L’utilisation des réseaux de transport est conditionnée par l’efficacité et la simplicité de leur utilisation. En réponse à une mobilité exacerbée, volontaire ou subie, l’offre de transport se développe et motive tout à la fois, en un cycle continu, des déplacements encore plus exigeants. De manière complémentaire, la mobilité est bousculée par l’arrivée de nouvelles modalités de transport pouvant faire émerger, comme dans le cadre du covoiturage, des acteurs ou des pratiques jusqu’alors inexistants. Si la technologie permet de suivre cette évolution dans les services d’information aux voyageurs, il reste toujours à satisfaire des attentes déterminées par des usages en constante évolution. C’est de ce point de vue que l’obtention de chemins multiples pour relier une origine à une destination est un facteur qui n’est plus à négliger, surtout dans des réseaux de transport denses et comportant de nombreux modes et lignes de transport. Une liberté dans le choix laissé à l’utilisateur du réseau réduit les sentiments d’exclusion, d’incompréhension ou d’anxiété qui peuvent survenir face à une application logicielle ou sur internet et qui effectuent des choix arbitraires de façon autoritaire. De plus, cela permet de vérifier la qualité de l’offre de transport, car plus il existe de moyens différents pour effectuer un trajet dans un intervalle de temps donné, meilleur est le service. Cette thèse s’intéresse au calcul de telles alternatives par le biais de l’énumération par coût croissant des chemins entre deux points, puis par le filtrage de ceux-ci suivant des critères, supposés quelconques et laissés à l’appréciation des professionnels de transport qui peuvent ainsi faire varier les angles d’analyses de leurs offres.Par ailleurs, la synchronisation de trajets de plusieurs utilisateurs, en vue d’usages sociaux ou de déplacements mutualisés, est étudiée dans ce manuscrit sous l’angle du covoiturage. En ne considérant que deux usagers, l’objectif est de minimiser le temps de trajet global des participants sous la contrainte qu’ils partagent une partie de leur chemin entre un point de rencontre et un point de séparation qu’il faut alors déterminer. Sont également étudiées les variantes associées au changement des conditions de transport de chacun des participants comme l’établissement d’une origine ou d’une destination commune parallèlement à des contraintes sur les heures de départ ou d’arrivée des usagers. Enfin, puisque la voiture est très souvent pénalisée par la prise en charge d’un piéton, il convient d’étudier comment ce détour peut être contraint et les impacts sur les gains que cette limitation engendre.Cette thèse a été réalisée dans un contexte CIFRE pour la société MobiGIS. Lestravaux qui s’y rapportent ont fait l’objet de réalisations pratiques tant pour fournirdes solutions de mobilité dans le cadre des activités de l’entreprise que pour évaluerexpérimentalement les performances des algorithmes proposés pour les résoudre. / Efficiency and simplicity are two conditions upon which the use of a transportation system is relevant. May it be intentional or imposed, an increasing mobility triggers the need to enhance the transportation offer. In turn, such a response encourages an even more demanding mobility in a constantly adapting cycle. In parallel, new and forthcoming means of transportation emerge from time to time with unknown practices and renewed actors : exactly like what carpooling is stirring at the moment. Passenger information systems can technically deal with such evolutions thanks to improved technologies but they still struggle to keep up with constantly changing usage expectations.From this perspective the computation of several paths from an origin to a destination becomes increasingly relevant. This issue is even more crucial in dense transportation networks in which many modes and lines of transportation are combined. Indeed, giving some traveling choices to the end user reduces the feeling of exclusion, anxiety and the lack of understanding which may arise when facing arbitrary decisions dictated by a software or an Internet application. It is also helpful to estimate the quality of the transportation offer since the more paths exist to go from point A to point B within a fixed time window, the better the service is. This thesis focuses on the computation of such alternatives by the gradually increasing enumeration of paths between two points. Given this input, the pruning necessary to obtain such a diverse selection is assumed not to be known in advance. It is left up to transportation professionals who may choose a fitted solution based on their specific knowledge and objectives.Another subject studied in this thesis concerns the itinerary synchronization of several users for various social uses such as shared travels. It is here seen from the perspective of carpooling. Considering only two users, the problem is to minimize the traveling cost of the users under the constraint that they must share some part of their respective trips with one another. Solving this problem is equivalent to finding a pick up point and a drop off location between which both paths overlap. Multiple corner cases concerning the transportation conditions of each user as well as the special cases of shared origins or destinations are studied. The constraints on the arrival and/or departure times may also vary. Last but not least and since the driver is often penalized when giving up a lift, the restriction to a maximal detour the driver accepts, compared to his shortest path, is analyzed with respect to the benefits such a limitation generates.This thesis was funded by the MobiGIS company under the CIFRE (Industrial Agreement of Training through Research) researching context. The related work consisted in the practical implementation of mobility solutions within the framework of the company as well as the experimental performances evaluation of the algorithms proposed to solve them.

This thesis deals with advanced programming of CNC milling machines in Sinumerik 840D powerline control system. Mostly it is aimed on issues of synchronized actions. These actions can adaptively react on progress of milling process regarding to signal detection from the machine and execute specific action. In the introduction of the thesis there are briefly described basic issues and fundamentals of CNC machines and control systems programming. The problematic regarding the programming of synchronized actions is also described. The examples with evaluation of their function are created in the practical part of thesis.

La música para cine es un arte que convive con nosotros hace muchos años y que ha acompañado a toda clase de películas, desde las taquilleras hasta las experimentales. Así como existen películas legendarias que han trascendido generaciones, también existen soundtracks que han logrado hacer aún más especial la experiencia de presenciar una producción cinematográfica. Con el pasar de los años (desde la aparición de la música sincronizada en las películas en 1926 con Don juan) se han ido elaborando y perfeccionando los métodos para componer música para películas, y es por esta razón que existen diversos manuales y técnicas para tomar en cuenta al momento de componer música para cine. Así como el fenómeno de las películas, existe otra forma de entretenimiento que también lleva bastante tiempo activa y que cada vez toma más fuerza: los videojuegos. Los videojuegos comparten ciertas similitudes con el cine: ambos buscan entretener, comunicar un mensaje, contar una historia. A pesar de que cada uno lo hace a su manera, existe un elemento que ambos comparten y es la música. Esta en los videojuegos tiene casi las mismas funciones que en el cine y por consecuencia surge la interrogante: ¿Se puede componer música para videojuegos tomando como punto de partida los métodos para componer música para cine; y de ser así ¿se práctica dicha aproximación en Perú? El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo demostrar que sí es posible. / Film music is an art form present in movies for a long time, from blockbusters to experimental cinema. Just as there are classic movies that have transcended generations due to its major success, there are also legendary soundtracks that have made the experience of watching a movie even better. Along the years (since Don Juan in 1926, first movie with synchronized music), composing music for movies has developed grandly and also, it’s techniques. Just like cinema, there is another form of entertainment that already has several years active and grows stronger everyday: videogames. They share the same objectives with movies which are to entertain, communicate a message, tell a story. Each of them has its own ways, but there is an element in common and its music. Here, it has almost the same functions as in cinema, and therefore one may ask: Can I write music for videogames using the methods for composing music for cinema? Is this approach present in the peruvian context? This research aims to demonstrate that these statements are true. / Trabajo de investigación

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第20505号 / 情博第633号 / 新制||情||110(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科知能情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 河原 達也, 教授 黒橋 禎夫, 教授 壇辻 正剛 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Huit paires de jambes jaillissant de l’eau simultanément et scandant des mouvements identiques au rythme fulgurant d’une musique entraînante. Voilà ce que l’on retient généralement des ballets de natation synchronisée que proposent les retransmissions télévisées d’épreuves sportives internationales. Alors que les journalistes et les spectateurs témoignent de leur émerveillement face à ces réalisations, on pourrait légitimement s’interroger sur la teneur musicale, entre collages, arrangements et compositions inédites, de ces manifestations sportives. En s’intéressant d’un peu plus près à ce monde sportif on découvrirait qu’un compositeur, Jean-Michel Collet, collabore depuis 1996, avec l’équipe de France de natation synchronisée. Une série de questions se poserait alors : pourquoi un musicien collabore-t-il avec cette équipe ? Comment des entraîneures et un musicien arrivent-ils à travailler ensemble ? Sur la base de quels critères (musicaux et/ou sportifs) ces acteurs parviennent-ils à coordonner leurs actions pour créer une musique de ballet ? En somme, comment analyser les processus de création musicale en natation synchronisée ? Dans son enquête, l’auteure mobilise les outils de la musicologie et de la sociologie pour faire saillir les caractéristiques stylistiques de ces musiques de ballet. L’analyse des documents formant le corpus de cette thèse (transcriptions musi-chorégraphiques, entretiens, compte rendus d’observation, corpus journalistique, etc.) montre notamment que « faire la musique » en natation synchronisée relève de savoirs et de savoir-faire inscrits dans une tradition sportive, de l’utilisation et de l’appropriation de conventions, de négociations et autres compromis qui témoignent de la dimension éminemment collective des processus de création artistique. / Eight pairs of legs simultaneously arising from the water, and with identical movements marking the lightning rhythm of a lively music. This is the vision one usually holds from a broadcasted synchronized swimming international competition. Sportscasters and viewers giving rave reviews on skills and figures, it seems rightful to question the value of the music heard with these routines, be it a mix, an arrangement, or an original composition.Investigations conducted within the synchronized swimming world reveal that a composer, Jean-Michel Collet, is a long-time associate to the French national team. Questions arise: why does a musician commit to working in such an environment? How do different partners, i.e. coaches, one musician, manage to work hand-in-hand? What are the criteria, musical and/or athletic, that both parties need to meet, in order to make water ballet music happen? In short, how can the creative processes in music, concerning synchronized swimming, be addressed and analyzed?Analytical methods used in musicology and sociology are called upon by the inquiring author, in order to point out the stylistic characteristics of water ballet music. At the core of this research work, analysis of multiple documents, e.g. transcribed sheet music using ballet marks, records of interviews, on-site personal collections of data, news articles, shows that “music making” in synchronized swimming falls under the law of a tradition in sports, with its own rules and know-how. Actors in both fields need to grasp and take advantage of conventions. Negotiations and other kinds of settlements establish the fact that interaction and teamwork are major components found in the creative processes.

Le test d’identification d’état d’un système à événement discret (SED) a pour but d’en identifier l’état final, lorsque son état initial est inconnu. Une solution classique à ce problème, en supposant que le SED n’ait pas de sorties observables, consiste à déterminer une séquences de synchronisation, c.à-d., une séquence d’événements d’entrée qui conduit le SED sur un état connu. Ce problème a été résolu dans les années 60’ à l’aide des automates. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’utiliser les réseaux de Petri (RdP) pour obtenir une résolution plus optimal de ce problème et pour une plus large classe de systèmes.Initialement, nous montrons que la méthode classique peut être aisément étendue aux RdP synchronisés. Pour cette classe de réseaux non-autonomes, toute transition est associée à un événement d’entrée.L’approche proposée est générale, dans la mesure où elle s’applique à des RdP bornés arbitraires. Cependant, elle engendre le problème d’explosion combinatoire du nombre d’états. Pour obtenir des meilleures solutions, nous considérons une classe spéciale de RdP : les graphes d’état (GdE). Pour ces réseaux, nous considérons d’abord les GdE fortement connexes et proposons des approches pour la construction de SS, qui exploitent les propriétés structurelles du réseau en évitant ainsi une énumération exhaustive de l’espace d’état. Ces résultats s’étendent aux GdE non fortement connexes et à tout RdP synchronisé composé de GdE. Enfin, nous considérons la classe des RdP non bornés et proposons des séquences qui synchronisent le marquage des places non bornées. Une boîte à outils fournit toutes les approches décrites et est appliquée à des différents bancs d’essai. / State-identification experiments are designed to identify the final state of a discrete event system (DES) when its initial state is unknown. A classical solution, assuming the DES has no observable outputs, consists in determining a synchronizing sequence (SS), i.e., a sequence of input events that drives the system to a known state. This problem was essentially solved in the 60’ using automata. The main objective of this thesis is to use Petri nets (PNs) for solving the state-identification problem more efficiently and for a wider class of systems.We start showing that the classical SS construction method based on automata can be easily applied to synchronized PNs, a class of non-autonomous nets where each transition is associated with an input event. The proposed approach is fairly general and it works for arbitrary bounded nets with a complexity that is polynomial with the size of the state space. However, it incurs in the state-space explosion problem.Looking for more efficient solutions, we begin by considering a subclass of PNs called state machines (SMs). We first consider strongly connected SMs and propose a framework for SS construction that exploits structural criteria, not requiring an exhaustive enumeration of the state space of the net. Results are further extended to larger classes of nets, namely non strongly connected SMs and nets containing SM subnets. Finally we consider the class of unbounded nets that describe infinite state systems: even in this case we are able to compute sequences to synchronize the marking of bounded places. A Matlab toolbox implementing all approaches previously described has been designed and applied to a series of benchmarks.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a proteção de retaguarda de um Sistema Elétrico de Potência (SEP) de grande área, através de um Sistema de Medição Fasorial Sincronizado (SMFS). A metodologia é baseada no contínuo monitoramento e na proteção de um SEP de grande área voltada para linhas de transmissão. Pelo algoritmo de proteção de retaguarda implementado, fundamentado na filosofia de proteção diferencial que se baseia na detecção da inversão do fluxo de potência, detecta-se a linha de transmissão faltosa mediante os dados de tensão e corrente remotamente adquiridos pelo SMFS. As simulações sobre o SEP compreenderam todas as possibilidades de curtos-circuitos monofásicos, bifásicos e trifásicos, sem e com o envolvimento da terra, variando-se o ângulo de incidência e resistência da falta dentro de uma faixa de valores encontrada em situações reais. Os resultados encontrados na pesquisa mostram a eficiência da metodologia proposta, alcançando as prescrições primárias de um sistema de proteção (velocidade, confiabilidade, seletividade e sensibilidade). Neste contexto, concluiu-se que é factível a aplicação da metodologia proposta na proteção de retaguarda de um SEP caracterizado por uma grande área de cobertura, vindo a atender aos propósitos de um sistema de proteção digital, desde que esteja disponível uma confiável e veloz infraestrutura de comunicação para o tráfego dos dados necessários. / The present work aims to develop a methodology for large area Electric Power System (EPS) backup protection, through a Synchronized Phasor Measurement System (SPMS). The methodology is based on continuous monitoring and on the large area EPS protection focused on transmission lines. Through backup protection algorithm implemented, grounded on the differential protection philosophy, which is based on power flow inversion detection, detects the faulty transmission line through the remotely acquired voltage and current data by SPMS. The simulations in SEP discussed all the possibilities of single phase, two phase and three phase short-circuits, with and without the involvement of the ground, varying the fault incidence angle and resistance within a range of values commonly presented in real situation. The results found in this research show the efficiency of the proposed methodology, achieving the protection system primary requirements (speed, reliability, selectivity and sensitivity). In this context, it is concluded that it is feasible the proposed methodology application on the EPS backup protection characterized by a large coverage area, fulfilling the purposes of a digital protection system, since be available a reliable and fast communication infrastructure for the needed data traffic.

Neste trabalho de dissertação propõe-se uma metodologia para análise de observabilidade (restauração e identificação de ilhas) e identificação de medidas críticas para sistemas de medição formados por medidas convencionais (medidas de amplitude de tensão e de potência obtidas via sistema SCADA) e medidas fasoriais sincronizadas. A metodologia possibilita análise e restauração da observabilidade a partir da fatoração triangular da matriz jacobiana, associada a um sistema de medição possuindo medidas convencionais e fasoriais sincronizadas. Para identificar as ilhas observáveis, no caso de o sistema não ser observável como um todo, a metodologia faz uso do conceito de caminhos de fatoração, associado à matriz jacobiana fatorada. As medidas críticas são identificadas a partir da análise da estrutura da matriz H \'delta\' t, que é obtida a partir da fatoração triangular da matriz jacobiana. A metodologia proposta é simples, de execução rápida, de fácil implantação e não exige a solução de equações algébricas. Dessa forma a mesma atende aos requisitos para operação em tempo-real. Com o intuito de mostrar como a metodologia proposta funciona, são apresentados exemplos da sua aplicação em um sistema teste de 4 barras. Vale destacar que resultados de diversas simulações computacionais, utilizando os sistemas teste do IEEE (14, 30 e 57 barras), têm demonstrado a eficiência da metodologia. / This dissertation proposes a methodology for observability analysis (restoration and identification of observable islands) and identification of critical measurements for metering systems composed of both synchronized phasor and conventional measurements (power and voltage magnitude measurements). The methodology enables observability analysis and restoration via the triangular factorization of the jacobian matrix associated with metering systems formed by those two types of measurements. The identification of observable islands is carried out through the analysis of the path graphs associated with the factorization of the jacobian matrix. Critical measurements are identified via analysis of the structure of the H \'delta\' t matrix, which is obtained by the triangular factorization of the jacobian matrix. The methodology is simple, fast and easy to implement and does not require solutions of any algebraic equation. Consequently, it is useful for real-time operation. Small numerical examples, using a 4-bus test system, showing the application of the proposed methodology are presented. The IEEE 14, 30 and 57 bus systems with different measurement scenarios were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology.

Este trabalho se insere no contexto de redução de vibrações de rotores via mancais ativos. Essas vibrações são causadas pelo desbalanço do próprio rotor e possuem frequência igual à frequência de rotação desse rotor. O desbalanço pode ser modelado como uma força de perturbação girante, sendo que uma técnica bastante conhecida para anular o efeito dessa perturbação é o balanceamento eletrônico, também chamado de compensação síncrona de desbalanço ou de regulação sincronizada. A presente dissertação traz duas contribuições para o tema. A primeira é a simplificação do compensador síncrono através de considerações de simetria do rotor e de isotropia dos mancais, e a segunda é a obtenção do modelo exato do sistema discreto resultante da aplicação da metodologia de compensação síncrona. Tais contribuições se valem da descrição do modelo em coordenadas complexas. À transformação de coordenadas reais para coordenadas complexas deu-se o nome de complexificação. Assim sendo, a complexificação do modelo permite dividir por dois a dimensão das variáveis do sistema (estados, entradas e saídas), além de dar sentido físico à separação entre os distúrbios diretos (caso do desbalanço) e os distúrbios retrógrados. Essa complexificação reduz o tempo de identificação da matriz de influência feita no balanceamento eletrônico, e o modelo complexificado obtido através das hipóteses de simetria e isotropia permite desacoplar completamente a compensação das perturbações diretas da compensação das perturbações retrógradas. / This work is inserted in the context of active attenuation of rotor vibrations. These vibrations are caused by the rotor\'s own unbalance and have a frequency equal to the rotor\'s rotation frequency. The unbalance can be modeled as a rotating disturbance force, and a well-known technique for cancelling the effect of such a disturbance is the so-called active balancing, also known as synchronous unbalance compensation or synchronized regulation. The present dissertation brings two contributions to the theme. The first one is the simplification of the synchronous compensator through considerations of rotor symmetry and bearing isotropy, and the second one is to obtain the exact model of the discrete system resulting from the application of the synchronous compensation methodology. These contributions make use of the model described in complex coordinates. The transformation from real coordinates to complex coordinates is defined as a complexification. Thus, the complexification of the model allows the division in half of the dimension of the system variables (states, inputs and outputs), as well as giving a physical sense to the separation between forward disturbances (case of the rotor unbalance) and backward disturbances. This complexification reduces the time of identification of the influence matrix made in active balancing, and the complexified model obtained through symmetry and isotropy hypotheses allows the completely uncouple of the forward disturbances compensation from the backward disturbances compensation.