The study of the muon decay process μ+ → e+νeν ̄μ is a powerful constraint on the behaviour of the weak interaction, without contamination of the other, stronger, fundamental interactions. The spectrum measured from the momentum and angles of the decay positrons is parametrized using a set of four decay parameters. The purpose of the TWIST experiment is to measure these decay parameters to an unprecedented precision; an order of magnitude improvement in the uncertainties over measurements completed before the TWIST experiment. Measurements of the muon decay parameters constrain the values of a series of 19 weak coupling constants. In the standard model, V-A weak interaction, 18 of these constants are 0, while the remaining constant describes interactions between left handed particles, gV_LL= 1.The decay parameter ρ quantifies the behaviour of the spectrum with respect to momentum. According to the standard model the value of this parameter is 3/4. TWIST measured a value of ρ = 0.74991±0.00009(stat)±0.00028(sys). The measurement is limited by its systematic uncertainty, so a large focus of the experiment was on the determination and control of these uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties are derived from uncertainties in the detector construction and uncertainties in the biases generated by differences between the data and a matching Monte Carlo. Muon decay also limits the possibility of family symmetry breaking interactions. TWIST can be used to search for the possibility of muons decaying into a positron and a single unidentified neutral particle μ+ → e+X0 that does not otherwise interact with normal matter. The large momentum and angle acceptance of the TWIST spectrometer allows for searches of two body decays for masses of the X0 boson mX0 ∈ [0,80] MeV/c, with a variety of behaviours with respect to the angle of the positron track. Upper limits on massive and mass-less X0 decays are set with a 90% confidence level separately at parts per million for massive decays and parts in 10000 for mass-less decays.

Les objectifs de notre travail étaient : (i) de proposer un nouveau cadre conceptuel pour l’entraînement bimanuel chez les patients hémiplégiques (ii) de concevoir et tester une nouvelle approche de rééducation basée sur l’équilibre entre les différentes contraintes. Afin d’atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons adopté une approche du type preuve-de-concept.La première partie de ce document est consacrée à une revue critique de la littérature. La deuxième partie présente le travail expérimental qui était mené pour explorer ce concept, chez des sujets sains et des patients hémiparétiques. La première étude a exploré le comportement unimanuel dans une tâche de pointage discret pour une large gamme de d’indices de difficulté (ID). Dans la seconde étude, nous avons exploré l’effet de l’asymétrie bimanuelle induite par la tâche sur l’expression du couplage. La troisième étude aborde la problématique des asymétries induites par l’AVC et par la tâche chez des patients soufrant de déficits plus ou moins graves. Globalement, les résultats expérimentaux ont corroboré nos hypothèses initiales. Ainsi, ils nous ont permis de concevoir une nouvelle stratégie de rééducation bimanuelle. Cette stratégie de rééducation, avec le protocole de recherche clinique en cours, ont été présentés dans la troisième partie de la thèse. Notre approche a fourni une preuve de concept sur l’importance de l’équilibre entre couplage et rupture de symétrie dans le comportement bimanuel du patient hémiplégique. Elle a permis également d’envisager la manière dont les asymétries devraient être prises en compte dans la rééducation. Les perspectives futures ont été discutées dans la dernière partie du manuscrit. / In the present work we aimed at: (i) setting new conceptual foundations for bimanual movement training in stroke, and (ii) providing practical guidelines to appropriately design and test a comprehensive constraint-led bimanual rehabilitation strategy. In order to achieve these stated objectives, we adopted a proof-of-concept approach.The first part of the current manuscript includes a critical review of BMT literature on the basis of the theoretical principles and empirical findings of the dynamical systems approach. The second part reports the experimental work that was conducted to investigate this concept in healthy and in hemiparetic subjects. The first study investigated unimanual discrete rapid aiming, under different task conditions and for a wide range ID values. In the second study, the effect of task-induced inter-limb asymmetry on the expression of bimanual coupling was explored. The third study, addressed the issue of task- and stroke-induced asymmetries in patients with different degrees of impairments. Overall, experimental findings corroborated our initial hypotheses. It permitted the design of a new BMT strategy to (re)train stroke patient. This rehabilitation strategy and the on-going clinical protocol were presented in the third part of the thesis.Though voluntarily qualitative, our approach provided a preliminary proof of concept on how CVA- and task-induced inter-limb asymmetries should be taken into account in rehabilitation. The conclusions of our work along with the opened perspectives were discussed at the end of the manuscript.

FARIAS, R. R. de. Campo de Bumblebee em um espaço de Schwarzschild. 2017. 50 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) – Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017. / Submitted by Giordana Silva (giordana.nascimento@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T17:43:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_rrdfarias.pdf: 1718443 bytes, checksum: 9a06da2d884c3d3904afd2c830e42bce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Giordana Silva (giordana.nascimento@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T17:44:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_rrdfarias.pdf: 1718443 bytes, checksum: 9a06da2d884c3d3904afd2c830e42bce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T17:44:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_rrdfarias.pdf: 1718443 bytes, checksum: 9a06da2d884c3d3904afd2c830e42bce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / The objective of this work is apply bumblebee model, a spontaneously Lorentz symmetry breaking model due to a non-vanishing vacuum expectation value vector field, to a vacuum space. Results are presented for a radial/temporal Lorentz symmetry breaking in a Schwarzschild space. Also, it is verified an incompatibility between the hypothese of the universe to be homogenous in the absence of massive ordinary matter and the imposition of a parallelly transported bumblebee field in radial direction. / O objetivo deste trabalho é aplicar o modelo de bumblebee, um modelo de quebra de simetria espontânea de Lorentz gerada por um quadri-vetor de valor esperado de vácuo não-nulo, a um espaço de vácuo. Apresentamos resultados para quebra de simetria de Lorentz radial/temporal em um espaço de Schwarzschild. Além disso, é verificada uma incompatibilidade entre a hipótese de o universo ser homogêneo quando não há presença de matéria massiva ordinária e a imposição de um campo de bumblebee paralelamente transportado na direção radial.

Une large gamme de problèmes physiques, des petites molécules aux étoiles géantes, contiennent des symétries de rotation et sont sujets à des oscillations azimutales ou transverses. Quand cette symétrie est rompue, le système peut devenir instable. Dans cette thèse, les brisures de symétries sont étudiées dans les chambres de combustion annulaires, sujettes à des instabilités thermo-acoustiques azimutales. En premier lieu, deux types de brisures sont obtenus analytiquement : la première en répartissant des bruleurs différents le long de la chambre et la seconde provoquée par le champ moyen lui-même. Ces ruptures de symétries entraînent une séparation des fréquences, fixe la structure du mode et peut déstabiliser le système. De plus, une approche Quantification d’Incertitudes (UQ) permet d’évaluer l’effet de la rupture de symétries provoquée par les incertitudes sur la description ou le comportement des flammes. Pour compléter cette théorie, des Simulations aux Grandes Echelles (SGE) sont réalisées sur un mono-secteur ainsi que sur une configuration complète 360° de l’expérience annulaire de Cambridge. Les résultats numériques sont comparés aux données expérimentales et montrent un bon accord. En particulier, un mode instable à 1800 Hz croît dans les deux cas. Cependant, la SGE, limitée par son coût important, ne permet pas l’étude du cycle limite s’établissant après plusieurs centaines de millisecondes. Pour pallier à ce problème, une nouvelle approche, appelée AMT, est développée : les résultats d’une théorie ou d’un solveur acoustique sont injectés dans une simulation SGE. Cette approche permet d’étudier les brisures de symétries, la nature et la dynamique des modes acoustiques, ainsi que d’évaluer l’amortissement dans des configurations réalistes. / A large range of physical problems, from molecules to giant stars, contains rotating symmetry and can exhibit azimuthal waves or vibrations. When this symmetry is broken, the system can become unstable with chaotic behaviors. Symmetry breaking is investigated in annular combustors prone to azimuthal thermo-acoustic instabilities. First, theories reveal that two types of symmetry breaking exist : due to different burner types distributed along the chamber or due to the flow itself . It leads to frequency splitting, fixes the mode structure and can destabilize the configuration. A UQ analysis is also performed to quantify the symmetry breaking effect due to uncertainties of flame descriptions or behaviors. To complete theory, Large Eddy Simulations are performed on a single-sector as well as on a complete 360° configuration of the annular experiment of Cambridge. Numerical results are compared to experimental data showing a good agreement. In particular, an unstable azimuthal mode at 1800 Hz grows in both LES and experiment. However, LES cannot investigate the limit cycle because of its extreme cost. To tackle this problem, a new methodology is developed, called AMT, where theory or Helmholtz solver predictions are injected into LES or DNS. This method allows to study symmetry breaking, mode nature and dynamics as well as evaluating damping in realistic annular configurations.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o espalhamento W+W+ e W−W− para os primeiros anos de tomada de dados do experimento CMS do LHC, no CERN. O processo de espalhamento de bósons vetoriais, dentre os quais se inclui o espalhamento WW, é um processo chave para elucidação do mecanismo de quebra de simetria eletrofraca. Previsões teóricas mostram que as características cinemáticas do espalhamento de bósons vetoriais na escala T e V de energia devem depender significativamente do mecanismo que quebra a simetria eletrofraca. Este processo será analisado com dois objetivos principais: estudar a viabilidade de medi-lo em altas energias no CMS, e mostrar a sua sensibilidade ao mecanismo da quebra de simetria eletrofraca. Esta sensibilidade será mostrada através da análise de duas amostras de eventos correspondentes a dois cenários distintos: o modelo padrão com a presença de um bóson de Higgs de massa 500 GeV e o modelo padrão sem a presença do bóson de Higgs. Estas amostras foram geradas com o gerador de eventos PHASE, cuja principal importância para o estudo do espalhamento de bósons vetoriais em altas energias e a sua capacidade de calcular o elemento de matriz completo em ordem dominante O(α6). Para se analisar a viabilidade de se medir o espalhamento WW no CMS, foi feita uma simulação do detector utilizando as amostras dos processos de sinal e dos principais processos de fundo através do pacote de simulação rápida do CMS, o FAMOS. Os processos de fundo, WW+N jatos, WZ+N jatos, ZZ+N jatos, W+N jatos e tt+N jatos, foram estudados e suprimidos através de seleções de regiões cinemáticas. A análise dos dados mostra que a observação do espalhamento WW na fase inicial do LHC será muito difícil, sendo necessária uma luminosidade maior, além de aprimoramento da análise. / This work presents a study of W+W+ and W−W− scattering for the first years of the CMS experiment data-taking at LHC, CERN. Vector boson scattering, including WW, is a key processes for probing electroweak symmetry breaking. Theoretical predictions show that kinematics characteristics of vector boson scattering at T e V scale must strongly depend on the electroweak symmetry breaking mechanism. This process is analyzed with two main objectives: viability study of performing this measurement at CMS and show its dependence on the electroweak symmetry breaking mechanism. This dependence is shown through an analysis with two event samples corresponding to two distinct scenarios: the standard model with the presence of a 500 GeV massive Higgs boson and the standard model without presence of a Higgs boson. These samples were generated by the Monte-Carlo generator PHASE, whose main importance for vector boson scattering at high energies is its characteristic of calculating the complete matrix elements in leading order O(α6). To analyze the viability of measuring the WW scattering at CMS, the simulated signal and background events were submitted to the CMS fast detector simulation, FAMOS. Background processes, WW+N jets, WZ+N jets, ZZ+N jets, W+N jets and tt+N jets, were studied and suppressed through kinematics region selection. Data analysis shows that the measurement of WW scattering in early stages of LHC will be very difficult, being necessary a larger luminosity, besides improvements on the analysis.

No description available.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-03-16T11:18:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 836345 bytes, checksum: 048933d0a290c347efd2fa4764bbcf63 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-16T11:18:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 836345 bytes, checksum: 048933d0a290c347efd2fa4764bbcf63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / In this Dissertation we’ll consider a scalar field theory where the breaking of Lorentz symmetry is present. Basically we will adopt the Ho˘rava-Lifshtz theory. We’ll study the modifications that an anisotropy in space-time produces in the Casimir effect. Let’s deal with a massless real scalar field in two distinct situations: between parallel plates and inside a two-dimensional rectangular box. In both cases we will adopt specific boundary conditions on the field. As we shall see, the Casimir energy and force strongly depends on the parameter associated with the breaking of Lorentz symmetry. / Nesse Dissertação consideraremos uma teoria de campo escalar onde a quebra da simetria de Lorentz está presente. Basicamente adotaremos a teoria de Ho˘rava-Lifshtz. Estudaremos as modificações que uma anisotropia no espaço-tempo produzem no efeito Casimir. Vamos tratar um campo escalar real sem massa em duas situações distintas: entre placas paralelas e no interior de uma caixa bidimensional retangular. Nos dois casos adotaremos condições de contorno específicas sobre o campo. Como veremos, a energia e a força de Casimir dependem fortemente do parametro associado a quebra da simetria de Lorentz.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 488644 bytes, checksum: cfa40ce443721729f5648cc16dcec63d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this dissertation we did a complete review of the StandardModel(SM), emphasizing the weak interactions, this in order to treat an extension of theMP with addition of a doublet of scalar theory, known in the literature asModel with Two Higgs doublets (2HDM). We will treat this model from the point of view of both aspects: when two doublets develop the expected value of the vacuum(vev) and when only one develops doublets vev, utilize the potential of 2HDM does not violate CP. These two models are particularly important because they are quite simple and can solve some problems that are open in Physics, one of the most important is the dark matter (DM). Furthermore, we will use the formalism of oblique parameters, radiative corrections involving first order, to parameterize the effects of New Physics (NP). We will present the phenomenology to obtain 2HDMI and regions that are in agreement with the experimental data. / Nesta dissertação fizemos uma revisão completa doModelo Padrão (MP), dando ênfase as interações fracas, isto com o intuito de tratarmos de uma extensão do MP com adição de um dubleto de escalar a teoria, conhecida na literatura como Modelo com Dois Dubletos de Higgs(2HDM)1. Iremos tratar deste modelo sob o ponto de vista de dois aspectos: quando os dois dubletos desenvolvem valor esperado do vácuo(vev) e quando apenas um dos dubletos desenvolve vev, utilizamos o potencial do 2HDM que não viola CP. Particularmente, esses dois modelos são importantes porque eles são bastante simples e podemresolver alguns problemas que estão emaberto na Física, um dosmais importantes é amatéria escura(ME). Além disso, iremos utilizar o formalismo de parâmetros oblíquos, que envolve correções radiativas de primeira ordem, para parametrizar os efeitos da Nova Física(NF). Apresentaremos a fenomenologia para o 2HDMI e obteremos as regiões que estão de acordo com os dados experimentais.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o espalhamento W+W+ e W−W− para os primeiros anos de tomada de dados do experimento CMS do LHC, no CERN. O processo de espalhamento de bósons vetoriais, dentre os quais se inclui o espalhamento WW, é um processo chave para elucidação do mecanismo de quebra de simetria eletrofraca. Previsões teóricas mostram que as características cinemáticas do espalhamento de bósons vetoriais na escala T e V de energia devem depender significativamente do mecanismo que quebra a simetria eletrofraca. Este processo será analisado com dois objetivos principais: estudar a viabilidade de medi-lo em altas energias no CMS, e mostrar a sua sensibilidade ao mecanismo da quebra de simetria eletrofraca. Esta sensibilidade será mostrada através da análise de duas amostras de eventos correspondentes a dois cenários distintos: o modelo padrão com a presença de um bóson de Higgs de massa 500 GeV e o modelo padrão sem a presença do bóson de Higgs. Estas amostras foram geradas com o gerador de eventos PHASE, cuja principal importância para o estudo do espalhamento de bósons vetoriais em altas energias e a sua capacidade de calcular o elemento de matriz completo em ordem dominante O(α6). Para se analisar a viabilidade de se medir o espalhamento WW no CMS, foi feita uma simulação do detector utilizando as amostras dos processos de sinal e dos principais processos de fundo através do pacote de simulação rápida do CMS, o FAMOS. Os processos de fundo, WW+N jatos, WZ+N jatos, ZZ+N jatos, W+N jatos e tt+N jatos, foram estudados e suprimidos através de seleções de regiões cinemáticas. A análise dos dados mostra que a observação do espalhamento WW na fase inicial do LHC será muito difícil, sendo necessária uma luminosidade maior, além de aprimoramento da análise. / This work presents a study of W+W+ and W−W− scattering for the first years of the CMS experiment data-taking at LHC, CERN. Vector boson scattering, including WW, is a key processes for probing electroweak symmetry breaking. Theoretical predictions show that kinematics characteristics of vector boson scattering at T e V scale must strongly depend on the electroweak symmetry breaking mechanism. This process is analyzed with two main objectives: viability study of performing this measurement at CMS and show its dependence on the electroweak symmetry breaking mechanism. This dependence is shown through an analysis with two event samples corresponding to two distinct scenarios: the standard model with the presence of a 500 GeV massive Higgs boson and the standard model without presence of a Higgs boson. These samples were generated by the Monte-Carlo generator PHASE, whose main importance for vector boson scattering at high energies is its characteristic of calculating the complete matrix elements in leading order O(α6). To analyze the viability of measuring the WW scattering at CMS, the simulated signal and background events were submitted to the CMS fast detector simulation, FAMOS. Background processes, WW+N jets, WZ+N jets, ZZ+N jets, W+N jets and tt+N jets, were studied and suppressed through kinematics region selection. Data analysis shows that the measurement of WW scattering in early stages of LHC will be very difficult, being necessary a larger luminosity, besides improvements on the analysis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:19:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Alyson.pdf: 708260 bytes, checksum: 854f88bf5062df1a06c5ed3e0b27423b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This monograph presents the study of vortices BPS in a model obtained by dimensional reduction of the (1+3)−D Maxwell-Carroll-Field-Jackiw-Higgs s electrodynamics to (1+2)−D. The Maxwell-Carroll-Field-Jackiw-Higgs model is defined by the following Lagrangian density L1+3 = −14FμνFμν −14 ϵμνκλ (kAF )μ AνFκλ + |Dμϕ|2 − V (|ϕ|), the first two terms constitute the CPT-odd electrodynamics of the standard model extension (SME). The term ϵμνκλ (kAF )μ AνFκλ is called the Carroll-Field-Jackiw s term. The dimensional reduction of this model is given by the following Lagrangian density L1+2 = − 14FμνFμν +s4 ϵμνκAμFνκ +12∂μψ∂μψ −12ϵμνκ (kAF )μ ψ∂νAκ−12 ϵμκν (kAF )μ Aκ∂νψ + |Dμϕ|2 − e2ψ2 |ϕ|2 − V (|ϕ|2 , ψ), it is observed that if (kAF )μ = 0 we obtain the Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Higgs (MCSH) model. This way, our planar model is a MCSH model modified by an interaction between the gauge field Aμ and the neutral scalar field ψ whose coupling constant is (kAF )μ, the Lorentz-violating vector field background. The existence of stable BPS v´ortices implies in a null (kAF )0 component. The study shows that the influence of the Lorentz violation is clearly manifested when the vortex s winding number is greater than 1. / Esta dissertação apresenta o estudo de vórtices BPS num modelo obtido pela redução dimensional da eletrodinâmica de Maxwell-Carroll-Field-Jackiw-Higgs de (1+3)-dimensões para (1+2)-D. A densidade lagrangiana do modelo de Maxwell-Carroll-Field-Jackiw-Higgs é definido por L1+3 = −14 FμνFμν − 14 ϵμνκλ (kAF )μ AνFκλ + |Dμϕ|2 − V (|ϕ|), os dois primeiros termos constituem a eletrodin amica CPT- ímpar do modelo padrão estendido (SME). O termo ϵμνκλ (kAF )μ AνFκλ é o chamado termo de Carroll-Field-Jackiw. A redução dimensional deste modelo é dado pela seguinte densidade lagrangiana L1+2 = − 14 FμνFμν + s4 ϵμνκAμFνκ + 12 ∂μψ∂μψ −12 ϵμνκ (kAF )μ ψ∂νAκ − 12 ϵμκν (kAF)μ Aκ∂νψ + |Dμϕ|2 − e2ψ2 |ϕ|2 − V (|ϕ|2 , ψ), observamos que se (kAF)μ = 0 se obtém o modelo de Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Higgs (MCSH). Desse modo o modelo planar representa um modelo de MCSH modificado por uma interação entre o campo de gauge Aμ e o campo neutro ψ cuja constante de acoplamento é (kAF )μ, o campo de fundo vetorial portador dos efeitos da violação de Lorentz. Impondo que a componente (kAF)0 seja nula é possível estabelecer soluções estáveis tipo vórtices BPS. O estudo mostra que a influência da violação de Lorentz é manifesta claramente quando o winding number do vórtice é maior que 1.