Firefighters often arrive at structures in which the state of fire progression can be described as ventilation-controlled or under-ventilated. This means that inside the enclosure the pyrolyzed fuel has consumed most, if not all of the available oxygen, resulting in incomplete combustion. Under-ventilated (fuel rich) combustion is particularly dangerous to occupants because of the high yield of toxins such as carbon monoxide and to firefighters because once firefighters enter the structure and introduce oxidizer, the environment can rapidly change into a very dangerous, fast burning condition. The fuel load in many compartment fires would support a several megawatt fire if the fire were not ventilation controlled. In the process of making entrance to the fire compartment, firefighters will likely provide additional ventilation paths for the fire and may initiate firefighting tactics like positive pressure ventilation to push the hot flammable combustion products out of the attack pathway. Forced ventilation creates a strongly mixed flow within the fire compartment. Ventilation creates a complex fluid mechanics and combustion environment that is generally not analyzed on the scale of compartment fires. To better understand the complex coupling of these phenomena, compartment scale non-reacting and reacting experiments were conducted. The experiments, which were conducted at The University of Texas at Austin’s fire research facility, were designed to gain insight into the effects of ventilation on compartment thermal characteristics. Computational models (low and high order) were used to augment the non-reacting and reacting experimental results. Though computationally expensive, computational fluid dynamics models provided significant detail into the coupling of buoyantly driven fire products with externally applied wind or fan flow. A partially stirred reactor model was used to describe strongly driven fire compartment combustion processes because previously there was not an appropriate low dimensional computational tool applicable to this type of problem. This dissertation will focus on the experimental and computational characterization of strong vent flows on single room enclosure fires. / text

Ο πόλεμος στην αρχαία Ελλάδα ήταν συχνό φαινόμενο. Μάλιστα, ο τρόπος με τον οποίο τον αντιμετώπιζε η κοινωνία της εποχής αντανακλά τις αξίες και τα ιδανικά της, τη φιλοσοφία, την ελευθερία, τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά του αρχαίου ελληνικού κόσμου που μεταξύ άλλων οδήγησαν στο μεγαλείο του. Έτσι, από μικρή ηλικία τα αγόρια άρχιζαν να γυμνάζονται ώστε να γίνουν καλοί και ικανοί πολεμιστές. Το «νοῦς ὑγιής ἐν σώματι ὑγιεί» έβρισκε εφαρμογή και στην πολεμική εκπαίδευση των νέων. Εκτός από την εκγύμναση και την ανάπτυξη των σωματικών ικανοτήτων οι αρχαίοι Έλληνες θεωρούσαν απαραίτητη την παράλληλη ανάπτυξη του πνεύματος. Γι’ αυτό τα παιδιά μάθαιναν γραφή, ανάγνωση, μαθηματικά και μουσική καθώς ελάμβαναν τη στρατιωτική τους εκπαίδευση . Οι λόγοι που οδηγούσαν σε πολεμικές συρράξεις κατά την αρχαιότητα ήταν ποικίλοι. Αφορμή για την έναρξη μίας πολεμικής σύγκρουσης μπορεί να ήταν μία προσβολή, ένα περιστατικό, η ύβρις κ.ά. Όμως, οι πραγματικοί λόγοι που οδηγούσαν στην κήρυξη του πολέμου, οι βαθύτερες αιτίες που οδηγούσαν σε αυτόν δεν διέφεραν πολύ από τις αιτίες πολέμου της σύγχρονης εποχής. Πολιτικοί ή οικονομικοί λόγοι, επεκτατική πολιτική, η επιβολή της δύναμης και της εξουσίας του ισχυρού ήταν και εκείνη την εποχή αιτίες για τις οποίες οι πόλεις – κράτη οδηγούνταν σε πολεμικές συρράξεις. Οι μάχες αποτελούν αντικείμενο μελέτης από πολλές απόψεις. Ιδιαίτερα ενδιαφέρον είναι το κομμάτι της στρατηγικής και των τακτικών που οι ηγέτες συνήθιζαν να ακολουθούν ή εφάρμοσαν σε συγκεκριμένες, νικηφόρες ή μη, μάχες. Ακόμα, οι ερευνητές ασχολούνται με τα όπλα που χρησιμοποιούνταν και την εξέλιξή τους με την πάροδο των αιώνων και τον τρόπο με τον οποίο οι φαινομενικά ασήμαντοι, μη σχετικοί με τον πόλεμο εξωτερικοί παράγοντες (π.χ. καιρός, μορφολογία εδάφους κ.ά) επηρεάζουν την επιλογή όπλων και τακτικών. Το κεντρικό θέμα με το οποίο ασχολείται η παρούσα εργασία είναι η διεξαγωγή των μαχών και των πολέμων στον αρχαίο ελληνικό κόσμο. Σκοπός της είναι να μελετήσει τα όπλα που χρησιμοποιούσαν οι πολεμιστές της αρχαίας εποχής, αλλά και τις τακτικές που ακολουθούσαν κατά τη διεξαγωγή των μαχών. Η μέθοδος που έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί στην εργασία είναι η ανασκόπηση της βιβλιογραφίας. Τα στοιχεία που προέκυψαν από τη μελέτη των βιβλιογραφικών πηγών καταγράφηκαν τόσο βάσει του θέματός τους όσο και χρονολογικά, ώστε να γίνει κατανοητή η εξέλιξη των διαφόρων όπλων και τακτικών με την πάροδο του χρόνου. Παράλληλα, δόθηκε έμφαση στην κατανόηση και παρουσίαση όλων των παραγόντων, κοινωνικών, πολιτικών, οικονομικών,ιδεολογικών, που συνέβαλαν στις μεταβολές πρώτα του τρόπου σκέψης των πολιτών της εποχής και έπειτα στη στρατιωτική οργάνωση των πόλεων. / The war in ancient Greece was a common phenomenon. Indeed, the way in which the society faces era reflects the values ​​and ideals, philosophy, freedom, the particular characteristics of the ancient Greek world which inter alia led to greatness. So , from an early age boys started working out to become good and capable warriors . The " healthy mind in a healthy body " and he found application in military training of young people. Apart from the training and development of physical abilities ancient Greeks considered necessary parallel development of the spirit . That is why children learn reading, writing , mathematics and music as receiving their military training . The reasons that led to warfare in ancient times were varied. Occasion to start a military conflict may have been an insult , an incident, hubris , etc. But the real reasons that led to the declaration of war , the root causes that led to it were not very different from the causes of war of the modern era . Political or economic reasons , expansionary policy , the imposition of the strength and power of the mighty was that time for reasons which cities - states were led to warfare . The battles are being studied in many ways . Particularly interesting is the piece of the strategy and tactics that leaders tended to follow or applied to specific , victorious or not fighting. Still, the researchers involved in the weapons used and their evolution over the centuries and how seemingly insignificant , not relevant to the war external factors ( eg weather , topography , etc. ) affect selecting weapons and tactics. The central issue addressed by this work is the conduct of battles and wars in the ancient Greek world . Its purpose is to examine the weapons used by the warriors of ancient times , but the tactics followed when conducting battles . The method has been used in the work is to review the literature . The data from the study of literature sources were recorded under both their subject and chronologically, to understand the evolution of various weapons and tactics over time . At the same time , emphasis was placed on understanding and presentation of all the factors , social , political, economic , ideological , which contributed to changes early thinking citizens of the season and then the military organization of cities .

Why do social movement organizations change? This study attempts to answer this question by observing forty diverse social movement organizations (from both random and convenience samples) active across a wide spectrum of social movements in Seattle, Washington between 1999 and 2005. It focuses on changing organizational strategies&mdash;measured as combinations of issues, tactics, and targets&mdash;during a dramatic period of expanding and contracting political opportunities (e.g., anti-WTO protests, election of G. W. Bush, September 11<super>th</super> attack, Afghanistan and Iraq wars). The analysis, based on interviews with representatives from the organizations, charts organizational adaptation and stability at both the field and organization levels. A series of maps of the social movement field, generated using correspondence analysis, depict the relative similarity and difference between these organizations and their issues, tactics, and targets during each year of the study. The maps reveal a surprisingly stable social movement field characterized by three distinct types of organizations (as indicated by their combinations of issues, tactics, and targets) that persist throughout the period. Significant growth in the size of the peace movement in the middle of the period has remarkably little effect on the overall shape of the field. This stability is further confirmed at the organizational level. Neither resource mobilization nor political opportunity theories anticipate such a high degree of organizational stability, and their explanations for adaptation find little support in these data. Consistent with the resource mobilization perspective, SMOs with broader goals are more likely change than their counterparts. However, contrary to this view, younger organizations with greater resources and centralized, bureaucratic structures are less likely to change. Expanding political opportunities do not appear to influence these SMOs, while contracting opportunities in the wake of Bush's election and the September 11<super>th</super> attack seem to encourage high levels of organizational stability. The study concludes with a discussion of organizational theories of structural inertia and institutionalization, both of which offer plausible explanations of organizational stability.

Axiomet lokal överlägsenhet har en särställning i svensk armétaktik. Det är utifrån lokal överlägsenhet gårdagens, dagens och morgondagens militära chefer utbildas. Det är också enligt lokal överlägsenhet morgondagens strider är tänkta att föras. Nu när hotbilden från en kvalificerad, reguljär motståndare genomgår en rennäsans undersöks därför den svenska taktikens grunder i den här studien. Dessa grunder har tydligt influerats av  de finska krigserfarenheterna från krigen 1939-1944 och det är först efter andra världskriget axiomet lokal överlägsenhet dyker upp i svenska reglementen.   Analysen har gjorts genom en fallstudie på tre taktiska nivåer, utifrån tre olika stridssätt och på tre olika finska strider under fortsättningskriget. Dessa har analyserats utifrån principerna bakom lokal överlägsenhet. Resultatet visar axiomets nära relation till anfallet, viktiga bakomliggande faktorer samt den stora variation i växelverkan som sker mellan de ingående principerna. Resultatet visar också på att det inte finns någon principiell skillnad i hur lokal överlägsenhet förstods på olika taktiska nivåer. / The axiom local superiority has a superior position in Swedish military tactics. It is from local superiority both the officers of today and tomorrow are trained and educated. It is also from this perspective the battles of the future are intended to take place. This study aims to, now when the threat from a qualified, regular opponent undergoes a renaissance, investigate and examine the fundamentals of the Swedish tactics and military approach. These foundation stones have been strongly influenced by the finish war experience obtained during the Second World War, and it is first after the war the axiom local superiority is to be found in the Swedish military’s regulations.   The study has been carried out through a case study on three tactical levels. These levels have been based on three distinguished battle techniques and three different Finnish battles during the Continuation War. These battles have been analyzed from the principles of local superiority. The result shows the axiom’s close relationship to the attack, important underlying factors and the great variety in interaction between the fundamental principles. The result also shows that there is no principal difference in how local superiority is understood on different tactical levels.

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Herein lies the journey of change, from being a frustrated and isolated designer, to finding a connected practice expressing my personal values. Much was learnt on the journey regarding the nature of my practice and how it changed, about sustainability and what it means for my practice, tactics, framing and the recognition of a greater potential of my communication design practice beyond material considerations to becoming a device for connection leading to a more sustaining practice. This research is of value to communication design practitioners wishing to move towards a more sustainable practice. It provides insight into the deeper issues of sustainability applied to communication design practice, a guide to important literature of the field, and some possibilities for an expanded form of communication design practice.