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Investigating metal homeostasis in mammalian cells using high resolution imaging techniquesMcRae, Reagan 21 July 2010 (has links)
The primary aim of the work presented in this thesis is to elucidate novel information regarding the uptake, storage, distributions, and functions of both copper and zinc in mammalian cells by predominantly using a combination of the high resolution imaging modalities, synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence microscopy (SXRF) and standard fluorescence imaging. Results from studies using cell permeable, metal ion selective fluorescent probes suggested the presence of labile pools of copper and zinc localized within the mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, SXRF imaging of a cell line defective in the copper transporter, Atox1, revealed intriguing differences in the Cu distribution of Atox1-/- cells compared to the corresponding wild-type cells. Finally, spatially well-resolved SXRF elemental maps of single, adherent mouse cells revealed remarkable changes in the distributions of both zinc and copper as the cells progressed through the cell cycle. Taken together, findings suggested major roles for copper and zinc within a native biological setting.
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Report January 1998 - June 1999 Project-Group ESRF-Beamline (ROBL-CRG)Matz, Wolfgang 31 March 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Bi-annual report on the activities at the ROssendorf BeamLine (ROBL) at the ESRF in Grenoble. The report contains selected contributions on actual research topics, a list of all scheduled experiments, and short experimental reports.
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ROBL - a CRG Beamline for Radiochemistry and Materials Research at the ESRFNeumann, Wolfgang, Strauch, Udo, Claußner, Jürgen, Matz, Wolfgang, Reichel, Peter, Funke, Harald, Eichhorn, Frank, Schlenk, Rainer, Krug, Hans, Hüttig, Gudrun, Oehme, Winfried, Dienel, Siegfried, Reich, Tobias, Prokert, Friedrich, Denecke, Melissa A., Schell, Norbert, Bernhard, Gert, Pröhl, Dieter, Brendler, Vinzenz, Betzl, Manfred 31 March 2010 (has links) (PDF)
The paper describes the Rossendorf Beamline (ROBL) built by the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf at the ESRF. ROBL comprises two different and independently operating experimental stations: a radiochemistry laboratory for X-ray absorption spectroscopy of non-sealed radioactive samples and a general purpose materials research station for X-ray diffraction and reflectometry mainly of thin films and interfaces modified by ion beam techniques. The radiochemistry set-up is worldwide an unique installation at a modern synchrotron radiation source.
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Gas phase molecular relaxation probed by synchrotron radiation experimentsRius i Riu, Jaume January 2002 (has links)
<p>This thesis presents experimental studies of gas phasemolecular relaxation after excitation with synchrotron photonsin the 15-35 eV and in the 70-350 eV regions.</p><p>In the 15-35 eV region, molecular relaxation by neutraldissociation processes and non</p><p>Franck-Condon effects in N2 and O2 molecules have beenstudied by means of dispersed fluorescence and photoelectronspectroscopy experimental techniques, respectively. From thedispersed fluorescence data, excitation functions for themeasured atomic fluorescence spectra have been obtained. Fromthe recorded photoelectron spectra vibrational branching ratioshave been produced. The results obtained reveal that Rydbergseries and singly and doubly excited valence states of theappropriate symmetry energetically accessible in the studiedregion and interactions between themaccount for most of theobserved effects in these two type of experiments.</p><p>In the 70-350 eV range, molecular relaxation processesresulting in fragmentation of CD4 and SF6 after absorption ofsynchrotron light have been studied by energy resolved electronion coincidence technique using a multicoincidence experimentalstation developed by our group during the last five years forsuch type of experiments. The coincidence measurements yieldedmass spectra from which information about the kinematics of thedetected fragments has been deduced by means of Monte Carlosimulations of the experimental peak shapes. The obtainedresults show completely different dissociation patternsdepending on the molecular electronic states studied. Thesepatterns reflect the bonding properties of the excited orbitalsand they permit the description and in some cases theidentification of the different molecular relaxation pathwaysobserved. The achievements presented in this thesis exemplifythe potential of the multicoincidence station used in thereported experiments.</p>
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Synchrotron radiation induced fluorescence spectroscopy of gas phase moleculesÁlvarez Ruiz, Jesús January 2004 (has links)
<p>A new experimental set-up for gas phase fluorescence studies using synchrotron radiation has been designed and constructed to perform simultaneously total and dispersed fluorescence measurements. </p><p>Neutral photodissociation of CO has been investigated after excitation with 19-26 eV photons. Fluorescence from 3p 3P, 3p 3S and 3p 1D excited states in carbon was recorded and interpreted by ab initio calculations. The population and dissociation of states belonging to the C and D Rydberg series in CO seem to explain the production of the observed triplet states but not the 3p 1D state. </p><p>Neutral photodissociation of NO is reported in the 17-26 eV energy range. No known molecular states can account for the collected data. New information regarding the precursor states of the observed neutral dissociation is provided by ab initio calculations. </p><p>Autoionization of superexcited states in molecular nitrogen is evidenced by strong deviations of the Franck-Condon ratio in the fluorescence of the N2+ B state. Ab initio calculations predict the existence of autoionizing-excited states that may account for some of the observed structures in the 20-46 eV energy range. </p><p>Selective molecular fluorescence from the npó1Óu+ and npð 1Ðu (n=3-7) Rydberg levels to the E,F 1Óg+ state in H2 was recorded and rotationally analyzed. Vibrational levels of the E,F 1Óg+ state (vEF =0,1,3,6-10) are determined. The predissociation of npð 1Ð+ levels is observed in agreement with the literature. </p><p>Fragmentation of SF6 was investigated after excitation with 25–80 eV photons. Dispersed fluorescence measurements reveal the emission of S, S+, F and F+ excited atoms. These fragments are produced after single, double and triple excitations as well as direct ionizations and shake-ups in SF6. </p><p>Photoabsorption and fluorescence yield have been measured in SF5CF3 using 10-30eV photons. The photoabsorption spectrum can be explained in terms of its similarities to those of the SF6 and CF4 molecules. The dispersed and un-dispersed fluorescence resemble those of the CF3X family. Several features suggest the migration of an F atom across the S-C bond that fragments the molecule producing excited CF4. </p><p>Doubly excited states of H2 have been investigated in the range of 26-60 eV by monitoring Balmer á emission. The experimental data show the already known emission correlated with the fragmentation of the Q1 and Q2 states, and new features which could be attributed to dissociative photoionization and higher lying doubly excited states Qn (n>2) of the hydrogen molecule</p>
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Δομικός χαρακτηρισμός πρωτεϊνών φαρμακευτικού ενδιαφέροντοςΓιαννοπούλου, Ευδοκία- Αναστασία 31 January 2013 (has links)
Η μεταπτυχιακή εργασία αφορά στον δομικό χαρακτηρισμό πρωτεϊνών φαρμακευτικού ενδιαφέροντος. Στα πλαίσια της εργασίας πραγματοποιείται κρυστάλλωση και μετρήσεις περίθλασης ακτινών-Χ. Κρυσταλλογραφικές μέθοδοι εφαρμόζονται για την ανάλυση και την ερμηνεία των πειραματικών δεδομένων. Επιπλέον, σε συνεργασία με την φαρμακευτική εταιρεία Novo Nordisk A/S μελετάμε την ενδεχόμενη δημιουργία φαρμάκων υπό την μορφή μικροκρυσταλλικών ιζημάτων η οποία έχει εφαρμοστεί ήδη στην περίπτωση της ανθρώπινης ινσουλίνης. Τα πλεονεκτήματα των μικροκρυσταλλικών φαρμάκων έναντι των φαρμάκων υπό την μορφή διαλύματος περιλαμβάνουν την μεγαλύτερη σταθερότητα, υψηλότερη συγκέντρωση φαρμακευτικής ουσίας και τον ακριβή δομικό χαρακτηρισμό του μορίου . Η τεχνική περίθλασης ακτινοβολίας από πολυκρυσταλλικά υλικά (powder diffraction) αποτελεί ένα σημαντικό εργαλείο για τον χαρακτηρισμό των διάφορων πολυμόρφων πρωτεϊνικών μικροκρυσταλλικών ιζημάτων. Για αυτό τον σκοπό, πραγματοποιούμε πειράματα κρυστάλλωσης των υπό μελέτη βιομορίων κάτω από διαφορετικές συνθήκες (pH, προσδέτες) και στη συνέχεια, συλλέγουμε δεδομένα περίθλασης ακτινών-Χ από επιλεγμένα δείγματα, χρησιμοποιώντας όργανα υψηλής ευκρίνειας που βρίσκονται σε ερευνητικά ινστιτούτα μεγάλης κλίμακας (Ευρωπαϊκό σύγχροτρον, ESRF, Grenoble, France & Ελβετικό σύγχροτρον, SLS, Villigen, Switzerland). / The main subject of this master thesis is the structural characterization of pharmaceutically interesting proteins. For this purpose, protein crystallization experiments, as well as X-ray diffraction measurements were conducted. Crystallographic methods were employed for the analysis and interpretation of the experimental data. Furthermore, in collaboration with the pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk A/S, we are investigating the possibility of developing polycrystalline drug formulations, as has already been done in the case of human insulin. The advantages of polycrystalline drugs, as opposed to drugs in solution, include higher stability and concentration of the pharmaceutical substance, as well as allowing for its accurate structural characterisation. The technique of X-ray powder diffraction is considered an important tool for the characterization of the various protein polymorphs that form polycrystalline precipitates. Protein crystallization experiments were performed under a variety of conditions (such as pH alteration, co-crystallization with ligands) and X-ray powder diffraction data were collected using high resolution instruments (European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ESRF and Swiss Light Source, SLS).
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Méthodes de diffraction pour la cristallographie des protéines membranaires / Diffraction methods for the crystallography of membrane proteinsMelnikov, Igor 27 October 2017 (has links)
Dans cette étude, les aspects méthodologiques pour la production de structures cristallines à haute résolution des protéines membranaires ont été combinés et rapportés ici, ainsi que leur implication pour le cas biologique concret d'étude structurale des principes de fonctionnement de l'histidine kinase transmembranaire.Dans la cristallographie de rayons X, les échantillons de cristaux de protéines varient selon les tailles, les formes et les capacités de diffraction. Pour pouvoir collecter les données de diffraction de la manière la plus efficace, l'échantillon de cristaux doit être correctement caractérisé dans chaque cas particulier. L'analyse raster par rayons X est considérée comme la technique la plus viable pour le faire et dans ce contexte, une méthode d'analyse des échantillons de cristaux pour la cristallographie des protéines est présentée ici, qui est basée sur la technique de balayage des mailles par rayons X développée à l'ESRF. La méthode estime les positions, les tailles et la qualité de la diffraction de chaque cristal dans la zone scannée qui pourrait être plus utile pour la conception rationnelle du processus de collecte de données. La performance de la méthode est démontrée sur plusieurs échantillons de cristaux de protéines.Un autre goulot d'étranglement dans la production des structures cristallines des protéines est un problème de phase communément connu. Les techniques les plus répandues pour traiter la structure qui ne peut pas être résolue avec le remplacement moléculaire sont les techniques de mise en phase expérimentales basées sur SAD ou MAD. Cela implique l'incorporation de divers diffuseurs anormaux à la structure cristalline. Dans la liste des diffuseurs disponibles, les halogénures se distinguent surtout principalement par leur faible toxicité et leur facilité de manipulation, mais en même temps leur capacité à produire un signal anormal. Le protocole de cryo-trempage des cristaux de protéines dans des solutions contenant des halogénures s'est avéré efficace sur les structures protéiques solubles. Dans l'étude actuelle, ce protocole a été testé sur quatre structures cristallines différentes des protéines membranaires. Les résultats présentés indiquent et soutiennent de manière expérimentale que l'iodure pourrait être facilement et efficacement utilisé pour résoudre le problème de phase dans le cas des structures de cristaux de protéines membranaires.Le capteur histidine kinases est l'un des récepteurs transmembranaires les plus communs présents dans tous les royaumes de la vie. La compréhension des principes de signalisation transmembranaire de l'histidine kinases sensorielle est une question fondamentale qui reste actuellement sans réponse. Pour arriver à l'idée de quels changements structurels fournissent la transmission du signal à travers la membrane lipidique dans ce travail, la structure cristalline de la construction tronquée de l'histidine kinase NarQ d'Escherichia coli – un capteur de nitrates/nitrites – qui contient le capteur périplasmique, les hélices transmembranaires et le domaine HAMP au niveau du côté cytoplasmique a été déterminée dans les états lié à un ligand et l'apo muté. Les structures présentées fournissent un aperçu des changements de conformation qui se produisent dans le domaine transmembranaire et dans le domaine HAMP en aval pendant la transduction du signal induite par le ligand. L'avancement de la recherche structurelle a été grandement renforcé par l'implication des résultats méthodologiques présentés dans ce travail. Cet impact et, en particulier, les résultats prospectifs de ce travail aux disciplines méthodologiques et appliquées de la biologie structurale et de la cristallographie des rayons X en particulier sont discutés. / In this study the methodological aspects for producing high-resolution crystal structures of membrane proteins were combined and reported here as well as their implication for the concrete biologically-relevant case of structural investigation of transmembrane histidine kinase working principles.In X-ray crystallography protein crystal samples vary in sizes, shapes and diffracting abilities. To be able to collect the diffraction data in the most efficient way the crystal sample should be properly characterised on-axis in every particular case. Raster X-ray scan has been found to be the most viable technique to do so and in this context a method of crystal sample analysis for protein crystallography is presented here which is based on the X-ray mesh scan technique developed at the ESRF. The method estimates the positions, sizes and quality of diffraction of each crystal in the scanned area which could be further useful for the rational design of the data collection process. The performance of the method is demonstrated on several protein crystal samples.Another bottleneck in production of crystal structures of proteins is in commonly known phase problem. The most widespread techniques to deal with the structure that cannot be phased using molecular replacement are SAD or MAD-based experimental phasing. This implies incorporation of various anomalous scatterers to the crystal structure. In the list of available scatterers halides are particularly stood out mostly because their low toxicity and easiness of handling but at the same time their capability of producing anomalous signal. The protocol of cryo-soaking of the protein crystals in halide-containing solutions has shown to be successful on soluble protein structures. In the current study this protocol was tested on four different crystal structures of membrane proteins. The presented findings state and further support experimentally that iodide could be easily and successfully used for addressing the phase problem in the case of membrane protein crystal structures.Sensor histidine kinases are ones of the most common transmembrane receptors present in all kingdoms of life. The understanding of transmembrane signalling principles of sensor histidine kinases is a fundamental question that currently remains unanswered. In order to get to the idea of which structural changes provide the transmission of the signal across the lipid membrane in this work the crystal structure of the truncated construct of the histidine kinase NarQ of Escherichia coli – a sensor of nitrates/nitrites – which contains periplasmic sensor domain, transmembrane helices and HAMP domain at the cytoplasmic side was determined in the ligand-bound and mutated apo states. The presented structures provide an insight on the conformational changes occurring in the transmembrane domain and in the downstream HAMP domain during the ligand-induced signal transduction. The progress of the structural investigation was greatly enhanced by the involvement of the methodological findings presented in this work. This impact and as well the prospective outcomes of this work to both methodological and applied disciplines of structural biology and X-ray crystallography in particular are discussed.
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L'origine de la réponse magnétique particulière des films minces de Co intercalés entre Graphene et Ir(111) / The origin of peculiar magnetic response of thin Co films intercalated between Graphene and Ir(111)Carlomagno, Ilaria 12 April 2017 (has links)
Le sujets de cette thèse sont l'évolution structurelle et la réponse magnétique particulière des films de cobalt observés lors de l'intercalation entre graphène et Ir (111).L'origine du comportement magnétique exotique de ces films n'a pas été trouvée encore. À cet égard, l'objectif final de ce travail est de sonder les effets de l'anisotropie structurale sur l'anisotropie magnétique.Plusieurs paramètres tels que l'épaisseur du film, les temps et les températures de la procedure du textit{annealing}, la présence de graphène et l'environnement local de Co ont été pris en compte comme possibles sources d'anisotropie structurale.Une analyse complète a été réalisée en utilisant des techniques complémentaires et avancées. Techniques comme la spectroscopie de photoélectrons de rayons X (XPS) et l'effet Kerr magnéto-optique (MOKE) ont fourni des informations sur la distribution de Co dans la direction perpendiculaire à la surface et sur la réponse magnétique. Cependant, techniques de rayonnement synchrotron comme la spectroscopie d'absorption de rayonnement X (XAS) et la diffraction de rayons X par incidence rasante (GIXD) ont sondé la structure locale et l'ordre à long terme des films.L'analyse présentée dans cette thèse inclut les effets de surface à l'interface Co/Ir, l'environnement local autour du Co, la structure cristalline du film, la rugosité du système et le désordre moyen.En particulier, l'évolution de ces paramètres est présentée et discutée en même temps que leur effet sur la réponse magnétique macroscopique des films intercalés.Les résultats démontrent que les traitements thermiques affectent la morphologie du Co, sa rugosité et sa coordination locale. Tels effets altèrent la structure du film affectant l'anisotropie magnétique globale. Cette information est utile à des fins applicatives. De plus, la description des modifications micro-structurales fournit un aperçu approfondi des propriétés physiques des films de Co intercalés. / This thesis focuses on the structural evolution and the peculiar magnetic response of Cobalt films observed upon intercalation between Graphene and Ir(111).The origin of the exotic magnetic behaviour of such films cite{ROUGEMAILLE} has not been found yet. In this respect, the final goal of this work is to probe the effects of the structural anisotropy on the magnetic anisotropy.Several parameters such as: film thickness, annealing times and temperatures, Graphene presence, and Co local environment were taken into account as possible sources of structural anisotropy.A complete analysis was carried out using complementary, state-of-the-art techniques. While laboratory techniques such as X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect (MOKE) provided information on the Co distribution along the direction perpendicular to the surface, and on the magnetic response, synchrotron radiation techniques such as X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) and Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXD) probed the local structure and the long range order of the films.The analysis presented in this thesis includes the surface effects at the Co/Ir interface, the local Co environment, the crystalline structure of the film and the system roughness and average disorder.In particular, the evolution of such parameters is presented and discussed together with their effect on the macroscopic magnetic response of the intercalated films.The results demonstrate that thermal treatments affect Co morphology, roughness, and local coordination. Such effects alter the film structure affecting the overall magnetic anisotropy. This information alone is valuable for applicative purposes. Moreover, the description of the micro-structural modifications provides a deep insight into the physical properties of intercalated Co films.
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Photoelectron spectroscopy of transition metal complexesCooper, Glyn January 1986 (has links)
No description available.
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Etude en rayons X cohérents de la dynamique de suspensions concentrées de sphères dures / Probing dynamics of hard sphere suspensions at high volume fractions with coherent X-raysKwasniewski, Pawel 26 June 2012 (has links)
Les suspensions colloïdales de particules sphériques présentant des interactions de type sphères dures font partie des systèmes les plus simples et les plus largement étudiés en Matière Molle. Elles peuvent être considérées comme systèmes modèles pour tester des théories plus générales, par exemple en ce qui concerne la cristallisation [1] ou la transition vitreuse [2]. Malgré de nombreux résultats théoriques et expérientaux dans ce domaine, le comportement dynamique des suspensions de sphères dures n'a pas été complètement élucidé.La spectroscopie à corrélation de photons X (XPCS) est une technique de diffusion cohérente équivalente à la Diffusion Quasi-Elastique de la Lumière [3], qui est un des principaux outils d'investigation de la dynamique colloïdale [4]. Comparée à la luière visible, l'utilisation de rayons X procure des rensignements sur les transferts de moment de plus haute énergie, et évite les diffusions multiples - phénomène qui complique sensiblement les études en DQEL pour les échantillons concentrés. De plus, l'utilisation du détecteur 2D compteur de photons (MAXIPIX) disponible sur la ligne ID10 (ESRF) donne des renseignements sur l'évolution de la dynamique de l'échantillon au cours de l'exposition, via les fonctions de corrélation à deux temps.Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié une suspension de spheres colloïdales de PMMA (poly(méthylmétacrylate)) stériquement stabilisées. La distribution en taille des particules et leur concentration ont été obtenues par diffusion de rayons X aux petits angles (SAXS). Les expériences de XPCS effectuées aux plus grandes fractions volumiques en particules (>0.5) mettent en évidence à la fois des temps de diffusion courts et des temps longs autour des pics de Bragg. Une comparaison avec une précédente étude [5] montre, pour une petite gamme de fractions volumiques, une modification drastique de la loi d'échelle entre les temps de relaxation courts et les temps longs qui avait été initialement proposée par Segrè et Pusey [6]. L'analyse des fonctions de corrélation à deux temps révèle un comportement dynamique complexe des échantillons légèrement au-dessus de la transition vitreuse, alors qu'on n'observe aucun signe de modifications structurales via diffusion statique. Utiliser la XPCS sur des suspensions en écoulement dans des canaux cylindriques avait fait ses preuves pour renseigner à la fois sur les propriétés dynamiques et d'écoulement de suspensions diluées [7]. Ici, nous discutons les potentialités et les limites de cette méthode, en étudiant l'interaction entre les propriétés rhéologiques et dynamiques dans ces systèmes complexes modèles que sont les verres colloïdaux.[1] P. N. Pusey and W. van Megen. In: Nature 320.6060 (Mar. 1986), pp. 340–342 [2] P. N. Pusey and W. van Megen. In: Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 (18 1987), pp. 2083–2086.[3] V. A. Martinez et al. In: The Journal of Chemical Physics 134.5, 054505 (2011), p. 054505.[4] B. J. Berne and R. Pecora. Dynamic Light Scattering with application to chemistry, biology and physics. Dover Publications, New York, 2000. [5] D. Orsi et al. “Dynamics in dense hard-sphere colloidal suspensions”. In: Phys. Rev. E 85 (1 2012), p. 011402. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.85.011402. url: http://link.aps.org/doi/1 0.1103/PhysRevE.85.011402. [6] P. N. Segrè and P. N. Pusey. In: Phys. Rev. Lett. 77.4 (1996), pp. 771–774.[7] A. Fluerasu et al. In: New Journal of Physics 12.3 (2010) / Colloidal suspensions of spherical particles presenting hard-sphere like interactions is one of the simplest and most widely studied systems of soft condensed matter. They can be treated as a model for testing fundamental theories, regarding e.g. crystallization [1] or glass transition [2]. Despite the long history of both theoretical and experimental research, the dynamic behavior of hard sphere suspensions still lacks a complete understanding.X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) is a coherent scattering technique equivalent to Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) [3], which is one of the main tools used in the study of colloidal dynamics [4]. Comparing to visible light, the use of X-rays provides access to higher momentum transfer vector values and allows to avoid multiple scattering – a phenomena significantly complicating DLS measurements on concentrated samples. Moreover, the use of a fast, single photon counting area detector (MAXIPIX) available at the ID10 beamline at ESRF gives insight into the evolution of sample dynamics during the measurement time by the means of two-time correlation functions.In this work suspensions of sterically stabilized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) colloidal spheres were used. Particle size, polydispersity and volume fractions of the samples were obtained using the Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) technique. XPCS measurements at high volume fractions (>0.5) show both short- and long-time diffusive behaviour for scattering vector values around, but not restricted to the structure factor peak position. A comparison with an earlier study [5] shows a dramatic change in the approximate scaling between the short- and long-time relaxation rates, initially proposed by Segrè and Pusey in [6], over a small range of volume fractions. The analysis of two-time correlation functions reveals complex dynamic behaviour of a sample slightly above the glass transition, while no signs of structural changes are observed in the static scattering patterns. The studies indicate the dynamics being governed by a jamming transition driven by restrictions in free volume rather than a glass transition as know from the mode-coupling theory. A combination of XPCS with flow in a cylindrical channel has demonstrated previously to give both dynamic and flow properties of dilute suspensions [7]. Here we discuss the potential and limitations of this method in the study of the interplay between rheological properties and dynamics in complex systems such as colloidal glasses. [1] P. N. Pusey and W. van Megen. In: Nature 320.6060 (Mar. 1986), pp. 340–342[2] P. N. Pusey and W. van Megen. In: Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 (18 1987), pp. 2083–2086.[3] V. A. Martinez et al. In: The Journal of Chemical Physics 134.5, 054505 (2011), p. 054505.[4] B. J. Berne and R. Pecora. Dynamic Light Scattering with application to chemistry, biology and physics. Dover Publications, New York, 2000.[5] D. Orsi et al. “Dynamics in dense hard-sphere colloidal suspensions”. In: Phys. Rev. E 85 (2012), p. 011402.[6] P. N. Segrè and P. N. Pusey. In: Phys. Rev. Lett. 77.4 (1996), pp. 771–774.[7] A. Fluerasu et al. In: New Journal of Physics 12.3 (2010)
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