This work deals with the comparison of enterprise in the Czech Republic and Switzerland from the legal point of view. The focus is on the company law and comparison of the main characteristics of business units existing in the both countries. In the first chapter, general characteristics of enterprise are briefly introduced, including the legal definitions. Second chapter includes overview of possible business units and short introduction of a sole trader as a natural person and of the companies as juristic persons. In the following chapter, legal sources are described by which the enterprise is regulated in both countries. The last chapter is the most important part of this work, which deals with the comparison of the mostly used forms of companies in both countries. This part is focused on the differences shown in both legal relulations in connection with the structure of the certain form of company and its internal and external relations. At the end of each subchapter is mentioned also practical use of the company.

The goal with this project has been to develop an application where a user can create and manage tournaments that uses the Swiss format. The application would consist of one display page that can be used to show the current state of the tournament for all the competitors, and one admin page where a user can update match results and generate a new round of matches. The application has been developed with Node.js on the server side and the JavaScript library React on the client side. All the React code is written in the modern way with functional components and the usage of React Hooks. The document based database MongoDB has been used for the application. Real time-updates has been implemented with the library Socket.IO The project has led to a well-functioning application where a user can create och manage a tournament and where all the updates are done in real time in a neat and smooth way. The creator of the tournament can share both the admin page and the display page to other people who want to see the tournament result by sharing the link to the specific tournament. / Målet med denna projektuppgift har varit att utveckla en applikation där användare kan skapa och hantera turneringar som använder sig av Swiss-formatet. Applikationen skulle bestå av dels en uppvisningssida som kan användas till att visa upp turneringens aktuella resultat för medtävlande och dels en administrationssida där en användare kan uppdatera matchresultat och generera en ny omgång matcher. Applikationen har utvecklats med Node.js till serversidan och JavaScript-biblioteket React på klientsidan. All React-kod är skriven med funktionskomponenter och React Hooks, vilket är det moderna sättet att utveckla i React på. Som databas till applikationen har en dokumentbaserad databas använts: MongoDB. Realtidsuppdateringarna har möjliggjorts med hjälp av biblioteket Socket.IO. Projektet har lett till en väl fungerande applikation där en användare kan skapa och hantera en turnering, och där alla uppdateringar sker i realtid på ett snyggt och smidigt sätt. Skaparen av turneringen kan dela med sig både administrationssidan och uppvisningssidan till andra personer som vill se turneringsresultaten genom att dela länken till den specifika turneringen.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the media are constantly drawing attention to human rights violations caused by multinational corporations abroad (MNC). Due to the lack of an adequate framework to hold corporations accountable for their corporate misconduct across borders, there is a liability gap. Extensive research has been undertaken by political philosophers as well as lawyers attempting to fill the gap, leaving the question why it still exists. Currently, there is a debate in the Swiss parliament about the implementation of a constitutional law which could fill this gap. By conducting an argumentation analysis on the parliamentary debate about the Swiss Business Initiative (SBI), this thesis seeks to analyze how politicians are framing the debate, as well as what normative concerns of the academy have been discussed or left out. Finally, the paper concludes with seven findings that could be focused on more in praxis.

Wladimir Vogel's (1896-1984) interest in twelve-tone composition began to develop in 1936 after hearing a series of lectures by Willi Reich, a music critic and supporter of the new music of the Second Viennese School. The transition for Vogel from a large-scale orchestral “classical” style, influenced by his study with Ferruccio Busoni in Berlin in the early 1920s, to a new technique involving dodecaphony is apparent in his instrumental writing, the third and fourth movements of the Konzert für Violine und Orchester (1937), as well as in his vocal writing, the Madrigaux for mixed a cappella choir (1938/39). Vogel's twelve-tone works exhibit tertian structures which are particularly emphasized by triads located as consecutive pitches within the rows. Emphasis on tertian structures are not limited to small-scale segmentation of the rows but can also be seen in the structural and tonal organization of complete movements and works. A primary example is the Konzert für Violoncello und Orchester (Cello Concerto) (1955) in which, on a smaller scale, the presentation of the row emphasizes both diminished and minor triads, and at the macro level, the structural triadic relationships unify passages within individual movements as well as the concerto as a whole. Since the work is composed using the twelve-tone method, consideration is given to the structure of the serial components. In addition, the concerto is analyzed in terms of its cognitive features-those elements that are demonstrably related to traditional practice- such as tertian melodic/harmonic outlines reinforced by rhythmic features that are common to eighteenth- and nineteenth-century practice. The compositional features evident from the serial structure of the work are addressed in conjunction with references to traditional practice made evident through the serial technique. The findings in the analysis of the Cello Concerto support the argument that the inclusion of consonant sonorities and tertian structures in Vogel's works results in a certain degree of tonal coherence while the large-scale compositional framework is dodecaphonic.

Since 2007, Swiss caselaw has developed in a satisfactory manner with regard to the enforcement of multi-tiered clauses. Not only has the Swiss Federal Supreme Court clearly established the cumulative requirements that have to be met to enforce the pre-arbitral tier contained in a multi-tiered clause when a party does not comply with it and directly files an arbitration claim, but the Court has also resolved the question of how the arbitral tribunal should sanction such a violation. In contrast, the issue of the nature of multi-tiered clauses has never benefited from the same attention. Yet, this is a fundamental question as it primarily determines whether the Swiss Federal Supreme Court can review arbitral decisions on claims of non-compliance.   The thesis provides a critical assessment of how Swiss caselaw defines the nature of multi-tiered clauses. The author argues that classifying claims of non-compliance as raising a jurisdictional issue is a mistake and leads to an unjustified extension of the scope of judicial review through the application of art. 190(2)(b) PILA.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture, Plant Protection)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / The unavailability of environment-friendly nematicides for managing root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes in crop husbandry have led to various alternative methods being sort which includes the development of cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides. The cited phytonematicides consistently suppressed nematode numbers on different crops under greenhouse, microplot and field conditions, although there is lack of information on how the products would affect susceptible Swiss chard infected by root-knot nematodes. Swiss chard is one of most nutritious vegetables, grown throughout the year and is well adapted to different soil types. However, these products have the potential to induce phytotoxicity on various crops, if applied improperly. Phytotoxicity of phytonematicides on different crops, has been resolved by deriving Mean Concentration Stimulation Point (MCSP). The MCSP, developed using the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Data (CARD) computer-based model, is crop-specific, hence it should be developed for every crop. The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) whether population densities of Meloidogyne species, growth and accumulation of selected nutrient elements in Swiss chard would respond to increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides under greenhouse and microplot conditions and (2) whether the nemarioc-group and nemafric-group phytonematicides in liquid and granular formulations would affect population densities of Meloidogyne species and the productivity of Swiss chard with related accumulation of nutrient elements in leaf tissues under field conditions. Parallel experiments for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were conducted concurrently under greenhouse and microplot conditions. Greenhouse experiment was prepared by arranging 25-cm-diameter plasticpods on greenhouse benches, whereas microplot experiment was prepared by digging holes and inserting 30-cm-diameter plastic pots in the field. The four-week-old Swiss chard seedlings were transplanted into the pots, filled with steam-pasteurised loam, sand and Hygromix-T at 3:1:1 (v/v) ratio. Treatments comprised 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64% phytonematicides arranged in randomised complete block design (RCBD), with six replications. Treatments were applied seven days after inoculation, with 3000 eggs and J2 of M. incognita race 4 under greenhouse conditions, whereas under microplot conditions were inoculated with 6000 eggs and J2 of M. javanica. Under field conditions, treatments comprised untreated control (0), 2 g Nemarioc-AG and 3% Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides (nemarioc-group) or 0, 2 g Nemafric-BG and 3% Nemafric-BL phytonematicides (nemafric-group), arranged in RCBD, each experiment with 8 replications. At 56 days after initiation of treatments, eggs in roots, J2 in roots and Pf exhibited negative quadratic relations under both greenhouse and microplot conditions. Under greenhouse conditions, dry shoot mass (R2 = 0.81), dry root mass (R2 = 0.87) and leaf number (R2 = 0.91) over Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations. In contrast, dry shoot mass (R2 = 0.78), dry root mass (R2 = 0.93) and leaf number (R2 = 0.70) over Nemafric-BL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations. Under microplot conditions, dry shoot mass (R2 = 0.95) and gall rating (R2 = 0.96) over Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide, exhibited positive quadratic relations. Dry shoot mass (R2 = 0.84) and gall rating (R2 = 0.97) versus Nemafric-BL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations. Selected nutrient elements under greenhouse conditions K (R2 = 0.96), Ca (R2 = 0.79), Mg (R2 = 0.64), Fe (R2 = 0.78) and Zn (R2 = 0.77) over Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations. In contrast, only Ca (R2 = 0.90), Mg (R2 = 0.68) and Zn (R2 = 0.84) over Nemafric-BL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations, whereas K (R2 = 0.72) and Fe (R2 = 0.63) over the product exhibited negative quadratic relations. Under microplot conditions, K (R2 = 0.82), Ca (R2 = 0.90) and Mg (R2 = 0.98) over Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations, whereas Fe (R2 = 0.91) and Zn (R2 = 0.79) over the product exhibited negative quadratic relations. In contrast, K (R2 = 0.60), Ca (R2 = 0.68) and Zn (R2 = 0.95) over Nemafric-BL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relation, whereas Mg and Fe over the product did not have significant relationships. Under greenhouse conditions, MCSP values for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides on Swiss chard were 3.03 and 2.36%, whereas overall sensitivity (∑k) values of the crop to the product were 3 and 0 units, respectively. In contrast, MCSP values of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides on Swiss chard under microplot conditions was successfully established at 3.71 and 3.33%, whereas the ∑k values were 2 and 1 units, respectively. Under field conditions, at 64 days after initiating the treatments, the nemarioc-group phytonematicides had highly significant effects on eggs in roots and reproductive potential (RP), contributing 79 and 77% in total treatment variation (TTV) of the respective variables. In contrast, the nemafric-group phytonematicides had highly significant effects on eggs in roots and RP, contributing 67 and 76% in TTV of the respective variables. Under field conditions, all plant growth variables were not significantly affected by the treatments. The nemarioc-group phytonematicides had significant effects on K and Mg in leaf tissues of Swiss chard, contributing nemafric-group phytonematicides had significant effects on Mg, contributing 62% in TTV of the variable. In conclusion, the products could be used on Swiss chard for managing population densities of Meloidogyne species. However, due to the sensitivity of Swiss chard to the products, it would be necessary to use the derived MCSP values to determine the application intervals of the products on the test cultigen / National Research Foundation (NRF) Agricultural Research Council (ARC)

In Sweden there is no legal regulation for the obligations and responsibilities between the contracting parties within the construction, civil engineering and installation sector. To clarify uncertainties regarding the liability, actors from theses sectors have agreed upon a voluntary regulation, called the General Conditions of Contract. When insurance companies want to enter the Swedish construction insurance market, they face a regulatory framework that not only regulates the construction market, it also imposes requirements on terms and conditions that must be included in the construction insurance. These terms are perceived as ambiguities and create difficulties and inhibit the ability for these insurance companies to offer competitive insurances. One of the terms that create these difficulties is the guarantee period, which is period of time starting from handing over the construction project to the employer, during this period the contractor still has the responsibility for the construction project. The guarantee period regulated by the General Condition of Contracts differs from the international use of the term both in length and in content. The purpose of this thesis is to expose the differences and similarities between the term "guarantee" in comprehensive all risk insurance regulated by the General Conditions of Contract; AB 04 and ABT 06 with two international used insurance policies from reinsurance companies Munich Re and Swiss Re and defect exclusions LEG and DE. The problem discussed in this thesis is whether the exposure of risk for the insurance companies during the guarantee period is comparable or if they deviate? The results presented in this thesis indicates that the guarantee period regulated by AB 04 represents a lower risk exposure than the guarantee period regulated by ABT 06 and that the guarantee period regulated by ABT 06 is most comparable to guarantee period compared in this thesis. The result presented partially confirms simultaneously partially refutes the apprehension insurance companies have regarding the guarantee period according to the General Conditions of Contract, this knowledge about the guarantee period can be used so that more insurance companies can establish on the Swedish construction insurance market. / I Sverige finns ingen lag som reglerar skyldigheter och det ansvar parterna har i entreprenader inom bygg-, anläggnings- och installationssektorn. För att lösa ansvarsfrågan har byggsektorns aktörer enats om en frivillig reglering, Allmänna Bestämmelser. När försäkringsbolag vill ta sig in på den svenska entreprenadförsäkringsmarknaden ställs de inför ett regelverk som inte bara reglerar entreprenadmarknaden utan även ställer krav och villkor på vad entreprenadförsäkringar måste innehålla. Dessa villkor upplevs som främmande och skapar problem för försäkringsbolagen och hämmar möjligheten att erbjuda konkurrensmässiga försäkringar. Ett av dessa villkor som skapar problem är garantitiden, den tid efter avlämnandet, då entreprenören fortfarande har ett ansvar för entreprenaden. Denna garantitid skiljer sig från de internationellt använda försäkringarna både i tid och i omfattning. Syftet med arbetet är att frilägga skillnader och likheter mellan begreppet "garantitid" i allriskförsäkringar enligt Allmänna Bestämmelser AB 04 och ABT 06 respektive två internationellt använda försäkringar från återförsäkringsbolagen Munich Re och Swiss Re och defektundantagen LEG och DE. Frågeställningen som behandlats är om riskexponering är jämförbar i de olika försäkringars garantitider eller om de skiljer sig åt? Resultaten som presenteras i arbetet visar att garantitiden i AB 04 innebär en lägre riskexponering än vad garantitiden i ABT 06 gör och att ABT 06 är den garantitid som är mest jämförbar med garantitider i de jämförande försäkringarna. Genom att detta resultat kan presenteras som delvis bekräftar samtidigt delvis motbevisar den farhåga försäkringsbolag har angående garantitiden enligt AB kan denna kunskap om garantitiden innebära att fler försäkringsbolag kan ta sig in på den svenska entreprenadförsäkringsmarknaden.

Based on the conceptual argument that the European apprenticeship might explain cross-national variability in adolescent adjustment, the current investigation tested the relationships between mentoring experiences, namely joint activities with mentors as well as perceived mentoring behaviors by unrelated adults in the work setting, and measures of both psychosocial competencies (job skills, self esteem, and well-being) and measures of adjustment (alcohol use, drug use, and deviance). Data were collected from n = 2735 Swiss apprentices and n = 368 U.S. part-time employees who attended high school. Findings provide evidence that perceived mentoring behaviors by unrelated adults in the work setting in both developmental contexts were associated with both psychosocial competencies and adjustment indicators. Contrary to the idea that the European apprenticeship may provide a unique "protective" developmental experience for youth in comparison with U.S. adolescents who work part-time, adolescents in both contexts benefited equally from good mentoring experiences.

Passengers rank safety as a key factor in airline choice. Thus, safety performance impacts an airline's ability to attract customers. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship and difference between airline category low-cost carriers (LCCs) and full-service carriers (FSCs), geographical region, and safety performance measured by accident rates. The target population comprised all airlines in all countries that had an accident during the 14-year period 2004 to 2017. Data consisted of archival data of all global airline accidents and airline departure frequencies for the 14-year period. The theory of organizational accidents in complex sociotechnical systems explains the relationship between LCC and FSC safety performance, as well as between global geographical regions. The Swiss cheese model of organizational accidents theoretical framework remains a relevant model to examine airline accidents and improve airline safety. Data analysis consisted of the t test, ANOVA, correlation, and regression analysis. LCCs were found to be as safe as FSCs on a global level, and safer than FSCs in some regions. There were regional differences in safety, with North America being safer than Africa. The implications for positive social change include the potential for airline leaders to improve the safety image of their airline and provide passengers a better understanding of airline safety. Providing passengers with information on airline safety performance allows passengers to make informed choices on using different categories of airlines in different geographical regions. The research may result in new travel opportunities for travelers that were previously unrealized due to safety concerns, particularly around the increased use of LCCs.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)