A intensificação do fenômeno da urbanização, em nível global, constitui um grande desafio para a estruturação de um futuro mais sustentável. As cidades contemporâneas são responsáveis por grandes impactos de ordem social e ambiental, e também sofrem as consequências negativas dessa circunstância. Tornar a sustentabilidade uma realidade, também exige repensar a forma como executamos nossas cidades. À vista disso, o “Continuous Productive Urban Landscape (CPUL)” é um conceito recente de projeto urbano, que busca integrar, de forma coerente, infraestrutura sustentável às cidades. Uma “Paisagem Urbana Produtiva Contínua” pode ser definida como uma paisagem multifuncional, que apoia simultaneamente a produção de alimentos, uma mobilidade mais sustentável, o equilíbrio ecológico e o lazer da população. Ao reconhecer relevância para a sustentabilidade urbana no conceito “CPUL”, a presente pesquisa voltou-se a investigar sua aplicação no contexto de pequenos municípios brasileiros. Desse modo, o objetivo principal da pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento de uma abordagem para o lançamento de uma “Paisagem Urbana Produtiva Contínua”, adaptada ao contexto do planejamento físico-territorial de municípios brasileiros de pequeno porte. A estratégia de pesquisa adotada foi a pesquisa construtiva, valendo-se de revisão de literatura, uma aplicação prática e dois ciclos de avaliação para a construção da abordagem. O município de Feliz, RS, foi o objeto de estudo empírico que serviu à aplicação da abordagem. Os resultados obtidos fundamentaram a construção de uma abordagem, que compreendeu a reunião sistemática de técnicas e procedimentos de planejamento simplificados para o lançamento de uma “CPUL” local. Ciclos de avaliação indicaram que a abordagem proposta poderia ser reproduzida, sem dificuldades, em municípios de pequeno porte. Contudo, foram identificadas muitas barreiras a serem enfrentadas em etapas posteriores de planejamento, até a implantação de um projeto “CPUL”. Ainda assim, o lançamento de uma “CPUL” inaugura um debate público mais amplo sobre a cidade, estimulando uma reflexão mais profunda dos atores envolvidos sobre o território, como foi observado em oficinas realizadas no município de Feliz. Nesse caso, o lançamento de uma “CPUL” local também é instrumento auxiliar para superar uma das principais barreiras identificadas: a conscientização da população. Assim, entende-se que os resultados desta pesquisa disponibilizam uma alternativa para orientar o início de um planejamento físico-territorial, potencialmente capaz de promover o desenvolvimento local sustentável de pequenas cidades. / The global urbanization growth establishes a big challenge for a more sustainable future. The contemporary cities are responsible for the big impacts in social and environmental aspects of our lives, while do also suffer from the negative consequences of such circumstances. To transform sustainability a reality it requires rethinking the way we plan and produce our cities. In this context, Continuous Productive Urban Landscape (CPUL) is a recent concept of urban design, which aims at integrating sustainable infrastructure to the cities in a coherent manner. CPUL is also defined as a multifunctional landscape that simultaneously supports food production, more sustainable mobility, ecological balance and people leisure. This research recognizes the relevance of CPUL for urban sustainability and investigates the potential for its application into small Brazilian cities. The main research goal is the development of an approach to launch a CPUL suitable for the urban space planning of small Brazilian cities. The research strategy was a “constructive research”, based on literature review, a practical application and two evaluation cycles targeted at the approach development. Feliz (city situated in the State of Rio Grande do Sul) was chosen as the object of an empirical study for such approach. The obtained outcomes established the development of an approach, which comprises a systematic combination of simplified planning techniques and procedures for the launch of a local CPUL. Evaluation cycles indicated that the proposed approach could be easily reproduced in small cities within the research scope. However many barriers have been identified for the posterior phases of planning and implementation. Despite that, the launch of a CPUL initiates a broader public debate about the city, instigating a deeper reflection on participating actors about the territory, as it has been observed in workshops which took place in Feliz. In this case, the launch of a CPUL is also an auxiliary instrument to overcome one of the main barriers identified: people awareness. The research results provide an alternative to guide the urban space planning, which might potentially promote the local sustainable development in small cities.

O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para a discussão sobre como as organizações podem desenvolver modelos de negócio que promovam a mobilidade urbana sustentável, diante da relevância crescente que as discussões sobre o futuro da mobilidade e das cidades como um todo tem assumido em diversas áreas da ciência. Parte-se da ideia de que a concentração da produção de bens e serviços em grandes centros urbanos tem acentuado cada vez mais o desafio de reduzir a dependência do veículo privado para promover alternativas que promovam a mobilidade sustentável, visto que o uso crescente deste modal trouxe reduções significativas nos padrões de qualidade do deslocamento das pessoas, além de impactar diretamente as funções econômica, ambiental e social das cidades. Nesse contexto, têm emergido diversos atores interessados em desenvolver novos modelos de negócio no campo da mobilidade urbana, expandindo as fronteiras de um setor que anteriormente vinha sendo regido, principalmente, pelas regras da indústria automotiva. No entanto, embora a literatura tenha discutido sobre como cada vez mais modelos de negócios são relevantes diante dos desafios da mobilidade sustentável, menor atenção tem sido dedicada para compreender o que de fato caracteriza um modelo de negócio orientado à mobilidade urbana sustentável. Para preencher essa lacuna de pesquisa, recorreu-se a uma análise tanto da literatura de mobilidade urbana sustentável quanto à de modelos de negócio sustentáveis. A partir do resultado da intersecção entre essas literaturas, foi proposto um modelo conceitual que abrange oito tipologias pelas quais um modelo de negócio pode promover a mobilidade sustentável, além de aspectos que caracterizam esses modelos de forma transversal. O modelo conceitual foi testado empiricamente em seis modelos de negócio alinhados às tipologias definidas, com base em um estudo de casos múltiplos de caráter exploratório. O resultado do estudo de campo evidenciou outras variáveis relevantes que devem ser consideradas na caracterização de modelos de negócio orientados à mobilidade urbana sustentável no contexto brasileiro, além de barreiras associadas ao desenvolvimento dessas iniciativas. Dessa forma, o resultado da pesquisa permitiu enriquecer o modelo conceitual proposto inicialmente com a incorporação de novas dimensões de análise, bem como obter uma perspectiva mais ampla sobre a compreensão de modelos de negócio orientados à mobilidade urbana sustentável. / The objective of this research is to contribute to the discussion about how organizations may develop business models oriented to sustainable urban mobility, given the growing relevance that discussions about the future of mobility and cities have assumed in several areas of knowledge. It is based on the idea that the concentration of the production of goods and services in large urban centers has increasingly accentuated the challenge of reducing dependence on private car use to providing alternatives that promote sustainable mobility, because the use of the previous modal has produced significant reductions in people\'s travel quality standards and has directly affected the economic, environmental, and social functions of cities. In this context, several actors have emerged interested in developing new business models in urban mobility field, expanding frontiers previously dominated exclusively by the automotive industry players. However, although researchers have increasingly examined how business models promote sustainable urban mobility, less attention has been focused on what constitutes business models oriented to sustainable urban mobility. To fill this research gap, a theoretical analysis of sustainable urban mobility and sustainable business models was made. From the result of this literature intersection, a conceptual framework was proposed and organized in eight typologies by which a business model could promote sustainable mobility, besides some aspects that characterize these models in a transversal way. The conceptual framework was empirically tested in six business models aligned to the defined typologies, based on an exploratory multiple case study. The results of the empirical study revealed other relevant variables that should be considered in order to characterize business models oriented to sustainable urban mobility in Brazil context, in addition to some barriers associated with the development of these initiatives. In this way, the research results allowed to enrich the conceptual framework proposed initially with the incorporation of new analysis dimensions, as well as to obtain a broader perspective on how business models can promote sustainable urban mobility.

Since the early 1960s the government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has had several urban development strategies that have been designed to spearhead development through the deployment of internationally recognised architects and urban planners. The adoption of this strategy has opened debate on the paradigm shift away from restrictive planning regulations at both national and regional levels. The process has enabled foreign policies and ideas based on internationalisation to drive the new urban centre developments in Saudi cities including Riyadh and Dammam. In 2008, this key shift saw the traditional restrictive urban development strategies, which prescribed – among other things – the number of storeys a building could have, being replaced by a strategy permitting an unlimited number of storeys. This dissertation examines the role played by international firms of architects and developers in shaping how architecture is practised in the Kingdom. The process has led to the adoption of modern architectural styles and has advanced a modernised planning approach, whereby traditional architectural structures and the use of local materials have gradually been replaced by modern styles, high-tech buildings and the use of new foreign materials, causing the loss of historic buildings throughout the country. This is seen by many to constitute an injury to national culture and could lead to cultural conflicts that may be exacerbated by the possible importation of planning principles and regulations. A chronological review of internationalisation and how international architectural practices have been mobilised to work in the KSA reveals the impact of this process on the Kingdom’s urban development. While this may be desired by the authorities, it has been argued that the process does not seem to provide any clear strategy for the implementation of the desired sustainable urban centre development in the KSA. Hence, in the absence of clear directives, international architectural firms operate their own set of sustainability criteria to deliver the desired urban centres in the Kingdom. There has been little or no research into the mobilisation of international firms and foreign policies, nor into the impact of internationalisation on the development of planning codes, the modernisation of urban centres and the sustainability approach espoused by the KSA’s planning development strategy. This study investigates the impact of the participation of international firms in Saudi Arabia’s urban development. Government planning regulations and master plans are reviewed and a case study is conducted to identify the factors behind the engagement of international firms in the delivery of two capital projects: the King Abdullah Financial District in Riyadh and the Central Business District in Dammam. The study also explores the concept of sustainability and the engagement of foreign firms from the perspectives of various stakeholders through face-to-face interviews and a structured questionnaire. It establishes how the role of internationalisation as a driver of policy mobility has impacted on the new sustainable urban centres and in addition, how internationalisation has been operationalised through the notion of sustainability. Although planning codes and regulations may have been developed with good intent by the international firms concerned, their implementation has not yielded the desired result of delivering sustainable urban centres in the KSA. Thus, there is a conflict between a rapid urban development which seeks to integrate historical and traditional contexts on one hand, and the continual import and impact of globalised morphologies on the other. This leads to clear demarcations in urban evolution, making this conflict one of the key characteristics of emerging urban centres in the KSA.

D.Litt. et Phil. (Sociology) / This study explores local state constructions of citizenship for the residents of informal settlements in urban South Africa during the first decade of local democracy, with a focus on the last electoral term of this period. While many studies in the social sciences have reported on citizenship experiences and self-help strategies of various categories of residents of post-apartheid South Africa, few have directed their gaze at the state, or studied up by investigating powerful respondents or sites and processes of power. Given that the state has its most direct dealings with the grassroots at local government level, and that compared to ordinary people it holds a disproportionate amount of power over citizenship, the character and strategies of the local state in South Africa are critical for a comprehensive understanding of post-apartheid urban citizenship. The study focuses on the policy area of housing as a key response to informal settlement. A constrained developmental local state has emerged in the post-apartheid period in South Africa, exhibiting both Weberian and non-Weberian qualities in its political-administrative interface. While very little evidence of a skills shortage or limited capacity has surfaced in the policy area of housing in the metropolitan municipalities of Johannesburg and Tshwane, respondents in both sites reported that the available funds from the central state were vastly insufficient for addressing the identified housing need. This severely limited local state capacity to respond to the priorities identified by community consultation and systematic needs assessment and resulted in a perceived imperative to limit responsibility and supplement funds. Consequently, the two local authorities have managed their level of responsibility by changing definitions of informal settlement. In an attempt to lower dependence on the local state, they have also moved some responsibility for responding to informal settlement and housing need away from the local state. Although the lack of funds was deplored in both cities, their specific strategies have differed in important ways. In the City of Johannesburg, the local state recognised that housing shortages and informal settlement could not be adequately addressed if categories of nonqualifiers such as foreigners were excluded from city programmes. Elected councillors therefore argued for a relaxation of the criteria in the national Housing Code. To access more funds, the local state has relied heavily on the private sector, but this is likely to push the poor out of the urban centre and to isolate them from economic opportunities, which reinforces the apartheid spatial distribution. In order to reach a larger proportion of the population in need of assistance, the City of Tshwane preferred to focus its efforts on the provision of serviced sites rather than on housing. This strategy was implemented in addition to severe repression in the form of eviction and destruction of informal settlements as well as a policy of zero tolerance of new informal settlement, for which two related rationalisations were offered by respondents: the high portion of non-qualifiers who live in informal settlements and, in particular, the presence of foreigners, for whom they would not accept responsibility. While the City of Johannesburg’s outsourcing of low-income housing serves to extend the disproportionate influence of the private sector over elements of urban citizenship, the City of Tshwane’s exclusion of non-qualifiers and its forced removal of informal settlements represent a unilateral approach to constructing citizenship. In both cases, the result is a degree of continuity with the early colonial administrations and the apartheid government. Both methods have also inflated the achievements of the cities. The overall result has been the construction of a narrow, shallow and punitive urban citizenship for residents of informal settlements in South Africa since the advent of local democracy in 2000.

The drainage behaviour of sports pitches is not well understood nor has performance been measured in the past. Within planning authorities there is a perceived contribution of pitch water discharge to local flood risk; whereby all the rainfall surface runoff is rapidly channelled through the drainage system to the pitch outfall. However, empirical evidence from industry suggested that this may not be a realistic assumption from observations of low drainage volumes yielded from pitch drainage systems. Furthermore, discharge constraints imposed have in many cases resulted in grossly over-designed off-line drainage attenuation systems for new sports developments through lack of understanding. In contrast, sports pitches indeed have the potential to enhance the attenuation performance of the subsoils and provide localised effective management of surface water runoff, and a significant storage volume if designed appropriately The findings in this thesis confirm that pitch bases demonstrate the key functions that are in fact reflected in the design requirements of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS). This PhD research project was conducted to investigate and document the performance of common pitch construction and drainage systems to better characterise the key drainage mechanisms that occur and control the flow of surface rain water through the pitch to the discharge outfall. The project developed a triangulated approach to the investigations, comprising: field measurements of climate and discharge behaviour at a range of artificial and natural turf pitches in England; laboratory physical model testing of pitch component hydraulics; and predictive mathematical modelling of how a pitch system may be expected to perform hydraulically based on key material and system drainage principles. The field monitoring systems were developed as part of the research, as was bespoke laboratory physical simulation of a pitch construction. It was found that very variable yields (% out versus % in) of water were detected from the monitored field sites. The values varied across a range of < 1 to 88%, with the natural turf providing higher yields in general. The antecedent weather patterns did not show a clear relationship with yield as might have been expected. However, it was not always possible to retrieve detailed information on the subsoil conditions or hydraulic capability reducing the conclusiveness of the discharge flow measurements. The scaled laboratory testing of pitch materials established the importance and magnitude of barriers to percolation of surface water through the layers of the pitch constructions, in particular artificial pitch profiles. It was found that a significant proportion of the total rainfall head was required to instigate percolation of surface water through the carpet and into the pitch i.e. breakthrough head. In addition, several constituent pitch materials exhibited water retention characteristics that reduced that rate of free percolation of surface water through the pitch profile. The net impact is to reduce the net available head of water to further drive flow through the layers to the pipe network drainage system. A conceptual hydraulic model, developed from the literature, was further developed into a simple numerical model. The model was informed by parameters determined from the laboratory measurements and key groundwater drainage flow theory to attempt to replicate a pitch drainage system. It was envisaged that the models would be validated by the field data, although this proved challenging as a result of the field data variability and the multivariate nature of the influences on flows measured. A key finding of the modelling was further establishing the likely head of water generated at the interfaces between the bottom of the granular sub-base and the pipe collection drainage system beneath. This resulted in limited pipe infiltration and low total flows to the outfall, further corroborating the project field results and the anecdotal observations from practitioners. The combined unique data sets provide a refined model for sports pitch drainage to both reinforce understanding and inform practical design and operation.

Submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / There is a growing need for co-ordination of design, sustainability, economic and environmental aspects of infrastructure projects. The provision of civil infrastructure has a major impact on the natural environment and on the quality of life. A literature review conducted highlighted that infrastructure development was focused mainly on the financial and engineering aspects of projects. There is an urgent need to apply technologies and methods that deliver better and more sustainable performance of civil infrastructure as well as a need to establish a standard of measurement for greener infrastructure. The literature review revealed that the existing tools do not adequately rate and monitor civil engineering infrastructure design decisions from concept stage, through to detailed design and implementation. The objectives of the research were to identify green design technologies that can be used in township infrastructure and to encourage sustainable design on infrastructure township services, at various stages of the project. This would require the development of a green reporting system that incorporates environmentally friendly infrastructure design solutions. This study identified alternative eco-efficient civil infrastructure design solutions and developed sustainability criteria to analyse the eco-efficiency of infrastructure projects. The study proposed a Green Township Infrastructure Design Toolkit aimed at ensuring high-performance, eco-efficient, economical and environmentally friendly design decisions on stormwater, roads, water and sanitation related to township infrastructure projects. Various case studies were undertaken on a range of infrastructure projects to ensure consistency and reliability of the toolkit. Through a series of green reports, developed for each stage of a project, the toolkit measured the environmental efficiency of the design solutions. Recommendations suggest that engineering practitioners should endeavour to integrate greener engineering solutions into the traditional method of designing of infrastructure projects. The Green Township Infrastructure Design Toolkit with the use of its green reporting tools ensures the design of sustainable township infrastructure services, by progressively ensuring efficient, affordable, economical and sustainable provision of infrastructure services. / D

Orientador: Bárbara Stolte Bezerra / Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar a perspectiva do transporte público por ônibus em 2030 nas cidades de pequeno e médio porte, com enfoque na mobilidade urbana sustentável. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foram traçados quatro objetivos de pesquisa específicos: elaborar projeções para o transporte público por ônibus e desenvolver um questionário; avaliar estas projeções quanto à probabilidade de ocorrência, impacto no setor de transporte público por ônibus e desjabilidade de ocorrência das projeções, através do resultado de um painel de especialistas, utilizando o questionário desenvolvido no item anterior; avaliar a formação de um construto de fatores importantes para o transporte público por ônibus relacionados com a mobilidade urbana sustentável em cidades de pequeno e médio porte brasileiras a partir das variáveis do questionário; selecionar as variáveis que terão maior impacto para o transporte público por ônibus. O questionário foi aplicado a especialistas na área de transporte público urbano (TPU). Para a análise dos dados foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas: cálculo do grau de concordância, Análise Fatorial Exploratória e Regressão Logística. A análise dos dados apontou 3 projeções que tem maior probabilidade de ocorrência: P6-Os ônibus de TPU, das cidades de pequeno e médio porte serão gradativamente conectados e se comunicarão uns com os outros e com a infraestrutura; P9-O TPU por ônibus será um importante elo na integração com outros modais mais... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research aimed to analyze the perspective of public bus transport in 2030 in small and medium-sized cities, with a focus on sustainable urban mobility. For the development of the research, four specific research objectives were outlined: to elaborate projections for public transport by bus and to develop a questionnaire; evaluate these projections as to the probability of occurrence, impact on the public transport sector by bus and the desirability of occurrence of the projections, through the result of a panel of experts, using the questionnaire developed in the previous item; evaluate the formation of a construct of important factors for public bus transport related to sustainable urban mobility in small and medium-sized Brazilian cities based on factors and variables in the questionnaire; select the variables that will have the greatest impact on public transport by bus. The questionnaire was applied to specialists in urban public transport (UPT) and for the analysis of the collected data the following techniques were used: calculation of the degree of agreement, exploratory factor analysis and logistic regression. Data analysis pointed to three probable projections to occur in 2030: P6- Buses from UPT, small and medium-sized cities will be gradually connected and will communicate with each other and with the infrastructure; P9-UPT by bus will be an important link in the integration with other more sustainable modes (walking, bicycle, scooter, etc.) in small and mediu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Understanding household long-term decisions concerning residential location/relocation, car ownership and short-term activity travel choices are crucial for land use and transport planning. However, when addressing these issues, multitudes of choice models applying individual or unitary household decision-making mechanisms have dominated in transport studies, ignoring the interactions among household members in consensual decision making in real situations. To promote the investigation of these issues from a group decision-making perspective, this study explores the applicability of various group decision-making approaches to investigate multiple long-term decisions and short-term choices. Specifically, this thesis has four main research objectives: 1) adopt a utilitarian approach to develop an integrated model that links household members' consensual long-term decisions like housing, vehicle ownership and short-term activity-travel decisions like time use, explicitly capturing expenditure tradeoff for long-term decisions on housing and car ownership; 2) employ the Nash bargaining approach to model household members' consensual car ownership choice and examine this choice from the perspective of household time allocation; 3) apply an egalitarian bargaining approach (capture household members' concern for equity) to model household residential relocation choice, make a comparative study among this approach, Nash bargaining approach, and conventional utilitarian approach, and then accommodate these heterogeneous group decision mechanisms in a unified modeling framework; 4) examine the impacts of vehicle usage rationing policy on household car ownership and spouses' time allocation patterns. The database that serves for empirical applications of the formulated models is from a two-wave household activity-travel diary survey conducted in Beijing. This thesis contributes to current literature by adopting new approaches to investigate various group decision-making mechanisms among household members, comparing and assessing the predictive performance of different group decision approaches, as well as explicitly capturing household's long-term expenditure tradeoff. Insights and findings from this study are helpful for gaining profound understanding of spatial distribution of residence, household car ownership and individuals' activity-travel patterns, which will be conducive to the formulation of relevant policies for sustainable urban development.

Through a methodological approach this project examines possibilites for a more flexible and direct citizien participation within the framework of an urban design project. Allthroughout the process opportunities to influence the progressing workflow is exemplified by recurring phases of participation. The case study of examining the transformation of a motorized highway into an urban street network also serves as an interesting plattform which from an analytical perspective presents a variety of different presets that exposes valuable assets for the development.

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