreases by 20 to 80 % (SS, COS, PCB, PAH, alkylphenol, metals). The discharge reduction is mainly due to water losses, whereas removal performances on concentrations are not systematically highlighted. These effects vary with rainfall and particularly with the type of SUDS.The upstream management of stormwater should be encouraged to avoid over contamination due to processes in sewer systems (erosion, bad connections...). Lightly contaminated effluents (infiltration or discharge to middle) can be separated from strongly contaminated ones that can be treated locally or downstream. In order to integrate depollution goals, the design of SUDS, currently based on exceptional events, should also rely on frequent events

The continuously rising attention to and practice of eco-city development in Sweden and China, as well as the countries’ active cooperation has motivated this study and the exploration of eco-city development in these two countries. In eco-city development, diverse environmental issues may well be beyond the planning sector’s capacity and need to be resolved elsewhere by other authorities and agencies in such areas as energy, water and traffic. This may in practice require the reframing of certain institutions to ensure that relevant sector authorities, scientific institutions and actors have responsibilities for integrative tasks and can cooperate effectively. The study aims to investigate how institutional conditions affect environmental integration in urban planning. The approach used is the exploration of how different institutional conditions promote and/or hinder environmental integration by the examination of four examples of eco-city development in Sweden and China. Based on theories of institutions, Environmental Policy Integration (EPI) and sustainable urban planning, an analytical framework is used to describe institutional conditions related to formal rulemaking, informal rules and administrative management and organizations. Formal rules provide framework and legitimacy for guiding and enforcing actors in the practice of realizing environmental integration in urban planning. Meanwhile, informal rules; i.e. wills, interests, understanding and knowledge, could considerably affect the design of formal rules and how they are to be implemented. Administrative management and organization serve to realize environmental integration following the formal rules, but the informal institutional conditions of e.g. officials’ interests, understanding, knowledge and experience, as well as political support, affect the organizations’ performance and abilities for implementation, which in turn also largely depends on the specific organizational settings. All three need to be combined to achieve environmental integration in sustainable urban planning, since each one has its own strengths and weaknesses and they gradually affect each other in practices. / <p>QC 20140908</p>

This bachelor thesis aims to clarify the relationship between urban stormwater management and heritage sites. The topic is so far relatively unexplored, but may become highly relevant in the near future. Scientifically there is a lot of information about the impact from stormwater in heritage objects, also when repeated. The solution is sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) and insertion of green infrastructure in the actual area or the surrounding areas. However, science and local management are not the same. At a local level, more information is requested. It appears that, from the investigated examples in this thesis, the problem is to find available areas for the drainage systems. Also the protection and conservation of the heritage objects create restrictions considering changes in the actual area. However, it is not impossible to apply these solutions, as showed in the thesis concluding chapter. In general both experts and laymen are positive to the insertion, as long as SUDS are introduced in respect to the heritage values. / Denna kandidatuppsats har tittat på förhållandet dagvattenhantering och kulturmiljö. Det är ett relativt outforskat ämne, men kommer att bli relevant i en snar framtid. Forskningen visar på en kemisk nedbrytningsprocess av på kulturhistoriska objekt från dagvatten. Det är en problematik som ökar med klimatförändringarna. Lösningen som forskningen förespråkar är införande av en hållbar dagvattenhantering och grönska, vilket begränsas av kulturmiljöns riktlinjer och skydd. Det råder dessutom en platsbrist inom områden för kulturhistoriska objekt. Generellt sett finns det inget hinder från kulturmiljöns sida kring dagvattenhantering, men varje förändring ska noga vägas mot de kulturhistoriska värdena. Däremot är både tjänstemän och lekmän positivt inställda till miljömässiga fördelar så som en hållbar dagvattenhantering även i denna miljö.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Urban Design / Many forgotten and resurfacing emerging theories in the field of urbanism are starting to recognise highperformance landscapes and green infrastructure as an essential urban element toward more resilient urban development. This report, entitled ‘Future-proofing the Urban Landscape: Green Infrastructure as a Primer for Resilient Urban Development’ addresses the question of whether Green Infrastructure can become the primary structuring element towards achieving more resilient development, and how this structure influences public place-making. The strategy is tested on a the Frankenwald site, one of the last remaining greenfield sites in Johannesburg. The proposed development comprises of guidelines and an indepth phasing strategy for development and intermediate natures that add long-term value towards future-proofing the city. The document establishes that green infrastructure is a highly relevant subject to consider for the planning of future cities. As a discourse it adds value to the profession of urban design and questions the urban designer’s capacity to offer more productive landscapes and assist in protecting and enhancing the ecosystem services of cities. The multi-layered nature of priming for green infrastructure services make available a variety of natural elements to be exposed and designed by means of meaningful place making. / GR2017