Vägarbete är en farlig sysselsättning i dagens trafikmiljö. Vägarbetare utsätts dagligen för risker och hot i sin yrkesutövning, om det så är från fordon som kör för snabbt förbi arbetsplatsen eller medtrafikanter som verbalt uttrycker sin frustration över deras närvaro. Situationen blir än mer ohållbar. I ljuset av denna utveckling är det därför nödvändigt att skapa en större insikt i vägarbetarnas arbetssituation. Att försöka förstå vilka aspekter av deras arbete som är riskfyllda; vilka åtgärder de själva förespråkar; och vilka av dessa åtgärder som är genomförbara. Studien ämnar således studera vägarbetares syn på risker inom sitt yrkesfält och hur dessa risker påverkar deras dagliga arbete. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ teorikonsumerande studie som baseras på djupintervjuer med väg- och anläggningsarbetare verksamma inom Sverige.  Studiens resultat bekräftar bilden av en riskfylld arbetsmiljö där vägarbetarna ibland tvingas prioritera bort sin egen säkerhet för att hinna färdigställa arbetet i tid. Med hjälp av det teoretiska ramverket TCI kan studiens efterföljande analys visa att flera av respondenternas egna förbättringsförslag skulle kunna implementeras på ett effektivt sätt om rätt förutsättningar ges. Detta förutsätter bland annat att stat och kommun förbättrar sitt nuvarande samarbete med anläggningsbranschen, ökar den dagliga insynen och skärper rådande regelverk. Studien visar alltså att riskerna för vägarbetare kan minskas om åtgärderna skräddarsys och genomförs med rätt hjälpmedel. Avslutningsvis efterfrågar författaren mer forskning på området och då framförallt fler intervjustudier riktade mot vanliga medtrafikanter och yrkesförare, för att på så sätt skapa synergier inom forskningsfältet och därmed öka möjligheten att finna ytterligare riskminimerande åtgärder som skyddar våra vägarbetare. / In today’s traffic environment roadworks is a dangerous occupation. On a daily basis the workers are exposed to risks and threats, both from vehicles speeding by the worksites or from fellow drivers verbally expressing their frustration over their presence. The situation is becoming even more unsustainable. In regards to this development it is necessary to create bigger insight to the road workers work-situation. To try to understand which aspects of their work that are risk-filled; what measures the workers themselves advocate; and also which of these measures are possible. The study aims to examine the road-workers view on risk within their line of work and how these risks affect their daily work.  The result from the study confirms the view of a risk-filled work environment where the road- workers sometimes are forced to ignore their own safety to be able to finish the job on time. With the theoretical framework TCI, the analysis from the study show that several suggestions for improvement presented by the respondents could be implemented in an efficient way with the right preconditions. For example, this requires that state and municipality improve their existing cooperation with the employers and the industry at large so to increase the daily insight into each other’s operations, as well as strengthening existing regulations to further improve transparency. The study shows that the risks for road-workers can be decreased if the measures are done correctly and with the correct aid. Finally, the author asks that more research would be carried out within this field, and especially more research involving interviews aimed at every day drivers as well as professional drivers. This in order to create cooperation within the field of research and in that way increase the possibilities for finding even more risk-minimizing measures that will protect our road-workers.

O efeito placebo caracteriza-se pela redução de um sintoma ou melhora de um quadro clínico que se obtém após a administração de uma substância farmacologicamente inerte (placebo) ou um procedimento sabidamente ineficaz. O efeito placebo tem sido observado em diferentes doenças e sintomas e a magnitude de resposta varia entre 30% a 70%. Alguns fatores que estão associados ao efeito placebo são conhecidos e diversas teorias tentam elucidar os mecanismos psicobiológicos envolvidos na resposta a placebo. No entanto, o entendimento ainda é limitado. Objetivos: a) Verificar se há característica de personalidades associadas à resposta a placebo em estudos com antidepressivos; b) Verificar se há associação de polimorfismos em genes do sistema serotonérgico com resposta a placebo. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo pacientes que participaram de ensaios clínicos com antidepressivos e placebo conduzidos no Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital de Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (IPQ-HCFMUSP), entre 2000 e 2005. Os sujeitos (n=57) [pacientes deprimidos (n=14), pacientes fóbicos (n=22) e voluntários saudáveis (n=21)] foram considerados respondedores a placebo, de acordo com os critérios estabelecidos pelo estudo de origem. Para a análise das variáveis de personalidade os sujeitos responderam o Inventário de Temperamento e Caráter (ITC) e para a análise das variáveis genéticas foram escolhidos três genes polimórficos do sistema serotonérgico: do transportador de serotonina (SLC6A4), do receptor de serotonina subtipo 2A (HTR2A) e do receptor de serotonina subtipo 1B (HTR1B). Análise estatística: foi utilizado o modelo de análise discriminante para avaliar o comportamento das variáveis [idade, escolaridade, gênero e diagnóstico] e uma regressão logística para verificar quais destas variáveis explicavam as diferenças observadas entre os respondedores e não respondedores, bem como seu grau de importância. Resultados: Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os respondedores e não respondedores a placebo, em relação à idade, escolaridade e gênero. Os respondedores a placebo apresentaram escores significativamente maiores nos fatores de personalidade busca de novidade e autotranscendência quando comparados aos não respondedores. Os resultados da análise genética mostraram uma sugestiva associação entre dois genes polimórficos [o 5HTTLPR (SLC6A4) e o gene 5HTR1B (G861C)] e a resposta a placebo. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que a resposta a placebo é influenciada por características de personalidade em sujeitos sadios e pacientes com diagnóstico de fobia social e depressão e por polimorfismos genéticos em sujeitos sadios. / The placebo effect is characterized by symptom reduction or the improvement of a clinical picture after the administration of a pharmacological inert substance (placebo) to be ineffective or a procedure already known to be ineffective. The placebo effect has been observed in different illnesses and symptoms and the magnitude of this response varies from 30% to 70%. Some factors associated with the placebo effect are known and various theories aid to elucidate the psychobiological mechanisms involved in the placebo response; however, the knowledge is still limited. Objectives: a) To verify if personality characteristics are associated with placebo response in studies with antidepressants, b) To verify if polymorphisms in serotonergic system genes are associated with placebo response. Methods: Patients that participates in clinical trials of antidepressants and placebo realized at the Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital de Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (IPQ-HCFMUSP), among 2000 to 2005 were included. Subjects (n=57) [depressed patients (n=14), phobia social patients (n=22) and healthy volunteers (n=21)] were classified as placebo respondents following criteria established criteria by the origin study. For the personality analysis, subjects answered the Inventory of Temperament and Character (ITC) and for the genetic analysis, were chosen three polymorphic genes: the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), the serotonin receptor subtype 2A (HTR2A) and the serotonin receptor subtype 1B (HTR1B). Analysis statistics: A discriminate analysis model was used to evaluate the variables behavior [age, education, gender and diagnostic] and a logistic regression to verify, which of these variables explained the differences observed between placebo respondents and no respondents, as well as its degree of importance. Results: There were no significant statistical differences between placebo respondents and non respondents regarding age, education, and gender Placebo respondents presented a significantly higher score´s for personality factors novelty seeking and self-transcendence in comparison to non respondents. The results of the genetic analysis suggest an association between two polymorphic genes [the 5HTTLPR (SLC6A4) gene and 5HTR1B (G861C)] and placebo response. Conclusions: The results suggest that placebo response in healthy volunteers and depressed and phobia social patients is influenced by personality characteristics and by genetic polymorphisms in healthy subjects.

O efeito placebo caracteriza-se pela redução de um sintoma ou melhora de um quadro clínico que se obtém após a administração de uma substância farmacologicamente inerte (placebo) ou um procedimento sabidamente ineficaz. O efeito placebo tem sido observado em diferentes doenças e sintomas e a magnitude de resposta varia entre 30% a 70%. Alguns fatores que estão associados ao efeito placebo são conhecidos e diversas teorias tentam elucidar os mecanismos psicobiológicos envolvidos na resposta a placebo. No entanto, o entendimento ainda é limitado. Objetivos: a) Verificar se há característica de personalidades associadas à resposta a placebo em estudos com antidepressivos; b) Verificar se há associação de polimorfismos em genes do sistema serotonérgico com resposta a placebo. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo pacientes que participaram de ensaios clínicos com antidepressivos e placebo conduzidos no Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital de Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (IPQ-HCFMUSP), entre 2000 e 2005. Os sujeitos (n=57) [pacientes deprimidos (n=14), pacientes fóbicos (n=22) e voluntários saudáveis (n=21)] foram considerados respondedores a placebo, de acordo com os critérios estabelecidos pelo estudo de origem. Para a análise das variáveis de personalidade os sujeitos responderam o Inventário de Temperamento e Caráter (ITC) e para a análise das variáveis genéticas foram escolhidos três genes polimórficos do sistema serotonérgico: do transportador de serotonina (SLC6A4), do receptor de serotonina subtipo 2A (HTR2A) e do receptor de serotonina subtipo 1B (HTR1B). Análise estatística: foi utilizado o modelo de análise discriminante para avaliar o comportamento das variáveis [idade, escolaridade, gênero e diagnóstico] e uma regressão logística para verificar quais destas variáveis explicavam as diferenças observadas entre os respondedores e não respondedores, bem como seu grau de importância. Resultados: Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os respondedores e não respondedores a placebo, em relação à idade, escolaridade e gênero. Os respondedores a placebo apresentaram escores significativamente maiores nos fatores de personalidade busca de novidade e autotranscendência quando comparados aos não respondedores. Os resultados da análise genética mostraram uma sugestiva associação entre dois genes polimórficos [o 5HTTLPR (SLC6A4) e o gene 5HTR1B (G861C)] e a resposta a placebo. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que a resposta a placebo é influenciada por características de personalidade em sujeitos sadios e pacientes com diagnóstico de fobia social e depressão e por polimorfismos genéticos em sujeitos sadios. / The placebo effect is characterized by symptom reduction or the improvement of a clinical picture after the administration of a pharmacological inert substance (placebo) to be ineffective or a procedure already known to be ineffective. The placebo effect has been observed in different illnesses and symptoms and the magnitude of this response varies from 30% to 70%. Some factors associated with the placebo effect are known and various theories aid to elucidate the psychobiological mechanisms involved in the placebo response; however, the knowledge is still limited. Objectives: a) To verify if personality characteristics are associated with placebo response in studies with antidepressants, b) To verify if polymorphisms in serotonergic system genes are associated with placebo response. Methods: Patients that participates in clinical trials of antidepressants and placebo realized at the Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital de Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (IPQ-HCFMUSP), among 2000 to 2005 were included. Subjects (n=57) [depressed patients (n=14), phobia social patients (n=22) and healthy volunteers (n=21)] were classified as placebo respondents following criteria established criteria by the origin study. For the personality analysis, subjects answered the Inventory of Temperament and Character (ITC) and for the genetic analysis, were chosen three polymorphic genes: the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), the serotonin receptor subtype 2A (HTR2A) and the serotonin receptor subtype 1B (HTR1B). Analysis statistics: A discriminate analysis model was used to evaluate the variables behavior [age, education, gender and diagnostic] and a logistic regression to verify, which of these variables explained the differences observed between placebo respondents and no respondents, as well as its degree of importance. Results: There were no significant statistical differences between placebo respondents and non respondents regarding age, education, and gender Placebo respondents presented a significantly higher score´s for personality factors novelty seeking and self-transcendence in comparison to non respondents. The results of the genetic analysis suggest an association between two polymorphic genes [the 5HTTLPR (SLC6A4) gene and 5HTR1B (G861C)] and placebo response. Conclusions: The results suggest that placebo response in healthy volunteers and depressed and phobia social patients is influenced by personality characteristics and by genetic polymorphisms in healthy subjects.

This research presents as a study theme the Portuguese language teachers perfor-mance in the hypermodern world. It seems that a new teachers profile can be ob-served through the language and strategies that employ in the use at blogs. There-fore, a limitation of this new profile, in contrast to the profile of the traditional teacher of the classroom became necessary. The objective of this research was to determine whether the language area of teacher blogs meet the needs of learners, adapting their language to the virtual environment. This is justified because it is a new and different playing field of the classroom, as well being an environment that demands a more entrepreneurial profile. With the classrooms virtualization for high, the discus-sion revolves around what would be priority for the learning process of students and would be purely personal interest. With that in mind, was formulated the research question: To act through blogs, teachers prepare enough, watching the language learning programs and adapting the latter to the digital universe, with proper use of hypertext, the usability criteria and the interactivity criteria and the virtual communica-tion? This study was based on authors of TIC (interactivity, usability, hypertext elements etc.), Sociology (hypermodernity subject, hypermodern etc.), Applied Linguis-tics (genres, communication, language etc.), and Education (training teachers). This is supported by official documents published by the MEC were consulted. In this case, in addition to literature for theoretical reasons, we opted for the methodology of quantitative and qualitative research, useful for the development of this research. The results shows that among the main functions of the teacher and those actions that point to a more entrepreneurial profile, these teachers already innovate revolutionize and create different ways for your act. Perhaps, the weakness still lies in the fact that teachers are in the fact that teachers are in phase of transition technology, with requires having something to do. / Esta pesquisa apresenta como tema de estudo a atuação de professores de Língua Portuguesae m blogs no mundo hipermoderno. Parece que um novo perfil de professores pode ser observado por meio da linguagem e das estratégias que empregam no uso de blogs. Logo, uma delimitação desse novo perfil, em contraste com o perfil do professor tradicional da sala de aula fez-se necessária.O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar se os blogs de professores da área de linguagem atendem às necessidades dos aprendentes, adequando suas linguagens para o ambiente virtual. Isso se justifica pelo fato de ser um novo campo de atuação bem diferente da sala de aula, além de ser um ambiente que exige um perfil mais empreendedor. Com a virtualização das salas de aula em alta, a discussão gira em torno do que seria prioridade para o processo de aprendizagem dos estudantes e o que seria puramente interesse pessoal. Com isso em mente, formulou-se a pergunta de pesquisa: Ao atuar por meio de blogs, os professores se preparam o suficiente, observando as propostas de ensino de linguagem e adequando esta última para o universo digital, com uso adequado dos hipertextos, dos critérios de usabilidade e dos critérios de interatividade e de comunicação virtual?Este estudo foi fundamentado em autores das TIC (interatividade, usabilidade, elementos hipertextuais etc.), da Sociologia (hipermodernidade, sujeito hipermoderno etc.)da Linguística Aplicada (gêneros, comunicação, linguagem, língua etc.)e da Educação (formação de professores). Como apoio, documentos oficiais publicados pelo MEC foram consultados. Desse modo, além da pesquisa bibliográfica para a fundamentação teórica, optou-se pela metodologia de pesquisa quantitativo-qualitativa, útil para o desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa.Os resultados obtidos mostram que, entre as principais funções do professor e aquelas ações que apontam para um perfil mais empreendedor, esses professores já inovam, revolucionam e criam meios diferenciados para o seu agir. Talvez, o ponto fraco ainda resida no fato de os professores se encontrarem numa fase de transição da tecnologia, o que pressupõe ter algo por fazer.

This thesis investigates drivers willingness to engage with a mobile phone while driving. Many studies have looked into the effects on driving performance that can result from phone usage, but few studies have directly considered what can encourage or inhibit phone engagement behaviours in the first place. An initial exploratory study (Study 1) was conducted, for which a photo elicitation interview (N=20) was designed and implemented. This aimed to find the extent to which factors influencing phone use transferred from out of the car to the driving environment. In particular, the study aimed to explore whether the driving environment could be considered unique. The results indicated that the high demands placed on the driver by the road environment clearly distinguished it from the other environments and the reported propensity to use a phone seemed to reflect this. Only factors which either changed the level of attention required by the task, such as a change in task demand as a result of changes in the traffic environment, had any substantial influence on willingness to engage. Driving may not be unique in terms of the overall factors influencing phone use but it is unique in the extent to which this particular factor seems to have such a strong bearing on interaction. Building on findings from Study 1, that the demand and attention required seemed to influence willingness to engage, it was noted that Fuller s (2005) Task Capability Interface model would serve as a useful framework for the remainder of the thesis. This model suggests that driver behaviour is dictated by the level of task difficulty perceived; an interaction between task demand and capability. Therefore, the effects these two elements might have on willingness to engage with mobile phones while driving were tested separately in the two remaining studies. Previous research suggested that task demand should comprise a combination of roadway demand and the intended phoning task. Study 2, therefore, experimentally tested the extent to which road demand and phone function intended to be used influenced drivers decisions to engage with their phone. Participants (N=20) viewed video clips of real road environments of varying demand. Rating scales were used by participants to rate their willingness to engage with various phone functions according to the scenario they had just viewed. It was found both roadway demand and phone functionality affected willingness to engage with a mobile phone whilst driving. There was a higher propensity to engage in phone use in road environments perceived to have a lower demand and lower propensity to engage in phone use in the highest demand scenarios. Answering a call was the most likely function to be engaged with by the participants and sending a text message was the least likely. The final study investigated how capability (comprising both phone and driving capability) influenced willingness to engage. Participants (N=40) were required to drive in a simulator under two conditions, simulated low and high road demand. Their willingness to interact with their phones, when faced with a number of phone tasks, was then observed. It was found that driving capability had an effect on willingness to engage in high demand scenarios with the less capable, novice, drivers having a higher propensity to engage with placing a call, sending a text message and reading a text message than the more experienced drivers. Novice drivers were willing to engage with some functions on their phone at possibly inappropriate times. It was further found that, in the simulated low demand road environment, phone capability influenced willingness to engage, with those who were more capable at placing a call and sending a text message found to be more willing to engage with these functions. The research reported in this thesis represents the first attempt in the literature to study, in depth, the factors which can influence phone engagement behaviour while driving. Novel contributions include investigating if factors influencing phone use transferred from out of the car to the driving environment. Further novel contributions included whether the phone function and road demand interact to influence willingness to engage and whether capability can affect phone engagement behaviour while driving. Extending the model developed by Fuller, the thesis offers an original model that describes the factors affecting phone engagement behaviour while driving. Suggestions are proposed for how the findings presented in this thesis can effectively be used and how future work should build on these initial foundations.

Les troubles de l’initiation du mouvement de la maladie de Parkinson sont invalidants et sans solution thérapeutique satisfaisante. Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons à deux catégories de symptômes, classiquement explorées de façon indépendante : d’un côté, la lenteur à l’initiation du mouvement ou akinésie, et de l’autre, la difficulté à retenir l’initiation d’un mouvement ou impulsivité. En nous appuyant sur des avancées théoriques et méthodologiques récentes, nous tentons de revisiter ces troubles de l’initiation du mouvement en termes de dysfonctionnements exécutifs dans la maladie de Parkinson.Dans ce but, nous avons : 1) recherché les liens entre marqueurs cliniques (akinésie et impulsivité) et troubles du contrôle inhibiteur ; 2) identifié les dysfonctionnements cérébraux associés au moyen de méthodes électroencéphalographiques innovantes permettant de localiser les sources cérébrales et d’observer la dynamique des processus cérébraux ; et 3) sondé l’origine neurochimique de cette fonction à l’aide d’un protocole pharmacologique.Nos résultats suggèrent que l’impulsivité et l’akinésie sont les deux faces d’une même pièce, aux origines d’un dysfonctionnement du contrôle inhibiteur proactif non sélectif. Ils indiquent également que ce contrôle exécutif est sous-tendu par l’activité du noyau sous-thalamique et d’un réseau cortical médian comprenant le précuneus et l’aire motrice supplémentaire. Un rôle du système noradrénergique a également été mis en évidence à l’origine de ces troubles exécutifs. Ces travaux ouvrent donc la voie à de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques pour la maladie de Parkinson / Movement initiation disorders in Parkinson’s disease are multifaceted, are debilitating and have no satisfying therapeutic option. On the one hand, slowness and difficulties initiating voluntary movements contribute to akinesia, a cardinal symptom of the disease which is usually considered to be motor in origin and which is not fully alleviated by current medication. On the other hand, difficulties refraining voluntary movements contribute to impulsivity, a frequent side effect of current dopaminergic and neurosurgical therapies. Here, based on systematic analyses of the clinical neuroimaging literature, we suggest that these opposite forms of movement initiation disorders might be executive, not purely motor, in origin.To empirically test this hypothesis, we: 1) related clinical markers of the disease (akinesia and impulsivity) to behavioral indexes of inhibitory control impairment; 2) identified associated cerebral dysfunctions by means of advanced electroencephalographic (EEG) methods; and 3) investigated the neurochemical origin of these dysfunctions by combining pharmacological and cerebral stimulations with EEG recordings.Results suggest that impulsivity and akinesia are the two sides of the same coin. Indeed, they were found to be associated with opposite inhibitory control disorders, and dysfunctions of subthalamic cortical loops involving medial executive areas. Importantly, it was also found that restoring normal behavior and normal activity within these loops by means of deep brain stimulation depends on the level of noradrenergic tonus, opening the way for new therapeutic approaches for Parkinson’s disease

En nuestro país, los problemas derivados de la epidemia de consumo de heroína durante los años 80-90 se vieron desplazados por los derivados del consumo de cocaína. Actualmente, la cocaína es la segunda sustancia ilegal en cuanto a prevalencia de consumo y en estos últimos años el consumo de heroína ha empezado a incrementarse de nuevo. Uno de los principales problemas asociados al uso de estas sustancias son los trastornos psiquiátricos comórbidos. Este trabajo se diseñó para determinar la prevalencia e incidencia de los trastornos mentales en consumidores de cocaína o heroína y los factores asociados, así como describir el perfil de personalidad sólo en el grupo de consumidores de cocaína mediante una escala dimensional. El resultado de estos estudios debería servir para diseñar estrategias de prevención y tratamiento dirigidas a una población joven de consumidores que no suele acceder a los circuitos sanitarios habituales a pesar de la gravedad de su estado psicopatológico. / Al nostre país, els problemes derivats de l’epidèmia de consum d’heroïna durant els anys 80-90 es van veure desplaçats pels derivats del consum de cocaïna. Actualment, la cocaïna és la segona substància il•legal pel que fa a prevalença de consum i, aquests darrers anys, el consum d’heroïna ha començat a augmentar de nou. Un dels principals problemes associats a l’ús d’aquestes substàncies són els trastorns psiquiàtrics comòrbids. Aquest treball es va dissenyar per determinar la prevalença i la incidència dels trastorns mentals en consumidors de cocaïna o heroïna i els factors associats, i també per descriure el perfil de personalitat només en el grup de consumidors de cocaïna mitjançant una escala dimensional. El resultat d’aquests estudis hauria de servir per dissenyar estratègies de prevenció i tractament adreçades a una població jove de consumidors que habitualment no accedeix als circuits sanitaris regulars malgrat la gravetat del seu estat psicopatològic.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:47:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotalMariana.pdf: 2325977 bytes, checksum: 522aa65d2233023c33e6fbea6585a379 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The mental health care has been directing for the resizing of its services and actions of the institutional framework for the psychosocial, community and regionalized, seeking to ensure the inclusion and social reintegration of people in mental suffering. Therapy Community Integrative (TCI) and caring practice that have been strengthening and expanding progressively in the space community. It is a technology potentially rich front the need to work with feelings related to the emotion and the subjective needs of daily life of people in mental suffering. By means of this research was to analyze the contributions of TCI whereas the changes in behavior, the strategies learned is the importance which it represents in the life of users and family members of a CAPS. It is a comprehensive research-interpretative qualitative approach, where if you used the Thematic Oral History to guide the operationalization of the study. The scenario of research was the Psychosocial Care Center Walk, located in the city of Joao Pessoa, a service that develops circles Community Therapy for approximately five years. The empirical material has been produced from interviews with twelve employees, and the product of this material was discussed on the basis of the thematic analysis proposed by Minayo, which subsidized the construction of a large thematic axis and three programs as follow respectively: TCI as liberating praxis; changes that make a difference; a therapeutic space speech, listening and learning and the TCI while strengthens ties and motivator of empowerment. The stories of employees revealed that significant changes have occurred in the fields personal, professional and community, from the insertion of them in the circles of TCI, we found that this strategy promoted the recovery of socialization processes natural that constitute the human life, directly reflecting in processes of inclusion and social rehabilitation of people who participated on the circles of TCI. In the discourses, employees also revealed that there were changes in personnel and this has contributed to promote improvements in the therapeutic process, since in TCI participants were encouraged to (re) facing its sufferings, potentiating the ransom of citizenship and autonomy, and in the case of individuals in mental suffering, also worked to increase awareness for the treatment. Both the users of the CAPS, as family members, have revealed that during the circles of TCI had the opportunity to reflect on their lives, allowing changes in their daily lives that accounted for improvements in the quality of their lives. It was clear that the use of ICT is directly related to proposals for inclusion and psychosocial rehabilitation of their participants, since in this therapeutic encounter, the information emanating from compose a knowledge that leads to resiliency, autonomy and individual empowerment and collective. / A assistência em saúde mental vem se orientando para o redimensionamento de seus serviços e ações, do âmbito institucional para o psicossocial, comunitário e regionalizado, para garantir a inclusão e a reinserção social das pessoas em sofrimento psíquico. Um exemplo de prática que vem se fortalecendo e se expandindo, progressivamente, nesses espaços, é a Terapia Comunitária Integrativa (TCI), como uma tecnologia potencialmente rica para se trabalhar com sentimentos relacionados à emoção e às necessidades subjetivas do cotidiano das pessoas em sofrimento psíquico. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as contribuições da TCI considerando as mudanças de comportamento, as estratégias aprendidas e a importância que ela representa na vida de usuários e familiares de um CAPS. Trata-se de uma pesquisa compreensivo-interpretativa de abordagem qualitativa, para cujo estudo se utilizou a História Oral Temática, a fim de nortear sua operacionalização. O cenário da investigação foi o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Caminhar, localizado na cidade de João Pessoa. Esse serviço desenvolve rodas de Terapia Comunitária há, aproximadamente, cinco anos. O material empírico foi produzido por meio de entrevistas realizadas com doze colaboradores, e o produto desse material foi discutido com base na análise temática proposta por Minayo, que subsidiou a construção de um grande eixo temático e três subeixos, conforme seguem respectivamente: a TCI como práxis libertadora; mudanças que fazem a diferença; um espaço terapêutico de fala, de escuta e de aprendizagem e a TCI como fortalecedora de vínculos e fomentadora do empoderamento. As histórias dos colaboradores revelaram que ocorreram mudanças significativas nos campos pessoal, profissional e comunitário, a partir da inserção deles nas rodas de TCI, pois se verificou que tal estratégia promoveu a recuperação dos processos de socialização natural que constituem a vida humana, o que repercutiu, diretamente, em processos de inclusão e reabilitação social das pessoas que participavam das rodas de TCI. Nos discursos, os colaboradores revelaram, ainda, que houve mudanças pessoais e que isso contribuiu para promover melhoras no processo terapêutico, visto que, na TCI, os participantes eram encorajados a ressignificar seus sofrimentos, o que potencializa o resgate da cidadania e da autonomia. Em se tratando de indivíduos em sofrimento mental, também se trabalhou a conscientização para o tratamento. Tanto os usuários do CAPS quanto os familiares revelaram que, durante as rodas de TCI, tiveram a oportunidade de refletir sobre suas vidas, com mudanças em seu cotidiano que representaram melhorias em suas vidas. Ficou claro que o uso da TCI está diretamente relacionado a propostas de inclusão e reabilitação psicossocial de seus participantes, uma vez que, nesse encontro terapêutico, as informações emanadas compõem um saber que leva à resiliência, à autonomia e ao empoderamento individual e coletivo.

La thérapie génique et l'interférence par l'ARN sont des méthodes pleines de promesses pour le traitement de nombreux troubles génétiques et infections virales, mais ce sont aussi des outils polyvalents pour l'étude des mécanismes génétiques et épigénétiques à la base du bon fonctionnement ou dysfonctionnement des cellules et des organismes complexes. Toutefois, la délivrance intracellulaire d'acides nucléiques reste un obstacle majeur pour la mise en œuvre de ces thérapies. En dépit des progrès récents dans le domaine, il existe un nombre limité d'agents de transfection non viraux qui ont passé à la phase clinique de la mise au point de médicaments. Un agent de transfection efficace forme un complexe (généralement non-covalent) avec des acides nucléiques, qui est stable dans l'environnement extracellulaire, en particulier dans le plasma sanguin. En outre, il doit favoriser la délivrance cellulaire en interagissant avec la membrane plasmique ou avec des glycosaminoglycanes chargés négativement et induire l'absorption par endocytose du complexe de transfection. Enfin, l’agent de transfection devrait améliorer l'échappement de l'endosome et le dépaquetage des acides nucléiques à partir du complexe. Les peptides amphiphiles et cationiques, qui ont la capacité de pénétrer dans les cellules, possèdent toutes les caractéristiques ci-dessus nommées. En effet, ils s’associent aux acides nucléiques via des liaisons électrostatiques, ils se lient de manière efficace et traversent la membrane plasmique en favorisant l'absorption de la cargaison. LAH4-L1 est le peptide de la famille LAH4 riche en lysines et histidines, possédant une activité de transfection d’ADN et de pARNi prometteuse. Ce qui a été montré dans des expériences biologiques sur des cellules en culture. Le peptide LAH4-L1 présente des modes d'interaction différents avec les membranes à pH neutre et acide, ce qui est l'une des caractéristiques les plus importantes puisqu’elle assure une libération efficace des acides nucléiques dans le cytoplasme. Ce travail est dédié à l'étude des caractéristiques structurales et thermodynamiques de l'association LAH4-L1 avec des membranes modèles et des acides nucléiques, comme l'ADN générique et de pARNi. Une grande variété de techniques biophysiques, telles que la résonance magnétique nucléaire, le dichroïsme circulaire, la calorimétrie de titration isotherme, la diffusion dynamique de la lumière et le dosage d'efflux de la calcéine, a été utilisée pour élucider le mécanisme de la transfection cellulaire efficace par le peptide LAH4-L1. / Gene and RNA-based therapies have a great promise as the methods for the treatment of variety of the genetic disorders and viral infections, but also it is a versatile tool for the investigation of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the proper functioning or dysfunctioning of the cells and complex organisms. However, intracellular delivery of nucleic acids remains a major hurdle for the implementation of these therapies. In spite of the recent progress in the field, there is limited number of the non-viral transfection agents that passed to the clinical phase of the drug development.An efficient transfection agent forms a complex (usually non-covalent) with nucleic acids, which is stable in the extracellular environment, in particular in the blood plasma. Furthermore, it should promote the cellular delivery by interacting with the plasma membrane or negatively charged glycosaminoglycans and inducing the endocytic uptake of the transfection complex. Finally transfection agent should enhance the endosomal escape and unpacking of the nucleic acids from the complex.Cationic amphipathic cell-penetrating peptide comprise all above-named features as they associate electrostatically with the nucleic acids, they bind efficiently and translocate plasma membrane promoting the cargo uptake. LAH4-L1 is the lysine and histidine-rich designed peptide from LAH4 family, possessing a promising DNA and siRNA transfection activity, which was shown in biological experiments on the cell culture. LAH4-L1 peptide displays different modes of interaction with the membranes at neutral and acidic pH, which is one of the most important features that assure an efficient nucleic acid release to the cytoplasm.This works is dedicated to the investigation of structural and thermodynamic characteristics of the LAH4-L1 association with model membranes and nucleic acids, such as generic DNA and siRNA. The variety of the biophysical techniques, as nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, isothermal titration calorimetry, dynamic light scattering and calcein efflux assay, were used to unravel the mechanism of efficient cellular transfection by LAH4-L1 peptide.

Abstract Personality disorders (PDs) are relatively common mental disorders associating with other psychiatric disorders and disability. The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of PDs in a general population subsample and psychiatric hospital patients, the associations of PDs with childhood family structure, the co-occurrence of PD with common psychiatric disorders, and the associations between PDs and temperament. The study is part of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Project (NFBC 1966), consisting of cohort members living in Oulu (N = 1,609) on 1st January 1997 (the Oulu Study). The study consisted of a two-stage psychiatric field survey with questionnaires and a structured clinical interview and analysis of the patient records in public outpatient care. Information concerning psychiatric illness of all cohort members (N = 12,058) was gathered from the Finnish Hospital Discharge register (FHDR). The best-estimate procedure was used for the assessment of psychiatric morbidity including PDs. Childhood family structure and other sociodemographic variables were drawn from questionnaires of the field study conducted during earlier follow-up studies. In this study PDs were classified into three clusters: Cluster A (paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal PD), Cluster B (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic PD), and Cluster C (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and passive-aggressive PD). The most common PDs in the Oulu Study sample were Cluster C PDs, whereas Cluster B PDs were most common in the hospital-treated sample. PDs were highly associated with mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. Single-parent family type in childhood was associated with PDs, especially Cluster B PDs in adulthood. PD clusters were associated with different profiles of temperament, but the temperament dimensions could not distinguish different PDs very well. These results indicated that it is important to recognize PDs and their comorbid psychiatric disorders. This will have implications in both general outpatient care and psychiatry. These results indicate the importance of recognition of childhood risk factors for PDs for the prevention of severe PDs. The results suggest a need for more studies about the aetiology and development of PDs. / Tiivistelmä Persoonallisuushäiriöt ovat yleisiä mielenterveyden ongelmia, joihin liittyy usein psykiatrista oheissairastavuutta ja toimintakyvyn laskua. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli arvioida persoonallisuushäiriöiden yleisyyttä nuorilla aikuisilla. tehtävänä oli arvoida yhteyksiä lapsuuden perherakenteeseen ja yleisimpiin psykiatrisiin häiriöihin sekä arvioida persoonallisuushäiriöiden yhteyksiä temperamenttitekijöihin. Tutkimus on osa Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortin psykiatrista osaprojektia, Oulu Studyä. Tutkimusaineiston muodostivat Oulu Studyn otokseen kuuluvat kaikki 1. tammikuuta 1997 Oulussa asuneet kohortin jäsenet (N = 1 609) sekä sairaalahoidossa olleiden persoonallisuushäiriö- diagnoosin saaneiden osalta koko alkuperäisen syntymäkohortin (N =  12 058) jäsenet. Tutkimus koostui kaksivaiheisesta psykiatrisesta kenttätutkimuksesta, jossa tietoja tutkittavilta kerättiin sekä kyselylomakkeiden ja haastattelututkimuksen avulla. Lisäksi tutkittavilta kerättiin tiedot heidän elinaikanaan toteutuneesta julkisten psykiatristen sairaala- ja avohoitopalvelujen käytöstä sairauskertomustietojen perusteella. Niin kutsutun best-estimated -menetelmän avulla arvioitiin tutkittavien psykiatrista sairastavuutta mukaan lukien persoonallisuushäiriöt. Tutkittavien lapsuuden perherakennetta ja sosiodemografisia tekijöitä arvioitiin aiempien seurantatutkimusten tietojen avulla. Tutkimuksessa persoonallisuushäiriöt luokiteltiin DSM-III-R-diagnoosiluokituksen mukaisesti kolmeen eri pääryhmään ja niiden mukaisiin alaryhmiin: Ryhmä A (epävakaa, eristäytyvä ja psykoosipiirteinen persoonallisuus), ryhmä B (epäsosiaalinen, epävakaa, huomionhakuinen ja narsistinen persoonallisuus) ja ryhmä C (estynyt, riippuvainen, pakko-oireinen ja passiivis-aggressiivinen persoonallisuus). Oulu Studyn väestöotoksessa yleisimpiä näistä olivat ns. C-ryhmän persoonallisuushäiriöt, kun taas sairaalahoidetuilla henkilöillä B-ryhmän persoonallisuushäiriöt olivat yleisimpiä. Persoonallisuushäiriöiden todettiin liittyvän yleisesti masennus- ja ahdistuneisuushäiriöihin sekä päihteiden käyttöön. Vanhemman yksinhuoltajuuden todettiin liittyvän persoonallisuushäiriöihin, etenkin B-ryhmän persoonallisuushäiriöihin. Persoonallisuushäiriöryhmät erosivat toisistaan temperamenttiprofiilien perusteella. Eri persoonallisuushäiriöistä kärsivillä tutkittavilla ei todettu tyypillisiä temperamenttiprofiileja. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että persoonallisuushäiriöiden ja niihin yleisesti liittyvän psykiatrisen oheissairastavuuden tunnistaminen on tärkeää. Havainnot korostavat perusterveydenhuollon ja erikoissairaanhoidon yhteistyön merkitystä persoonallisuushäiriöistä ja psykiatrisista häiriöistä kärsivien henkilöiden tutkimuksessa ja hoidossa. Persoonallisuushäiriöille altistavien lapsuuden tekijöiden tunnistaminen on tärkeää vaikeiden persoonallisuushäiriöiden ehkäisemiseksi. Persoonallisuushäiriöiden etiologian ja kehittymisen selvittämiseksi tarvitaan uusia tutkimuksia.