O Zika virus (ZIKV) é um flavívirus, tal qual o virus da dengue e, assim como esse, também é transmitido pelos mosquitos do gênero Aedes, especialmente o Aedes aegipty Restrito ao continente africano até 2007, o ZIKV chegou as Américas em 2013, com os primeiros registros brasileiros da infecção datando de 2014 - 2015. Em 2016, a OMS classificou o surto de ZIKV como Emergência de Saúde Mundial. O ZIKV pode acarretar na Sindrome Congênita do ZIka Vírus (SCZ) em bebês que sofreram infecção gestacional. Além da manifestação mais temida e marcante, a microcefalia, e de demais danos neurológicos, a SCZ tem sido principalmente associada com anomalias visuais e oftalmológicas. Entretanto, poucas informações se encontram disponíveis na literatura sobre o impacto da infecção por ZIKV nas funções visuais e desenvolvimento visual em crianças sem microcefalia. Pouco se conhece também do impacto da infecção em diferentes populações brasileiras, de localidades distintas. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho se propôs a preencher essa lacuna, avaliando a acuidade visual (AV) e desenvolvimento da acuidade visual em crianças expostas gestacionalmente ao ZIKV, utilizando-se o Teste dos Cartões de Acuidade de Teller (CAT). As crianças avaliadas vieram de duas populações distintas da região Sudeste do Brasil, a cidade de Jundiaí (SP) e a cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ). A Coorte Zika Jundiaí foi composta de 118 crianças divididas entre grupo controle saudável (ZC) com 63 crianças, grupo experimental, dividido em dois subgrupos, baseado em exame de RT- qPCR, sorologia ou avaliação clínica, o subgrupo Exposto (ZE) com 23 crianças, em que apenas as mães tiveram infecção confirmada por ZIKV e o subgrupo Infectado (ZI), com 24 crianças no qual mãe e criança tiveram infecção confirmada. Oito crianças formaram o grupo Controle Postivo (M), com crianças com microcefalia em decorrência de outras causas. A Coorte IFF Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro foi composta de 32 crianças, todas com infecção confirmada pelo ZIKV (ZI), por exame de RT-qPCR, sorologia ou avaliação clínica. Os resultados do presente trabalho mostram que a exposição gestacional ao ZIKV, na ausência de infecção, parece não ter efeito sobre a AV ou seu desenvolvivemento. No entanto, quando ocorre infecção gestacional por ZIKV, pode haver prejuízos à AV mesmo quando a criança não apresenta anomalias neurológicas e/ou oftalmológicas aparentes. Esse trabalho, entretanto, concorda com estudos anteriores que mostram uma maior chance de haver perdas de AV concomitantementes a um comprometimento cognitivo e/ou oftalmologico. As análises do subgrupo ZI de Jundiaí dão suporte a noção de que crianças gestacionalmente infectadas por ZIKV tendem a apresentar um desenvolvimento anormal (mais lento) da AV. Esse achado, se reproduzido, possuí repercussões mais gerais, dado que quaisquer danos à função visual podem indicar deficiências no sistema nervoso central. Assim sendo, tais achados tem importantes repercussões na saúde pública. Além disso, as taxas diferentes de danos à AV, bem como de incidência de microcefalia e comprometimento oftalmológico entre as populações estudadas neste trabalho, apoiam a hipótese da existência de demarcadas diferenças regionais entre as linhagens de ZIKV circulantes no país, assim como de diferenças de suscetibilidade de hospedeiros entre as populações estudadas / The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus, such as the dengue virus, and like the dengue virus is also transmitted by the Aedes osquitoes, especially the Aedes aegipty Restricted to the African Country until 2007, the ZIKV arrived in the Americas in 2013, with the first brazillian cases of the infection dating to 2014 - 2015. In 2016, WHO classified the ZIKV spread as a World Health Emergency. The ZIKV, in gestationally exposed children, can lead to Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). Beyond its most marked and feared manifestation, microcephaly, and its other neurological damages, CZS is mostly associated with visual and ophthalmologic anomalies. However, little information is available on the literature about the impact of the ZIKV infection in the visual function and on the visual development in infected children without microcephaly. Little is also known about the impact of the infection in different brazillian populations from distinct areas. With that in mind, the present work intends to fill this gap in literature, evaluating the visual acuity (VA) and visual acuity development in children gestationally exposed to the ZIKV, using the Teller Acuity Cards Test (TAC). The evaluated children were from two different populations of the Southeast region of Brazil, the city of Jundiaí (SP) and the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ). The Zika Jundiaí Cohort was composed of 118 children divided between the healthy control group (ZC) with 63 children and the experimental group, divided in two subgroups based on RT-qPCR, sorology or clinical evaluation, the Exposed subgroup (ZE) with 23 children, which only the mothers had ZIKV confirmed and the Infected subgroup (ZI), with 24 children, wich both mother and children had ZIKV confirmed infection. Eight children formed the Positive Control Group (M), composed of children with microcephaly due to other causes. The IFF Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro Cohort was composed of 32 children, all with confirmed ZIKV infection (ZI), either by RT-qPCR/sorology exam or by clinical evaluation. The results of the present work show that ZIKV exposition in absence of infection, does not seem to affect VA or its development. However when theres a gestational ZIKV infection, it may lead to VA damages even when the children does not show any apparent neurologic/ophtalmologic anomalies. This work, nonetheless, is in agreement with former studies that show a higher chance of VA losses when the children also have cognitive and/or ophtalmologic deficits. The Jundiaí ZI Subgroup analisies support the notion that ZIKV gestationally infected children tend to have an abnormal (slower) VA development. This finding, if replicated, has more general repercussions given that any visual function damages may indicate central nervous system deficiencies. Thus, these findings have important repercussions in the public health area. Furthermore, the different rates of VA damages as well as the different rates of microcephaly incidencies and ophthalmologic deficits between the populations studied in this work support the hypothesis of marked regional differences between the brazillian ZIKV strains, as well as host suscepitibilitiess differences between the studied populations

Ce travail exploratoire porte sur l'élaboration d'une échelle de repérage du Trouble de l'Acquisition des Coordinations (TAC) à destination des enseignants d'école maternelle pour des élèves de 5 ans en classe de Grande Section (GS).Les enfants TAC font l'objet de repérage et de dépistage tardifs ce qui a des conséquences lourdes dans les domaines émotionnel, social et scolaire pour eux-mêmes et leur famille. Un repérage précoce doit permettre la pose d'un diagnostic dès l'entrée à l'école élémentaire afin que des prises en charge s'organisent rapidement. Le modèle théorique de réponse à l'item, le modèle de Rasch employé, a permis d'élaborer une échelle d'intensité à 22 items, ajustée aux critères diagnostics de la dyspraxie développementale et des activités menées en maternelle : L'échelle d'adaptation à la viescolaire. Dans une première étude, cette échelle administrée à 144 sujets de 3 ans 2 mois à 9 ans 2 mois (répartis en 4 groupes à profil spécifique : en difficulté scolaire, en situation de handicap, avec TAC, avec TED) montre qu'elle est sensible aux effets de développement et qu'elle discrimine sur un unique trait latent le groupe des enfants TAC.L'échelle administrée à un second groupe de 185 enfants ordinaires de 3 ans 5 mois à 6 ans, montre un effet des variables " sexe " et " classe " pour les garçons. Cette seconde étude permet d'avancer un score seuil pour le dépistage et un autre pour l'aide en classe. Les tests statistiques mettent en évidence la fidélité et la validité de l'échelle. Des travaux complémentaires sont envisagés et des pistes d'évolution de l'échelle sont proposées. Deux DVD d'informations portant sur les BEP et sur les TAC, incluant l'échelle de repérage à destination des enseignants (utilisateurs de l'échelle) sont également élaborés.

El propósito de este proyecto de investigación es explorar la autopercepción respecto al nivel de dominio de las herramientas de traducción asistida por computadora (TAC) de los traductores colegiados en las lenguas inglés y español en Lima, Perú. Por otro lado, se pretende identificar las necesidades y expectativas de un grupo de profesionales del presente estudio con relación al uso de las herramientas TAC. Esta investigación utiliza, como metodología, la técnica cuantitativa. Se encuestó a los miembros del Colegio de Traductores del Perú con la combinación de lenguas español- inglés con el fin de profundizar los resultados encontrados respecto al nivel de dominio de las herramientas TAC de los traductores certificados. / The purpose of this research project is to explore the self-perception of Spanish – English translators certified by the Peruvian Association of Professional Licensed Translators in Lima, Peru regarding their command of computer-aided translation (CAT) tools. On the other hand, we aim to identify the needs and expectations of the group of professionals of this study in regard to the application of CAT tools. This research uses a method with quantitative technique. The members of the Peruvian Association of Professional Licensed Translators with language pair combination Spanish – English were surveyed (representative sample), in order to deepen the results, found with regard to the certified translators' level of command of CAT tools. / Tesis

No description available.

[EN] In medicine, the diagnosis based on computed tomography (CT) imaging is fundamental for the detection of abnormal tissues by different attenuation values on X-ray energy, which frequently are not clearly distinguished for the radiologist. Different methods have been developed to reconstruct images. In this work we analyse and compare analytical and iterative methods to resolve the reconstruction problem. Today, in practice, the reconstruction process is based on analytical methods and one of the most widely used algorithms is known as Filtered back projections (FBP) algorithm. This algorithm implements the inverse Radon Transform, which is a mathematical tool used in Biomedical Engineering for the reconstruction of CT images. From the very beginning of the development of scanners, it was important to reduce the scanning time, to improve the quality of images and to reduce the reconstruction time of images. Today's technology provides powerful systems, multiprocessor and multicore processor systems, that provide the possibility to reduce the reconstruction time. In this work, we analyze the FBP based on the inverse Radon Transform and its relation to the Fourier Transform, with the aim to achieve better performance while using resources of a system in an optimal way. This algorithm uses parallel projections, is simple, robust, and the results could be extended for a variety of situations. In many applications, the set of projection data needed for the reconstruction, is incomplete due to the physical reasons. Consequently, it is possible to achieve only approximated reconstruction. In this conditions, the images reconstructed with analytical methods have a lot of artefacts in two and three dimensions. Iterative methods are more suitable for the reconstruction from a limited number of projections in noisy conditions. Their usage may be important for the functionality of portable scanners in emergency situations. However, in practice, these methods are less used due to their high computational cost. In this work, the reduction of the execution time is achieved by performing the parallel implementation on multi-core and many-core systems of such iterative algorithms as SART, MLEM and LSQR. The iterative methods have become a hot topic of interest because of their capacity to resolve the reconstruction problem from a limited number of projections. This allows the possibility to reduce the radiation dose during the data acquisition process. At the same time, in the reconstructed images appear undesired artefacts. To resolve the problem effectively, we have adopted the LSQR method with soft threshold filtering technique and the fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm for computed tomography imaging and present the efficiency of the method named LSQR-STF-FISTA. The reconstruction methods are analysed through the reconstructions from simulated and real projection data. Also, the quality of the reconstructed images is compared with the aim of drawing conclusions regarding the studied methods. We conclude from this study that iterative methods are capable to reconstruct images from a limited number of dataset at a low computational cost. / [ES] En medicina, el diagnóstico basado en imágenes de tomografía axial computerizada (TAC) es fundamental para la determinación de anormalidades a través de diferentes valores de atenuación de la energía de rayos-X, las cuales, frecuentemente, son difíciles de ser distinguidas por los radiólogos. Se han desarrollado diferentes técnicas de reconstrucción de imagen. En este trabajo analizamos y comparamos métodos analíticos e iterativos para resolver de forma eficiente el problema de reconstrucción. Hoy, en la práctica, el proceso de reconstrucción de imagen se basa en algoritmos analíticos entre los cuales, el algoritmo de retroproyección filtrada 'filtered backprojection' (FBP) es el más conocido. Este algoritmo se usa para implementar la Transformada de Radon inversa que es una herramienta matemática cuya utilización principal en Ingeniería Biomédica es la reconstrucción de imágenes TAC. Desde el comienzo del desarrollo de escáneres ha sido importante reducir el tiempo de escaneo, mejorar la calidad de imagen y reducir el tiempo de reconstrucción. La tecnología de hoy ofrece potentes sistemas con varios procesadores y núcleos que posibilitan reducir el tiempo invertido en la reconstrucción de imágenes. En este trabajo se analiza el algoritmo FBP basado en la Transformada de Radon inversa y su relación con la Transformada de Fourier con el objetivo de optimizar su cálculo aprovechando al máximo los recursos del sistema. Este algoritmo se basa en proyecciones paralelas y se destaca por su simplicidad y robustez, y permite extender los resultados a una variedad de situaciones. En muchas aplicaciones el conjunto de proyecciones necesarias para la reconstrucción puede ser incompleto por razones físicas. Entonces, la única posibilidad es realizar una reconstrucción aproximada. En estas condiciones, las imágenes reconstruidas por los algoritmos analíticos en dos o tres dimensiones son de baja calidad y con muchos artefactos. Los métodos iterativos son más adecuados para la reconstrucción de imágenes cuando se dispone de un menor número de proyecciones en condiciones más ruidosas. Su uso puede ser importante para el funcionamiento en escáneres portátiles en condiciones de urgencia en cualquier lugar. Sin embargo, en la práctica, estos métodos son menos usados por su alto coste computacional. En este trabajo presentamos el estudio y diversas implementaciones paralelas que permiten bajar el coste computacional de tales métodos iterativos como SART, MLEM y LSQR. Los métodos iterativos se han convertido en un tópico de gran interés para muchos vendedores de sistemas de TAC clínicos por su capacidad de resolver el problema de reconstrucción con un número limitado de proyecciones. Esto proporciona la posibilidad de reducir la dosis radiactiva en los pacientes durante el proceso de adquisición de datos. Al mismo tiempo, en la reconstrucción aparecen artefactos no deseados. Para resolver el problema en forma efectiva y eficiente, hemos adaptado el método LSQR con el método de filtrado 'Soft Threshold Filtering' y el algoritmo de aceleración 'Fast Iterative Shrinkage-thresholding Algorithm' para TAC. La eficiencia y fiabilidad del método nombrado LSQR-STF-FISTA se presenta en este trabajo. Los métodos de reconstrucción de imágenes se analizan mediante la reconstrucción a partir de proyecciones simuladas y reales, comparando la calidad de imagen reconstruida con el objetivo de obtener conclusiones respecto a los métodos usados. Basándose en este estudio, concluimos que los métodos iterativos son capaces de reconstruir imágenes con el conjunto limitado de proyecciones con un bajo coste computacional. / [CA] En medicina, el diagnòstic basat en imatges de tomografia axial compueritzada (TAC) és fonamental per a la determinació d'anormalitats a través de diferents valors d'atenuació de l'energia de rajos-X, les quals, freqüentment,són difícils de ser distingides pels radiòlegs. S'han desenvolupat diferents tècniques de reconstrucció d'imatge. En aquest treball analitzem i comparem mètodes analítics i iteratius per a resoldre el problema de reconstrucció. Avui, en la pràctica, el procés de reconstrucció d'imatge es basa en algorismes analítics entre els quals, l'algorisme de retroproyección filtrada 'filtered backprojection' (FBP) és el més conegut. Aquest algorisme s'usa per a implementar la Transformada de Radon inversa que és una eina matemàtica la utilització principal de la qual en Enginyeria Biomèdica és la reconstrucció d'imatges TAC. Des del començament del desenvolupament dels lectors òptics ha sigut important reduir el temps d'escanege, millorar la qualitat d'imatge i reduir el temps de reconstrucció. La tecnologia d'avui ofereix potents sistemes amb diversos processadors i nuclis que possibiliten reduir el temps invertit en la reconstrucció d'imatges. En aquest treball s'analitza l'algorisme FBP basat en la Transformada de Radon inversa i la seua relació amb la Transformada de Fourier amb l'objectiu d'optimitzar el seu càlcul aprofitant al màxim els recursos del sistema. Aquest algorisme es basa en projeccions paral·leles i es destaca per la seua simplicitat i robustesa, i permet estendre els resultats a una varietat de situacions. En moltes aplicacions el conjunt de projeccions necessàries per a la reconstrucció pot ser incomplet per raons físiques. Llavors, l'única possibilitat és realitzar una reconstrucció aproximada. En aquestes condicions, les imatges reconstruïdes pels algorismes analítics en dues o tres dimensions són de baixa qualitat i amb molts artefactes. Els mètodes iteratius són més adequats per a la reconstrucció d'imatges quan es disposa d'un menor nombre de projeccions en condicions més sorolloses. El seu ús pot ser important per al funcionament en escáneres portàtils en condicions d'urgència en qualsevol lloc. No obstant açò, en la pràctica, aquests mètodes són menys usats pel seu alt cost computacional. En aquest treball presentem l'estudi i diverses implementacions paral·leles que permeten baixar el cost computacional de tals mètodes iteratius com SART, MLEM i LSQR. Els mètodes iteratius s'han convertit en un tòpic de gran interès per a molts venedors de sistemes de TAC clínics per la seua capacitat de resoldre el problema de reconstrucció amb un nombre limitat de projeccions. Açò proporciona la possibilitat de reduir la dosi radioactiva en els pacients durant el procés d'adquisició de dades. Al mateix temps, en la reconstrucció apareixen artefactes no desitjats. Per a resoldre el problema en forma efectiva i eficient, hem adaptat el mètode LSQR amb el mètode de filtrat 'Soft Threshold Filtering' i l'algorisme d'acceleració 'Fast Iterative Shrinkage-thresholding Algorithm' per a TAC. L'eficiència i fiabilitat del mètode nomenat LSQR-STF-FISTA es presenta en aquest treball. Els mètodes de reconstrucció d'imatges s'analitzen mitjançant la reconstrucció a partir de projeccions simulades i reals, comparant la qualitat d'imatge reconstruïda amb l'objectiu d'obtenir conclusions respecte als mètodes usats. Basant-se en aquest estudi, concloem que els mètodes iteratius són capaços de reconstruir imatges amb el conjunt limitat de projeccions amb un baix cost computacional. / Flores, LA. (2015). Algoritmos Paralelos de Reconstrucción de Imágenes TAC sobre Arquitecturas Heterogéneas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59424

Im ersten Teil der Arbeit (Kapitel 2) wird über den Versuch berichtet, die Steroidtherapie nach erfolgreicher Pankreas- und Nierentransplantation (PTX/NTX) zu beenden, um steroidassoziierte Nebenwirkungen zu reduzieren. Alle 32 in dieser Studie untersuchten Patienten wurden initial mit Anti-T-Zell Globulin (ATG), Tacrolimus (Tac), Mycophenolat Mofetil (MMF) und Steroiden behandelt. Von einem erfolgreichem Absetzten der Steroide wurde ausgegangen, wenn die Steroidtherapie innerhalb der ersten 15 Monate nach PTX/NTX beendet werden konnte. Dieses Ziel konnte bei 72% (23/32) bzw. 56% (18/32) der Patienten 1 bzw. 4 Jahre nach der PTX/NTX erreicht werden. Der häufigste Grund für ein nicht fristgerechtes Absetzen der Steroide waren MMF-assoziierte Nebenwirkungen, die eine Reduktion oder das Absetzen des MMF erforderlich machten, so dass die Steroidtherapie fortgeführt werden musste. Das 1- und 4-Jahres-Patienten-, Pankreastransplantat- und Nierentransplantat- Überleben war mit 100/97/100% und 97/87/91% exzellent, wobei kein Unterschied zwischen Patienten mit fristgerecht und nicht fristgerecht beendeter Steroidtherapie beobachtet wurde. Auch unterschieden sich die Parameter des Glukose- und Fettstoffwechsels nicht zwischen den beiden Patientengruppen. Die akuten Rejektionen erwiesen sich bei den Patienten, bei denen das Steroid nach der PTX/NTX erfolgreich abgesetzt werden konnte, im Vergleich zu den Patienten, bei denen dies nicht der Fall war, häufiger als steroidsensibel und führten häufiger zu einer Normalisierung der Transplantatfunktion. Weitere Vorteile, die in der Gruppe der Patienten mit erfolgreichem Absetzten des Steroids beobachtet wurden, waren eine geringere Inzidenz von CMV-Infektionen trotz Einnahme einer höheren MMF-Dosis und ein niedrigerer arterieller Blutdruck. Operationspflichtige Komplikationen traten in dieser Gruppe jedoch häufiger auf. Diese über einen so langen Nachbeobachtungszeitraum erhobenen Daten zeigen erstmals, dass, bei Anwendung des o. a. immunsuppressiven Schemas, ein großer Teil der PTX/NTX Patienten erfolgreich und langfristig ohne Steroide weiterbehandelt werden konnten. Der Benefit der Beendigung einer Steroidtherapie muss jedoch in größeren, vergleichenden und prospektiven Studien mit langer Laufzeit bestätigt werden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit (Kapitel 3) wird ein Vergleich der immunsuppressiven Potenz der Calcineurininhibitoren Ciclosporin-A (CyA) und Tacrolimus (Tac) bei Patienten mit PTX/NTX im Rahmen einer randomisierten, prospektiven multizentrischen Studie vorgenommen. Insgesamt wurden 205 Patienten randomisiert und erhielten entweder CyA oder Tac sowie ATG, MMF und Steroide. Nach einem Jahr befanden sich noch 77% der mit Tac und 47% der mit CyA behandelten Patienten in der Studie (p / The first part (Chapter 2) is focussing on the attempt to withdraw steroids after successful simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK) in order to reduce steroid induced side effects. All 32 SPK-patients of this study received Anti-T Cell-Globulin (ATG), Tacrolimus (Tac), Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) and Steroids as initial immunosuppression. Successful steroid withdrawal was defined as cessation of steroids within 15 months after SPK. This aim could be achieved in 72% (23/32) and 56% (18/32) of the patients 1 and 4 years after SPK, respectively. The main reason not to withdraw steroids in time was caused by MMF-associated adverse effects which required a reduction or termination of the MMF therapy, thus preventing the discontinuation of the steroid therapy. On the other hand rejection episodes were the only reason for a resumption of the steroid therapy. The 1- and 4 year survival of patients, pancreas and kidney transplants was 100/97/100% and 97/87/91%, respectively. No difference was observed in patients with and without successful steroid withdrawal concerning patient and transplant survival as well as parameters of the lipid and glucose metabolism. Acute rejection episodes in patients with successful steroid withdrawal were more often steroid sensitive and showed a higher frequency of normalised transplant function as compared to acute rejections in patients under continuing steroid medication. Further advantages which could be observed in the group of patients with successful steroid withdrawal were a lower incidence of CMV-infection despite intake of higher doses of MMF and a lower arterial blood pressure; the frequency of surgical complications, however, was higher in this group. This long term observation showed for the first time that under the above mentioned immunosuppression scheme the majority of SPK patients could be successfully and lastingly withdrawn from steroids. However, the benefits of steroid withdrawal in SPK will need to be confirmed in larger, prospective and comparative studies with long observation periods. In the second part (Chapter 3) of this paper, the immunosuppressive potency of the calcineurininhibitors Ciclosporin A (CyA) and Tacrolimus (Tac) in SPK patients is compared in a randomised prospective multicentre trial for the first time. A total of 205 patients were randomised to receive CyA or Tac along with a combined scheme consisting of ATG, MMF, and steroids. After 1 year, 77% of the Tac- and 47% of the CyA-groups remained in the study (p

L'existence de noyaux triaxiaux a fait l'objet d'un débat de longue date. La possibilité de la triaxialité mole et rigide a été proposée très tôt, et de nombreuses études théoriques et expérimentales ont été consacrées à ce phénomène intrigant. Plus récemment, deux marqueurs uniques de la triaxialité dans les noyaux ont été intensivement étudiés : le mouvement d'oscillation de l'axe de rotation (wobbling) et la chiralité dynamique. Ces types exotiques de mouvement ont été observées dans des régions spécifiques du tableau nucléaire : le mouvement d'oscillation dans les noyaux de Lu impair-pair avec A ~ 160, la chiralité principalement dans les noyaux impair-impair et pair-impair avec A ~ 130. Nous avons récemment étudié les noyaux de Nd à très hauts spins et identifié plusieurs bandes, qui ont été interprétées comme la manifestation de divers types de mouvement collectif : rotation suivant un axe incliné, rotation suivant les axes longs et courts, mouvement de wobbling et bandes chirales. Un autre phénomène révélé par nos résultats récents sur les noyaux de Nd avec seulement quelques trous neutroniques par rapport à la fermeture de couche N = 82, est la coexistence de forme. En effet, ces noyaux sont prévus pour avoir des isomères de hauts spins construis sur une forme sphérique, coexistant avec des bandes triaxiales, ou des formes très voire super-déformées . Ma thèse se compose de deux expériences. Tout d'abord, j'ai préparé, exécuté et analysé une expérience réalisée au « Research Center of Nuclear Physics » (RCNP) de l' Université d'Osaka . Cette expérience visait à étudier les isomères de hauts spins et à développer les schémas de niveaux des noyaux de 135La, 136La et 136Ba. Nous avons utilisé un faisceau radioactif de 17N de 80 MeV créé par la réaction directe de 18O sur une cible 9Be et sélectionné à l'aide d'un spectromètre achromatique. Le faisceau radioactif de 17N bombardait une cible de 124Sn de 20 mg/cm2 d'épaisseur pour produire les noyaux d'intérêt par une réaction de fusion-évaporation. Cette thèse présente les résultats obtenus pour le 135La, qui comprennent la construction et la discussion du schéma de niveau et la mesure de la durée de vie de deux isomères connus. La deuxième partie de la thèse consiste en l'analyse de deux expériences différentes réalisée en utilisant la même combinaison de faisceau-cible 48Ca + 96Zr à une énergie légèrement différentes et deux dispositifs expérimentaux différents, EUROBALL et JUROGAM II + RITU + GREAT, pour étudier les isotopes du néodyme de 138Nd à 141Nd. Mon travail a été axé sur les noyaux pair-pair de 138Nd et 140Nd, avec un accent particulier sur le 140Nd. La multitude de bandes de spin élevé observées dans ce noyau sont discutées dans le cadre du modèle « Cranked Nilsson - Strutinsky » (CNS) et du modèle « Tilted Axis Cranking » (TAC). Les bandes de hauts spins observées dans les noyaux de 138-141Nd sont toutes interprétées comme basées sur un minimum d'énergie associé à une déformation triaxiale. Elles représentent donc un fort soutien à l'existence de la forme nucléaire triaxiale stable à hauts spins. L'isomère de haut spin 27– a également été identifié dans le 140Nd qui, combinée avec l'isomère 20+ précédemment connu dans le même noyau va permettre d'extraire pour la première fois une valeur expérimentale de la différence d'énergie entre les orbitales πh11/2 et π(d5/2g7/2) à hauts spins. / The existence of triaxial nuclei has been the subject of a long standing debate. The possibility of soft and rigid triaxiality has been proposed very early, and many theoretical and experimental studies have been devoted to this intriguing phenomenon since then. More recently two unique fingerprints of triaxiality in nuclei have been intensively studied : the wobbling motion and the dynamic chirality. These exotic types of motion were observed in specific regions of the nuclear chart : the wobbling motion in the odd-even Lu nuclei with A ∼ 160, the chirality primarily in the odd-odd and odd-even nuclei with A ∼ 130 nuclei. We have recently studied the Nd nuclei up to very high spins and identified several bands, which were interpreted as the manifestation of various types of collective motion : tilted axis rotation, principal axis rotation along the short and long axes, wobbling motion and chiral bands. Another phenomenon revealed by our recent results on the Nd nuclei with neutron numbers just below the N=82 shell closure, is the shape coexistence. In fact, these nuclei are predicted to have high-spin seniority isomers built on a spherical shape, coexisting with bands built on either triaxial, highly or even superdeformed shapes.My PhD consists of two experiments. Firstly I have prepared, performed and analysed an experiment realized at the Research Center of Nuclear Physics (RCNP) of the Osaka University. This experiment was performed to study the isomeric states and to develop the level schemes of the 135La, 136La and 136Ba nuclei. We have used a radioactive 17N beam of 80 MeV created by the stripping reaction of 18O on a 9Be target and selected using an achromatic spectrometer. The 17N radioactive beam bombarded a 20 mg/cm2 124Sn target to produce the nuclei of interest by a fusion-evaporation reaction. The present thesis presents the results obtained for 135La, which include the construction and discussion of the level scheme and the measurement of the lifetime of two known isomers. The second part of the thesis consists in the analysis of two different experiments performed using the same beam-target combination 48Ca + 96Zr at slightly different beam energies and two different settups, EUROBALL and JUROGAM II + RITU + GREAT, to study the neodymium isotopes from 138Nd to 141Nd. My work was focused on the even-even 138Nd and 140Nd nuclei, with special emphasis on 140Nd, which is discussed in the present thesis. The multitude of high-spin bands observed in this nucleus are discussed in the framework of Cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky (CNS) and Tilted Axis Cranking (TAC) models. The observed high-spin bands in 138−141Nd which are consistently interpreted as based on an energy minimum at triaxial deformation, represent a strong support for the existence of stable triaxial nuclear shapes at high spins. A 27– high-spin isomer has also been identified in 140Nd, which combined with the previous known 20+ isomer in the same nucleus allow to extract for the first time an experimental value for the energy difference between the πh11/2 and π(d5/2g7/2) orbitals at high spins.

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<p>The study begins with a historical background over the fisheries development in North America and in the Baltic Sea area in Finland and Sweden. As we can see the fisheries development depends on the interaction between ecology, state of production, politic and also social factors. In Sweden the fishery politic has changed over the period of the study. In the 1970: s the main politic focus was on the fisheries progress, expansion and rationalization. The State in Sweden took a vast part in this development and gave economic support. In the 1980: s the fishery politic in Sweden started to change and the environmental politics began to enter the fishery politic. The environmental problems in the Baltic Sea were given attention and it was a great anxiety over the eutrophication. In the 1980: s the codpopulation declined and with them the catches declined. The conflict over the White zone 1978-1988 between Former Soviet Union and Sweden resulted in a plunder fishery in the area east of Bornholm. This plunder fishery effected the cod population enormous and the effect has continued to the late 1990: s. </p><p>In 1995 Sweden joined the European Union and the common fishery politic replaced the Swedish fishery politic. </p><p>The system with TAC (Total Allowable Catch) is central in the common politic and it is used to control the cod catches. But the problem is that the TAC -volume has been higher than the codpopulation could stand. Despite the politic goal in Sweden and EU to preserve the codpopulation in the Baltic Sea, the codpopulation has continued to decline. The reason to this politic failure is that the limit of the ecology has been overseen. Instead, the economic and social values have been dominating the politic and together with a to weak control of the catches and environmental problems in the Baltic Sea, the situation for the cod has been devastating.</p>