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High frequency solid-state switches are critical elements in communication systems, radio frequency (RF) systems and instrumentation. Key parameters to an RF switch include insertion loss while on and off-state isolation. Power handling and linearity are important to consider for a cost-effective construction. This becomes a design challenge into K-band frequencies as components required need to be small, dielectric losses and transmission lines need to be physically matched for proper isolative and through states. This thesis presents a novel single pole eight throw (SP8T) hybrid design composed of commercially available surface mount technology solutions to achieve high isolation and low insertion loss from 2-20GHz. A range of PIN diode solutions were surveyed against key design requirements for the SP8T hybrid switch. There were no commercially available solutions for a SP8T switch using surface mount components. A SP2T switch is combined with two SP4T to make the hybrid model. A wide range of RF switch topologies were simulated and designed into a printed circuit board panel that includes 15 test structures. This board is fabricated on a low loss dielectric material with a 4-layer stack that is operational up to 20 GHz and beyond. An onboard calibration structure including STOL standards are tested through a vector network analyzer to determine losses and reflection. Each switch design is on its own board to better determine the performance of the SP8T hybrid. High frequency coplanar waveguide to 2.4mm coaxial connectors are used to evaluate each board. This design is characterized against individual MMIC and PIN diode boards through switched states in decibels (dB). Second harmonic content is also measured at a target frequency at 2.4GHz for all configurations to determine the magnitude of undesirable spectral content with input power no greater than 10dBm. Results display acceptable loss in the lower half of the frequency band and narrow resonance nearer to 20 GHz due to board loss and reflections. This design has been successful in its design and operation at broadband RF frequencies. Performance characteristics are given in the summary section. Details of the design process and measurement methodology are given in the body of this thesis.

This work deals with addressing the issues related to design of double toggle switch mechanisms with emphasis on structural, dimensional and dynamic aspects. Currently, almost all the issues related to electrical switches are dealt from electromagnetic point of view; the operating mechanism is hardly touched. It is observed that kinematic parameters influence electrical performance of switch significantly. Therefore, there is a need to develop methodologies for supporting exploration of diverse kinematic chains (KCs) for this purpose. Visual inspection is tedious and error prone even when a complete list of design criteria is available, hence, the work presented in the thesis contributes towards automated design of toggle switch mechanisms. In this context, in house modular kinematics data structure is found useful for using it as a tool in the design of toggle switch. Modular kinematics, typically used for kinematic analysis, works on the principle of finding the configuration of a mechanism using a given set of modules by a procedure called module sequence. This module sequence is used and interpreted in a number of ways for its effective use in various design stages. Structurally, a set of seven conditions must be satisfied by a KC to exhibit double toggle. These conditions are broadly classified into three categories: criteria for KC, function assignment criteria and criteria for stoppers. These three criteria are to be checked automatically by use of module sequence in the same order as mentioned. In the criteria for KC, one of the conditions is that, the KC should not have fractionated degrees of freedom (d.o.f.). Hence, detection of fractionation in a KC is inevitable. In literature, is was found that the algorithms for detection operate at their worst case complexity, O(n4), and some of them do not report joint fractionation. Thus, the algorithms are not only robust but also computationally expensive. Therefore, a frugal and comprehensive method O(n2) is implemented to detect fractionation using modular kinematics. Also, inherent structural pattern embedded in fractionated KCs is hardly studied in literature. It is found that the way body and joint fractionation is defined in fractionated KCs is inconsistent. So, fractionation is interpreted as symbolic partitioning of joints and links in the traditional body and joint fractionation types respectively. Based on the number of ways of partitioning, simple and multiple types of fractionation are recognized. Valid partitions are identified using the notion of fractionating and non-fractionating subchains. Relative locations of these subchains influence distribution of d.o.f. across the fractionated KC. Conventional representation of KCs as links and joints or graphs is difficult to comprehend this distribution. For this, a novel concept of fractionation graph is introduced that gives d.o.f. distribution information and the relative locations of the constituent subchains across the KC. Modular kinematics gives a constructive description of fractionated KCs. Characterization of fractionated KCs, based on presence of multiple separation links, is introduced as order of fractionation. Uniqueness for a given order of fractionation is also justified. After the criteria for KC, a KC is tested for feasibility for function assignment criteria. This requires recognition of active and passive subchains of the KC with respect to input and output pairs. For this, module sequence is characterized for recognition of the subchains. Based on these subchains, locations of stoppers are derived. Using this information, an algorithmic approach to assign functions (functions like spring, ground link, input link, etc.) to derive distinct driving mechanisms provided isomorphic elements (links and joints) of the KC are known beforehand, is introduced. The design parameters influencing dimensional synthesis have been identified as dimensions of links, spring anchor points and stopper locations. Sub-problems associated with each parameter are analyzed. It is found out that optimum location of stoppers for selecting operational range of motion is necessary by taking into account the considerations of timing of switch and impact velocity. Based on the analysis, an algorithmic way to design single toggle switch mechanisms is introduced. Timing for closing or opening of a switch is one of the critical measure that determines its performance. Timing should be as low as possible without exceeding the impact velocity at the instant contacts meet each other. Timing of a switch depends on the dimensions of the links, inertial parameters, spring stiffness etc. For a given timing for a mechanism, dynamic synthesis, in this thesis, deals with finding the inertial parameters of the links using Quinn's energy distribution method, modular kinematics, and Nelder and Mead's downhill simplex method for optimization. This thesis helps the designer to use modular kinematics as a potential automated tool to select a valid design to make the solution space more meaningful in the design of toggle switch mechanisms.

I stora nätverksmiljöer kan det idag vara svårt att få en komplett sammanställning av hur många switch-portar som är i bruk. Den lösning som vanligtvis används är manuell inloggning till aktuell switch för kontroll, ett moment med tidsåtgång och som ofta utförs vid enstaka tillfällen. Information riskerar därför att upptäckas för sent med en åtgärd som blir reaktiv. Metoder för att tillgängliggöra informationen på ett sådant sätt att den till stor del kan bli proaktiv kan istället möjliggöra åtgärder i tid men även tillhandahålla aktuell information mer lättillgängligt och i slutändan spara både tid och utgifter för ett företag. Arbetet inriktar sig på framtagandet av en lösning med specifika krav med en inriktning för att förenkla nuvarande moment; att på ett enkelt sätt kunna ta del av dagsaktuell information om status för switch-portar, att kunna få en övergripande bild av fördelningen av switch-portar för en anläggning och möjlighet för notifiering vid gränsöverskridelser. Inledande görs en undersökning av aktuella lösningar som finns att tillgå inom området idag, där flera visar sig ha brister men även saknar nödvändiga funktioner. Då de lösningar som finns tillgängliga idag inte stämmer överens med kraven finns en motivering till framtagandet av en lösning med egna funktioner. Den lösning som tas fram utvecklas med separata funktioner för att inhämta information, tolka, presentera och notifiera information för administratör. För att garantera en stabil lösning med kontinuerlig drift installerades en server i en extern datahall där en linuxdistribution användes. Två olika protokoll för inhämtning av information jämförs med praktiska tester, inloggning via SSH, samt SNMP-poll, där den valda lösningen bygger på SSH som metod på grund av säkerhetsaspekter, men där SNMP visar mer kompatibilitet mellan tillverkare och modeller av hårdvara. Vidare beskrivs tillvägagångssätt hos de funktioner som utvecklats för tolkning av inhämtad information samt de svårigheter som uppstått i samband med detta, för undvikandet av feltolkningar. Olika alternativ för presentation av information till administratör jämförs, där den valda lösningen blev åtkomst via webbsida, detta på grund av det grundläggande stöd oberoende av plattform. Något som exempelvis en applikation inte kan ge i samma omfattning. Bland de olika notifieringsmetoder som undersöktes föll valet även i detta fall på en plattformsoberoende metod, där notifiering via e-post ansågs både enkel att implementera och med ett brett stöd hos klienter. Varningar vid förangivna kriterier av antal lediga switch-portar kunde därmed tas emot av administratör. Samtliga funktioner fungerade vid utförandet som planerat och lösningen används av kunden. Det finns några förslag på förbättringsåtgärder där SNMP istället med fördel kan användas med bredare stöd hos andra tillverkare och modeller, samt även skyddsfunktioner vid tolkning av information. / In large network environments today, it can be difficult to get a complete summary of how many switchports are in use. The solution that is usually used is manual login to the current switch for control, a step with time consumption and which is often performed on occasion. Information therefore risks being discovered too late with a measure that becomes reactive. Methods for making the information available in such a way that it can largely become proactive can instead enable timely action but also provide up-to-date information more easily accessible and ultimately save both time and expenses for a company. The work focuses on the development of a solution with specific requirements with a focus on simplifying current steps; to be able to easily access up-to-date information on the status of switchports, to be able to get an overall picture of the distribution of switchports for a facility and the possibility of notification in the event of border crossings. Initially, an investigation is made of current solutions that are available in the area today, where several turn out to have shortcomings but also lack the necessary functions. As the solutions available today do not comply with the requirements, there is a motivation for developing a solution with its own functions. The solution that is put together is developed with separate functions for collecting information, interpreting, presenting and notifying information to the administrator. To ensure a stable solution with continuous operation, a server was installed in an external datacenter where a Linux distribution was used. Two different protocols for obtaining information are compared with practical tests, login via SSH, and SNMP-poll, where the chosen solution is based on SSH as a method due to security reasons, but where SNMP shows more compatibility between manufacturers and models of hardware. Furthermore, the procedures of the functions that have been developed for the interpretation of collected information and the difficulties that have arisen in connection with this, for the avoidance of misinterpretations are described. Different options for presenting information to the administrator are compared, where the chosen solution was accessed via a website, this is due to the basic support regardless of platform. Something that, for example, an application cannot provide to the same extent. Among the various notification methods examined, the choice also fell in this case on a platform-independent method, where notification via e-mail was considered both easy to implement and with broad support among clients. Warnings for the specified criteria of the number of available switchports could thus be received by the administrator. All functions worked during the execution as planned and the solution is used by the customer. There are some suggestions for improvement measures where SNMP can instead be used to advantage with broader support from other manufacturers and models, as well as protection functions when interpreting information.

Ces travaux s'inscrivent dans le contexte de la gestion de l'énergie électrique dans les applications domestiques 230V - 50Hz. Le niveau de puissance visé se situe aux environs de la centaine de watts, et les structures de conversion utilisent des interrupteurs bidirectionnels bicommandables réalisés aujourd'hui à l'aide d'associations anti-série de composants de type MOS. Malgré les améliorations apportées par certains de ces dispositifs, leur coût de fabrication reste encore élevé et limite leur plus large diffusion sur ce marché partagé avec le triac à ce jour. Nous proposons une architecture de structure bipolaire bidirectionnelle en courant et symétrique en tension appelée BipAC. Le BipAC est une structure verticale bidirectionnelle, contrôlable à la fermeture et à l'ouverture, réalisable sur substrat N (BipAC PNP) ou P (BipAC NPN). Sa faible chute de tension à l'état passant et sa commande ON/OFF avec une seule électrode de référence la rendent intéressante pour des applications spécifiques à faible niveau de courant (<1A). L'étude de la structure BipAC s'appuie sur des simulations physiques 2D effectuées à l'aide du logiciel SentaurusTM. Afin d'améliorer le gain en courant de la structure BipAC initiale, une nouvelle version du BipAC a été proposée et validée par des simulations physiques 2D (de type process et électrique). Ensuite, des masques sont conçus sous le logiciel CadenceTM. La structure initiale est réalisée sur les deux types de substrat et pour deux épaisseurs différentes de chaque type. La fonctionnalité du BipAC est validée par des caractérisations électriques. / This thesis work deals with the design of an AC switch structure for specific ac mains applications 230V - 50 Hz. The targeted power level is about a hundred watts, and the currently used converter circuits make use of bidirectional switches that are realized using anti-series connected MOS transistors. Despite the improvements in performance provided by some of these structures, their fabrication cost is still high and limits their widespread diffusion in a market shared with the triac. We propose a current and voltage bidirectional bipolar device called a BipAC. It can be realized in an N-substrate (PNP BipAC) or a P-substrate (NPN BipAC). It can be controlled both to turn-on and turn-off with respect to a single reference electrode. It exhibits a very low on-state voltage that makes it attractive for specific mains applications with low load current (< 1A rms). The study of the BipAC structure is carried-out using 2D SentaurusTM physical simulations. In order to improve the current gain of the initial BipAC structure, a new version of the BipAC structure is proposed and its operating modes validated using 2D physical simulations (both process and electrical). Masks were then designed under CadenceTM software. The initial BipAC structure is realized on N and P substrates and for two different thicknesses. The operating modes of the monolithic bidirectional BipAC switch were validated through electrical characterizations.

Zellmembranen sind hochspezialisierte Mehrkomponentenlegierungen, welche sowohl die Zelle selbst als auch ihre Organellen umgeben. Sie spielen eine entscheidende Rolle bei vielen biologisch relevanten Prozessen wie die Signaltransduktion und die Zellbewegung. Aus diesem Grund ist eine genaue Charakterisierung ihrer Eigenschaften der Schlüssel zum Verständnis der Bausteine des Lebens sowie ihrer Erkrankungen. Besonders Krebs steht im engen Zusammenhang mit Veränderungen der biomechanischen Eigenschaften vom Gewebe, Zellen und ihren Organellen. Während Veränderungen des Zytoskeletts von Krebszellen im Fokus vieler Biophysiker stehen, ist die Bedeutung der Biomechanik von Zellmembran weitgehend unklar. Zellmembranen faszinieren Wissenschaftler jedoch nicht nur wegen ihrer biomechanischen Eigenschaften. Sie sind auch Beispiele für eine selbstorganisierte und heterogene Landschaft, in der Prozesse fernab des Gleichgewichtes, wie z.B. räumliche und zeitliche Musterbildungen, auftreten. Die vorgelegte Dissertation untersucht erstmals umfassend die zentrale Rolle der Zellmembran und ihrer molekularen Architektur für die Signalübertragung, die Biomechanik und die Zellmigration. Hierfür werden einfache Modellmembranen aber auch komplexere Vesikel und ganze Zellen mittels etablierter physikalischer Methoden analysiert. Diese reichen von Fourier- Analysen zur Charakterisierung von thermisch angeregten Membranundulationen über Massenspektrometrie und ‘Optical Stretcher’ Messungen von ganzen Zellen bis hin zur Filmwaagentechnik. Des Weiteren wird ein Modellsystem vorgestellt, welches sowohl einen experimentellen als auch einen mathematischen Zugang zum ‘ME-switch’ ermöglicht. Die vorgelegte Dissertation bietet neue Einblicke in wichtige Funktionen von Zellmembranen und zeigt neue therapeutische Perspektiven in der Membran- und Krebsforschung auf.

ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / Today’s data acquisition systems are typically comprised of data collectors connected to multiplexers via serial, point-to-point links. Data flows upstream from the sensors or avionics buses to the data acquisition units, to the multiplexer and finally to the recorder or telemetry transmitter. In a networked data acquisition system, data is transported through the network “cloud”. At the core of the network “cloud” is the network switch. The switch is responsible for distributing and directing data within the network. Network switches are commonplace in the commercial realm. Many businesses today could not function without them. A network-based data acquisition system, however, places additional burdens on the network switch. As in a commercial network, the switch in a data acquisition system must be able to distribute data packets within the network. In addition, it must be able to perform in a harsh environment, occupy a minimal amount of space, operate with limited or no external cooling, be configurable, and deal with the distribution of time information. This paper describes the required features of a ruggedized network switch and the implementation challenges facing its design. As a core component of a network-based data acquisition system, an ideal switch must be capable of operating in a large number of configurations, transporting and aggregating data between data sources and data sinks, with a mixture of devices operating at rates ranging from a few thousand bits per second to several gigabits per second, over twisted pair or fiber optic links. To ensure time coherency, the switch must also facilitate a time distribution mechanism, e.g., IEEE-1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP). The gigabit switch described here uses the PTP to implement an end-to-end clock synchronization, for distributed acquisition nodes, to within 300 nanoseconds.

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Reconfigurable patch antenna integrated with RF mircoelectromechanical system (MEMS) switches is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna radiates circularly polarized wave at selectable dual frequencies (4.7 GHz and 7.5GHz) of high frequency ratio (1.6:1). The switches are incorporated into the diagonally-fed square patch for controlling the operation frequency, and a rectangular stub attached to the edge of the patch acts as the perturbation to produce the circular polarization. Gain of proposed antenna is 5 - 6dBi, and axial ratio satisfies 3dB criterion at both operating frequencies. The switches are monolithically integrated on quartz substrate. The antenna can be used in applications requiring frequency diversity of remarkable high frequency ratio.

Datacenter networks are not only larger but with new applications increasing the east-west traffic and the introduction of the spine leaf architecture there is an urgent need for high bandwidth, low cost, energy efficient interconnects. This paper will discuss the role integrated photonics can have in achieving datacenter requirements. We will review the state of the art and then focus on advances in optical switch fabrics and systems. The optical switch is of particular interest from the integration point of view. Current MEMS and LCOS commercial solutions are relatively large with relatively slow reconfiguration times limiting their use in packet based datacenter networks. This has driven the research and development of more highly integrated silicon photonic switch fabrics, including micro ring, Mach-Zehnder and MEMS device designs each with its own energy, bandwidth and scalability, challenges and trade-offs. Micro rings show promise for their small footprint, however they require an energy efficient means to maintain wavelength and thermal control. Latency requirements have been traditionally less stringent in datacenter networks compared to high performance computing applications, however with the increasing numbers of servers communicating within applications and the growing size of the warehouse datacenter, latency is becoming more critical. Although the transparent optical switch fabric itself has a minimal additional latency, we must also take account of any additional latency of the optically switched architecture. Proposed optically switched architectures will be reviewed.

Iron is the most abundant transition metal found in living systems and plays a crucial role in DNA biosynthesis. To accommodate higher replication rates, cancer cells require higher amounts of iron compared to non-neoplastic counterparts. This higher demand for iron renders cancer cells susceptible to iron deprivation, and exposure to iron chelators leads to growth arrest and cell death. Iron chelation strategies employing a wide variety of iron-binding scaffolds are currently under investigation for use in cancer treatment. Although these chelation approaches are effective against several cancer cell types, their use is limited due to toxicity ascribed to indiscriminate metal sequestration and induction of oxidative stress. Prochelation strategies in which the chelating unit remains inactive until triggered by a disease-specific event are expected to increase the specificity of chelation-based therapeutics. Chapter 1 provides an overview of chelation and prochelation based therapies as well as disulfide-based approaches in the design of prodrugs. In Chapter 2, the reduction activation mechanism of disulfide-masked thiosemicarbazone prochelators is described. Whereas disulfide-masked prochelators do not bind iron, reduction of the disulfide bond upon cellular uptake produces active chelators that readily bind intracellular iron. These systems are not active extracellularly; rather, they target the intracellular labile iron pool. We found that the antiproliferative activity of these disulfide-masked prochelators is dependent on the intracellular redox environment, with enhanced toxicity in more reducing conditions. The iron complexes resulting from exposure of cultured cells to the chelation systems were detected intracellularly by electron paramagnetic resonance in intact frozen cells. The compounds in our first series do not engage in intracellular redox chemistry and do not cause oxidative stress. In Chapter 3, the synthesis and characterization of a larger series of disulfide-masked prochelators featuring several classes of tridentate ligands is described. We investigated the iron-binding efficacy of the corresponding chelators, their ability to induce oxidative stress and their cell-cycle effects. We found that these prochelator systems, regardless of the identity of the donor set of atoms, do not result in the intracellular generation of oxidative stress. We also found that treatment of cultured cancer cells with prochelators results in cell-cycle arrest at G1/0 in non-synchronized cells and G2/M in G2-synchronized cells. In addition, we found that all classes of prochelators exhibit antiproliferative effects likely through induction of apoptosis. In Chapter 4, the syntheses and biological evaluations of disulfide-masked prochelators that feature carbohydrate targeting units are described. The sugar conjugates present increased aqueous solubility, compete as effectively as D-glucose for transporter-mediated cellular uptake, and are 6 to 11-fold more selective towards colorectal cancer compared to an aglycone that does not contain a targeting unit. The design of more potent prochelator systems, as well as the design of systems with improved selectivity and aqueous solubility are discussed in Chapter 5.