Along with the rising and flourishing development of the modern technology and human knowledge, the demands for optical-electric products and communication systems are getting more and more. By combining the semi-conductor technology process with micro optical elements, a complete micro optical system can be integrated. The functions of a micro optical system include beam-splitting, beam-light offsetting, focusing, and switching, etc. Letting micro optical elements be integrated on a substrate, the fix and alignment problems, which are caused by the relative displacements between the elements, can be improved. Also, the production rate can be increased and cost can be reduced if the products are made by micro mold and array fabricated process. Thus, the technology of the Micro Optical Electro Mechanical System is widely applied to manufacture the products of optical-electric and communication, such as the backlight module of a LCD, projector, and optical fiber communication system, etc. The main purpose of this study is to design and fabricate a microball-lens array, and to apply it to couple optical fibers. The proposed product is a 3D micro-ball-lens array with vertical and non-vertical focus directions and better coupling efficiency. A v-groove is fabricated by using semi-conductor technology in order to fix the micro-ball-lens array and optical fiber such that an optical fiber switch coupling system can be obtained. The packaging of the optical fiber switch coupling system is formed by UV-cure and a microcap which is fabricated by MEMS. It can provide the protection to the system. Also, the completed system can achieve the demands of the industry fields such as precise localization, cost reduction and so on.

Nowadays, the methods of improving the Reliability of network packets are existent. Some start with the software and others with the hardware. For example, like the Dual System, Redundancy or Fault Tolerant Network, etc. However, it costs a lot to construct the required mechanism, and these methods are not reliable for some special network packets, like the UDP packet. Is there a method to raise the reliability of UDP packet just to increase the software equipments or hardware equipments? The network controller that improves the Reliability of UDP Packets in this thesis uses the same two packets, and it transfers the two packets into different network paths to the same destination workstation. This mechanism can avoid the network accidents causing by the network wires breaking or the network switch machine turn-off, and the destination workstation can¡¦t be hurt from the damage of losing the information carried by UDP packets. Moreover, this method can detect the network accidents as the function of the Fault Tolerant Network by using the dual packets, and send signals to alert the network manager ahead of time. In addition, by using the network controller, network manager or constructor mentioned in this thesis, the RNP topology can be easily built, just by connecting the RNP type wires to the network switches or network bridges.

We propose a novel call admission control which makes use of ratio-based traffic measurement to estimate the required bandwidth when a new call is issued. Existing approaches fail to estimate properly the required bandwidth. To alleviate the problem, we calculate the ratio between the measured mean rate and the mean rate declared by UPC parameters. The ratio and the target cell loss rate are used to estimate the required bandwidth to make decision if a new call is accepted or rejected. Because of more accurate estimation of required bandwidth, our method can provide a better control on quality of service.

To enhance the cost effectiveness of the distribution automation system (DAS), this thesis proposes the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to derive the Line Switch Unit Commitment by minimizing the total cost of customer service outage and investment cost of line switches. A brief introduction of the smart grids and the DAS implemented by Taipower is described. The customer interruption cost is determined according to the customer type, loading, outage frequency and number of automated line switches in the feeder. The ANNs models were created for a radial feeder and an open tie feeder, and then implemented with the load growth in order to determine the year for the next line switch to be added. The neural network model for the line switch unit commitment is derived after performing the training using MATLAB/Neural Network Toolbox. A sensitivity analysis of the impacts of the loading and the outage frequency in the line switch unit commitment is studied in this thesis and a comparison between the radial feeder and the open tie feeder is also shown in the results. After the creation of the neural network model for the two types of feeder topology, we implement the model to determine the unit commitment of line switches for two Panamanian distribution feeders. The results of computer simulation show how many automatic line switches should be installed on the feeder for the first year and in which year the line switch should be added. It is found that the total cost function of customer outage and line switch investment can be minimized by considering the load growth of distribution feeders over the study period.

<p>The data acquisition system COMET developed by Saab AB contains a unit for signal conditioning and A/D conversion, called KSM. The varieties in signal conditioning constitutes of a number of specific PBAs and maintenance as well as reconfiguration of these are complicated not to mention costly. This thesis has aimed to investigating whether the signal conditioning circuits can be replaced by a general purpose, programmable solution. If so, how can this be done? </p><p>The development has been carried out by evaluating ideas through the use of a laboratory environment and has resulted in an analog design for laboratory purpose. A reconfigurable design is the result of this thesis as an alternative to the solution used today. In the proposed design mainly digital otentiometers, switches and MUXes are used. In that way signal path and overall behaviour can be selected. Some extensions have been made in comparison to the current functionality, but additional development is necessary to make the design complete. </p><p>Future versions of the COMET system could be significantly improved by considering the result of this thesis when developing the signal conditioning circuitry.</p>

Att ha grafiska applikationer i webben har blivit allt mer vanligt sedan World Wide Web kom till i slutet på 80-talet. Till en början handlade det om effektfulla interaktiva element så som reklamskyltar, logotyper och menyknappar. Idag år 2015 har webbläsarna utvecklats så pass långt att inga tredjepartsprogram krävs för att interaktiv grafik ska fungera, vilket tidigare var fallet. Grafiska funktioner och bibliotek finns nu istället inbyggda i webbläsaren. De tekniker som denna rapport/arbete ska behandla är Canvas och WebGL. Dessa är tekniker som används för att presentera interaktiv grafik på webben. WebGL är ett grafiskt bibliotek som bygger på ett känt grafiskt bibliotek vid namnet OpenGL, men konstruerat för webben. Grafiken är hårdvaruaccelererad precis som OpenGL, vilket innebär att tekniken kan åstadkomma relativt kraftfull grafik för att vara en webbapplikation. För en utbildad webbutvecklare kan WebGL upplevas som en svårare värld jämfört med Canvas som ligger närmare en webbutvecklares kunskapsområde. Canvas har även en större tillgänglighet bland webbläsare än WebGL. Detta arbete ska redovisa hur dessa två tekniker förhåller sig till varandra i utritningshastighet tillsammans med en bildteknik kallad Atlas. Atlas teknik är enkelt förklarat när ett bildobjekt är som en atlas med flertal bildobjekt där i som hade kunnat motsvara separata bildobjekt. Detta examensarbete kommer jämföra alla fallen i ett experiment för att kunna ge svar på hur prestanda i utritningshastighet står sig mellan teknikerna Canvas och WebGL med eller utan Atlas teknik.

This work focuses on different kinds of Switch Mode Power Amplifiers (SMPAs) using LDMOS technologies. It involves a literature study of different SMPA concepts. Choosing the suitable class that achieves the high efficiency was the base stone of this work. A push-pull class J power amplifier (PA) was designed with an integrated LC resonator inside the package using the bondwires and die capacitances. Analysis and motivation of the chosen class is included. Designing the suitable Input/Output printed circuit board (PCB) external circuits (i.e.; BALUN circuit, Matching network and DC bias network) was part of the work. This work is done by ADS simulation and showed a simulated result of about 70% drain efficiency for 34 W output power and 16 dB gain at 2.14 GHz. Study of the losses in each part of the design elements is also included. Another design at lower frequency (i.e.; at 0.94 GHz) was also simulated and compared to the previous design. The drain efficiency was 83% for 32 W output power and 15.4 dB Gain.

The design procedure for ultrafast silicon electro-optic switches using photonic crystals in order optimize the operation of the electro-optic switch is presented. The material medium selected for propagation of the optical signal through the switch is silicon nanocrystals in silica. A patterned slot waveguide with one-dimensional photonic crystals is proposed as the preferred slow light waveguide to be used in the design of the electro-optic switch. The ultrafast quadratic electro-optic Kerr effect is the physical effect utilized, and its analysis for slot waveguides is discussed. The optical structure analysis of the electro-optic switch using a ring resonator is presented and it is shown that the use of a slow light waveguide in the ring resonator can reduce the required externally applied electric field and the radius of the ring resonator.

The ability to rationally or randomly modify proteins has expanded their employment in various bioanalytical applications. The bioluminescent protein, aequorin, has been employed as a reporter for decades due to its simplistic, non-hazardous nature and its high sensitivity of detection. More recently aequorin has been subject to spectral tuning. Techniques such as random and site-directed mutagenesis, the incorporation of coelenterazine analogues and the incorporation of non-natural amino acids have expanded the palette of aequorin by altering their emission wavelengths and/or half-lifes. Due to the increased diversity of aequorin, it can be used in multianalyte detection. Although aequorin has been studied extensively and has been used as a reporter in a wide array of applications, it has never been employed as a reporter in systems that involve the splitting of aequorin. Herein we describe the splitting of aequorin in such a way where it becomes the reporter protein in the development of protein-based molecular switches. We have created two distinct protein switches by genetically inserting the glucose-binding protein and the sulfate-binding protein into the aequorin sequence, splitting it in such a manner that it allows for the selective detection of glucose and sulfate, respectively. In a separate investigation, we developed a bioluminescence inhibition binding assay for the detection of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls. These systems have shown that they can be employed in the detection of the respective analyte in biological as well as in environmental samples, which demonstrated a sensitive, fast alternative approach to current methods for on-site screening. Furthermore, we propose the rational design, preparation and use of truncated aequorin fragments in bioanalytical platforms such as multi-analyte detection, protein complementation assays and protein tagging assays based on our discovery that truncated aequorin retains partial bioluminescence emission. One such truncated aequorin demonstrated a large red shift in the emission maximum. It is envisioned that this new red-shifted truncated aequorin will find applications in multi-analyte detection. We anticipate that this work will lead to the discovery of additional functional truncated aequorin fragments that can be employed in novel protein-protein interactions or protein folding systems.

The research presented in this thesis introduces design criteria for development of a new type of self-contained optical biosensor. The study begins with evaluation of a dual label, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) bioassay format, and then goes on to demonstrate a signalling platform that uses an immobilized fluorescent intercalating dye so as to avoid labelling of both the target and probe strands. An extensive survey of FRET pairs that can be used to monitor hybridization events in solution and at solid interfaces was conducted in solution to provide a set of calculated Förster distances for the extrinsic labels Cyanine 3 (Cy3), Cyanine 5 (Cy5), Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA), Iowa Black Fluorescence Quencher (IabFQ) and Iowa Black RQ (IabRQ). FRET parameters using thiazole orange (TO) intercalating dye as a FRET donor for various acceptor dye-labelled DNA conjugates in solution were determined. Limitations associated with quenching mechanisms other than those mediated by FRET motivated the development of a molecular switch that contained intercalating dye. The four binding sites associated with Neutravidin served for assembly of the switch using biotin interactions. One binding site was used to immobilize an unlabelled oligonucleotide probe. The adjacent site was used to immobilize a novel biotinylated TO derivative that could physically reach the probe. On hybridization of the probe with target, the intercalating dye was captured by the hybrid, leading to a change of fluorescence. This reversible signalling mechanism offers a method without nucleic acid labelling to detect nucleic acid association at an interface. A SNP discrimination strategy involving TO and formamide was investigated, and SNP discrimination without the requirement of thermal denaturation was achieved for multiple target lengths, including a 141-base pair PCR amplicon in solution. It was determined that formamide could also provide improvements of signal-to-noise when using thiazole orange to detect hybridization.