La relazione tra traffico di cocaina e violenza ha attratto l’attenzione di molti ricercatori negli ultimi tre decenni; nonostante questo, il ruolo in questa relazione delle fluttuazioni del valore mercato illecito hanno ricevuto finora poca attenzione. Questo studio produce una stima della fluttuazione del valore del mercato della cocaina in 151 paesi nel periodo 1998-2013 adottando un originale approccio che considera sia la dimensione dei flussi di cocaina sia il network dei paesi trafficanti. I risultati di questa stima sono poi utilizzati per esplorare la relazione tra fluttuazioni nel valore del mercato della cocaina e il livello di violenza in un set di 63 paesi. Le analisi dimostrano che le variazioni nel valore del mercato influenzano il livello di violenza in un paese. Infine, sfruttando un nuovo metodo di stima dell’intensità della lotta al traffico di cocaina, lo studio mostra come l’intensificarsi del contrasto al narcotraffico possa, paradossalmente, generare delle spirali di violenza. / Many scholars have investigated the escalation of violence associated with drug trafficking. Despite the plethora of literature, limited attention has been paid to the consequences of fluctuations in the value of markets. This study addresses this lacuna in extant research by proposing an original estimate of the gross value added of cocaine markets in 151 countries between the period 1998-2013, taking into consideration both national and international dimensions of cocaine trafficking through recourse to a flow/network approach. In conjunction with this, the fluctuation of the gross value added of the cocaine market is examined in terms of an etiological factor in the upsurge of interpersonal lethal violence. The analysis demonstrates how expansions and contractions of the gross value added in cocaine markets are significant determinants of the level of violence within the respective countries that constitute the global cocaine network. Finally, through mobilising innovative methods for estimating drug law enforcement actions, the study problematizes extant methods for disrupting drug trafficking on the basis that they may, paradoxically, engender cycles of violence.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A temÃtica desta pesquisa se circunscreve no rastreamento da violÃncia inserida no contexto das aÃÃes do Estado gerencialista da vida em sociedade. Tem como ponto de partida a prerrogativa de que âo Estado à um fato violentoâ. Ao conceber a violÃncia em trÃs dimensÃes: a simbÃlica, a objetiva (ou sistÃmica) e a subjetiva, o filÃsofo esloveno Slavoj ÅiÅek nos fornece o elemento central para problematizarmos o uso da forÃa e/ou coerÃÃo pelo Estado enquanto elemento fundamental para a sua prÃpria fundaÃÃo e existÃncia. à pela anÃlise do estreitamento do tripà capitalismo-democracia-(neo)liberalismo enquanto estruturas legitimadoras do gerenciamento da sociedade pelo Estado que se chega Ãs formas violentas que lhe veste. O aparato ideolÃgico a serviÃo do Estado se constitui por outro lado, enquanto formas invisÃveis. Nesse contexto, consideram-se ainda as estruturas objetivas como o aparelho jurÃdico, de legitimaÃÃo da organizaÃÃo social pelo Estado. A linha teÃrica baseada no materialismo dialÃtico nos permitiu concluir que sim, o Estado à um fato violento, mais que isso, o Estado à violÃncia. Suas faces violentas sà nos sÃo visÃveis atravÃs de polÃticas que visam à exploraÃÃo da forÃa de trabalho assalariada pela burguesia, a defesa da propriedade privada e ao acÃmulo de capital, pelos donos dos meios de produÃÃo. Tais polÃticas resultam em exploraÃÃo, misÃria, fome, desigualdades, exclusÃo, subordinaÃÃo e sofrimento humano. Concluimos que, dada Ãs estruturas sociais, polÃtico e econÃmicas em que estamos assentadados, se pretendemos lutar por uma sociedade sem violÃncia (sistÃmica), que aborde as condiÃÃes de emergÃncia de atos polÃticos de ruptura com as coordenadas sistÃmicas de captura do sujeito politicamente desinteressado e que impulsionem a luta de classes, isso sà nos serà possÃvel fora do Estado. / The theme of the research entitled âState and violence in times of neoliberal capitalismâ is limited to the tracing of violence inserted in the context of State actions, having the prerogative that 'the State is a violent fact' as its starting point. When designing violence in three dimensions: the symbolic, the objective (or systemic) and the subjective, the Slovenian philosopher Slavoj ÅiÅek provides us theoretical-analytical support to problematize the use of force and/or coercion by the State as a fundamental element for its own foundation and existence. It is by analyzing the pairing of the tripod âcapitalism - democracy - (neo)liberalismâ, as legitimating structures of the State management of society, that the expressions of the violent State are addressed. On the other hand, besides the judicial system, the ideological apparatus at the service of the state is built as invisible forms which legitimize the social organization by the State. The theoretical line based on dialectical materialism leaded us to the conclusion that, yes, the State is a violent fact, more than that, the State is violence. The violent faces of the State are only visible to us through policies aimed at the exploitation of the wage labor force by the bourgeoisie, through the defense of private property by the accumulation of capital by the owners of the means of production. Those policies tend to result in more exploitation, misery, hunger, social inequality and exclusion, subordination and human suffering. Weâve come to the conclusion that, given the social, political and economic structures in which we are based, if we want to fight for a society without violence (systemic), that addresses the emergence of political acts of rupture with the systemic coordinates of capture of the politically disinterested subject and that can propel the class struggle is only possible not inside but outside the State.

The aim of this study is to describe and analyse how young men who have participated in a riot describe their life-situations regarding to their relations to the police, their neighbourhood, employment, the background to the riots and how they use hip-hop as a resistance to subordination. The study is conducted through three semi-structured qualitative group interviews and to some extent field studies. The theoretical points of departure are Slavoj Zizeks theory of violence, which is divided into subjective, symbolic and systemic violence, and subcultural theory. The results of the study show that the young men in their daily life are exposed to by both systemic and symbolic violence, feel secure within their neighbourhood and find themselves harassed by the police. A major finding is that the riot primarily can be understood as an act to get society conscious of their situations, while they found themselves marginalised, lacking employment and youth club. Another finding is that the hip-hop-group “Kartellen” describes how the young men experience their life-situations and that they e.g. are used as a “resistance through ritual” and to get society aware of their life conditions.

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No description available.

La rédaction de ce mémoire a été possible grâce à la bourse d’études supérieures du Canada (BESC M), Joseph-Armand-Bombardier du Centre de Recherche en Sciences Humaines (CRSH) du gouvernement du Canada, 2015. / Cette recherche est basée sur l’hypothèse suivante : la relation entre la société colombienne et la violence a été si constante et profonde que la nouvelle littérature du XXIe siècle est un produit de ce phénomène. Bien que les études académiques portant sur la littérature et la violence en Colombie soient si nombreuses, celles-ci ont été dirigées à l’analyse du violent comme étant un phénomène perturbateur de l’ordre social, que ce soit dès la Violence politique des années 50 et 60, ou bien dès la littérature du narco trafique dans les années 80 et 90. Toutefois, dans la littérature des générations plus récentes d’écrivains, la violence n’est pas nécessairement exercée par des acteurs « traditionnellement » violents qui portent atteinte à l’ordre social, mais ce supposé « ordre » social est déjà essentiellement violent, faisant de la violence une question symbolique, normalisée et profondément enracinée dans l’ensemble de la société. Donc, de quelle façon la violence « traditionnelle » a-t-elle mutée jusqu’à configurer la neo-violence d’aujourd’hui? Quelles sont ses caractéristiques? Mais, surtout, de quelle façon la littérature raconte-t-elle cette nouvelle violence? Le objectif de cette recherche est d’identifier ces nouvelles manifestations de la violence dans la littérature de la première décennie du XXIe siècle ayant été produites pour les écrivains nés pendant les années 70 et le début des années 80. La méthodologie, basée sur l’analyse de romans et de nouvelles d’écrivains colombiens de cette génération, cherche à établir comment la surexposition à une violence endémique a généré de nouvelles formes de voir, de percevoir, de sentir et de narrer le violent au-delà de la description de faits concrets de violence. / This research is based on the assumption that the relationship between the Colombian society and violence is so constant and deep that the new 21st century literature is the result of this phenomenon. Despite the fact that previous academic research on violence and literature in Colombia has largely addressed the topic, this same research has usually approached “violence” as a disruptive phenomenon having an impact on established social orders. That is the case of previous analysis addressing either the 1950s and 1960s’ La Violencia-based literature or the 1980s and 1990s’ drug trafficking literature. However, in the literature of the new generation of writers, violence is not necessarily practiced by traditionally violent actors who intentionally put social order at risk. This social order is in fact essentially violent, which turns violence into a symbolic, normalized, deeply rooted matter in society. Thus, how has “traditional” violence transformed into today’s neoviolence? Which are its attributes? Furthermore, how does literature tell this new violence’s story? The purpose of this research is to identify these new forms of violence made evident in the literature of the first decade of the 21st century that has been produced, in turn, by writers born between the 1970s and the 1980s. The methodology, based on the analysis of novels and short stories by Colombian writers from this period, seeks to establish how overexposure to endemic violence has resulted in new forms of seeing, perceiving, feeling and recounting violence beyond the accurate description of violent facts. / Si bien los estudios académicos sobre el tema de la literatura y la violencia en Colombia son bastante numerosos, estos han estado dirigidos al análisis de la violencia como un fenómeno perturbador del orden social, ya sea desde la Violencia política de los años 50 y 60, o bien desde la violencia del narcotráfico en los años 80 y 90. Sin embargo, en la literatura de las generaciones más jóvenes de escritores, la violencia no es necesariamente ejercida por actores tradicionalmente violentos que atenten contra el orden social, sino que este supuesto orden social es ya esencialmente violento, donde la violencia se manifiesta de manera simbólica, normalizada y profundamente enraizada en la vida social. La investigación se pregunta entonces, ¿de qué manera la violencia “tradicional” ha mutado hasta configurar la neo-violencia de hoy? ¿Cuáles son sus características? Pero, sobre todo, ¿de qué manera esta nueva violencia es contada por la literatura? El objetivo de esta investigación es el de identificar estas nuevas manifestaciones de la violencia en la literatura de la primera década del siglo XXI, producida por los escritores nacidos durante los años 70 e inicios de los años 80. La metodología se basa en el análisis de novelas y cuentos de escritores colombianos pertenecientes a esta generación, para establecer cómo la sobreexposición a una violencia endémica ha generado nuevas formas de ver, percibir, sentir y narrar lo violento más allá de la descripción de hechos concretos de violencia.

The aim of this thesis is to narrate and analyze lynching and atypical violence in Denton County, Texas, between 1920 and 1926. Through this intensive study of a rural county in north Texas, the role of law enforcement in typical and systemic violence is observed and the relationship between Denton County Officials and the Ku Klux Klan is analyzed. Chapter 1 discusses the root of the word lynching and submits a call for academic attention to violence that is unable to be categorized as lynching due to its restrictive definition. Chapter 2 chronicles known instances of lynching in Denton County from its founding through the 1920s including two lynchings perpetrated by Klavern 136, the Denton County Klan. Chapter 3 examines the relationship between Denton County Law Enforcement and the Klan. In Chapter 4, seasons of violence are identified and applied to available historical records. Chapter 5 concludes that non-lynching violence, termed "disappearances," occurred and argues on behalf of its inclusion within the historiography of Jim Crow Era criminal actions against Black Americans. In the Prologue and Epilogue, the development and dissolution of the St. John's Community in Pilot Point, Texas, is narrated.