Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HeloizeSP_DISSERT.pdf: 5210676 bytes, checksum: 2206731cf8d9981475df85f8e57f31d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-06 / The occurrence of heavy oil reservoirs have increased substantially and, due to the high viscosity characteristic of this type of oil, conventional recovery methods can not be applied. Thermal methods have been studied for the recovery of this type of oil, with a main objective to reduce its viscosity, by increasing the reservoir temperature, favoring the mobility of the oil and allowing an increasing in the productivity rate of the fields. In situ combustion (ISC) is a thermal recovery method in which heat is produced inside the reservoir by the combustion of part of the oil with injected oxygen, contrasting with the injection of fluid that is heated in the surface for subsequent injection, which leads to loss heat during the trajectory to the reservoir. The ISC is a favorable method for recovery of heavy oil, but it is still difficult to be field implemented. This work had as an objective the parametric analysis of ISC process applied to a semi-synthetic reservoir with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast reservoirs using vertical production and vertical injection wells, as the air flow injection and the wells completions. For the analysis, was used a commercial program for simulation of oil reservoirs using thermal processes, called Steam, Thermal and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator (STARS) from Computer Modelling Group (CMG). From the results it was possible to analyze the efficiency of the ISC process in heavy oil reservoirs by increasing the reservoir temperature, providing a large decrease in oil viscosity, increasing its mobility inside the reservoir, as well as the improvement in the quality of this oil and therefore increasing significantly its recovered fraction. Among the analyzed parameters, the flow rate of air injection was the one which had greater influence in ISC, obtaining higher recovery factor the higher is the flow rate of injection, due to the greater amount of oxygen while ensuring the maintenance of the combustion front / A ocorr?ncia de ?leos pesados e ultrapesados v?m aumentando sensivelmente e, devido ? alta viscosidade caracter?stica deste tipo de ?leo, n?o podem ser aplicados os m?todos convencionais de recupera??o. M?todos t?rmicos v?m sendo estudados para recupera??o deste tipo de ?leo, tendo como principal objetivo reduzir a sua viscosidade atrav?s do aumento da temperatura do reservat?rio, favorecendo a mobilidade do ?leo e permitindo um aumento no ?ndice de produtividade dos campos. A Combust?o in situ (CIS) ? um m?todo t?rmico de recupera??o em que o calor ? produzido dentro do reservat?rio pela combust?o de parte do ?leo com oxig?nio injetado, contrastando com a inje??o de fluido aquecido ainda na superf?cie para posterior inje??o, o que acarreta perda de calor durante o trajeto ao reservat?rio. A CIS ? um m?todo prop?cio para recupera??o de ?leo pesado, por?m ainda ? complexo de ser implementado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a an?lise param?trica do processo CIS aplicado a um reservat?rio semissint?tico com caracter?sticas do Nordeste Brasileiro utilizando po?os verticais de produ??o e inje??o, assim como a vaz?o de inje??o de ar e as completa??es dos po?os. Para an?lise do m?todo foi utilizado um programa comercial de simula??o de reservat?rios de petr?leo usando processos t?rmicos, denominado Steam, Thermal and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator (STARS) do Computer Modelling Group (CMG). A partir dos resultados obtidos foi poss?vel comprovar a efici?ncia do processo CIS em reservat?rios de ?leo pesado atrav?s do aumento da temperatura do reservat?rio, promovendo uma grande diminui??o na viscosidade do ?leo, aumentando sua mobilidade no interior do reservat?rio, assim como a melhora na qualidade desse ?leo e aumentando assim, significativamente a sua fra??o recuperada. Dentre os par?metros analisados, a vaz?o de inje??o de ar foi a que apresentou maior influ?ncia no processo CIS, obtendo maior fator de recupera??o quanto maior a vaz?o de inje??o, sendo devido a maior quantidade de oxig?nio garantindo a manuten??o da frente de combust?o

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JofranyaWAP_DISSERT.pdf: 2973696 bytes, checksum: 2de846649570e278d51d0d67ec195c5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-06 / After the decline of production from natural energy of the reservoir, the methods of enhanced oil recovery, which methods result from the application of special processes such as chemical injection, miscible gases, thermal and others can be applied. The advanced recovery method with alternating - CO2 injection WAG uses the injection of water and gas, normally miscible that will come in contact with the stock oil. In Brazil with the discovery of pre-salt layer that gas gained prominence. The amount of CO2 present in the oil produced in the pre-salt layer, as well as some reservoirs is one of the challenges to be overcome in relation to sustainable production once this gas needs to be processed in some way. Many targets for CO2 are proposed by researchers to describe some alternatives to the use of CO2 gas produced such as enhanced recovery, storage depleted fields, salt caverns storage and marketing of CO2 even in plants. The largest oil discoveries in Brazil have recently been made by Petrobras in the pre -salt layer located between the states of Santa Catarina and Esp?rito Santo, where he met large volumes of light oil with a density of approximately 28 ? API, low acidity and low sulfur content. This oil that has a large amount of dissolved CO2 and thus a pioneering solution for the fate of this gas comes with an advanced recovery. The objective of this research is to analyze which parameters had the greatest influence on the enhanced recovery process. The simulations were performed using the "GEM" module of the Computer Modelling Group, with the aim of studying the advanced recovery method in question. For this work, semi - synthetic models were used with reservoir and fluid data that can be extrapolated to practical situations in the Brazilian Northeast. The results showed the influence of the alternating injection of water and gas on the recovery factor and flow rate of oil production process, when compared to primary recovery and continuous water injection or continuous gas injection / O m?todo de recupera??o avan?ada com inje??o alternada WAG-CO2 utiliza da inje??o de ?gua e g?s, g?s esse normalmente misc?vel que vai entrar em contato com o banco de ?leo. No Brasil com a descoberta da camada pr?-sal esse g?s ganhou destaque. A quantidade de CO2 presente no ?leo produzido na camada pr?-sal, assim como acontece em alguns reservat?rios ? um dos desafios a serem vencidos com rela??o ? produ??o sustent?vel uma vez que esse g?s precisa ser processado de alguma maneira. Muitos os destinos para o CO2 s?o propostos por estudiosos, que descrevem algumas alternativas para uso do g?s CO2 produzido, tais como, recupera??o avan?ada, armazenamento em campos depletados, armazenamento em cavernas de sal e ainda comercializa??o do CO2 em plantas. As maiores descobertas de petr?leo, no Brasil, foram feitas recentemente pela Petrobras na camada pr?-sal localizada entre os estados de Santa Catarina e Esp?rito Santo, onde se encontrou grandes volumes de ?leo leve com uma densidade em torno de 28? API, baixa acidez e baixo teor de enxofre. ?leo esse que possui uma grande quantidade de CO2 dissolvido e assim uma solu??o pioneira para o destino desse g?s vem sendo a recupera??o avan?ada. O objetivo dessa pesquisa ? analisar quais os par?metros que tiveram maior influ?ncia no processo de recupera??o avan?ada. As simula??es foram realizadas utilizando o m?dulo GEM da Computer Modelling Group, com o objetivo de realizar estudos do m?todo de recupera??o avan?ada em quest?o. Para a realiza??o deste trabalho, modelos semi-sint?ticos foram utilizados com dados de reservat?rio e fluidos que podem ser extrapolados para situa??es pr?ticas do Nordeste brasileiro. Os resultados mostraram a influ?ncia do processo de inje??o alternada de ?gua e g?s sobre o fator de recupera??o e vaz?o de produ??o de ?leo, quando comparados ? recupera??o prim?ria e inje??o cont?nua de ?gua ou inje??o cont?nua de g?s

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertoEPB_DISSERT.pdf: 1009635 bytes, checksum: 353b50f5c3e1f13817d981d7d7a2bb6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-19 / The petroleum production pipeline networks are inherently complex, usually decentralized systems. Strict operational constraints are applied in order to prevent serious problems like environmental disasters or production losses. This paper describes an intelligent system to support decisions in the operation of these networks, proposing a staggering for the pumps of transfer stations that compose them. The intelligent system is formed by blocks which interconnect to process the information and generate the suggestions to the operator. The main block of the system uses fuzzy logic to provide a control based on rules, which incorporate knowledge from experts. Tests performed in the simulation environment provided good results, indicating the applicability of the system in a real oil production environment. The use of the stagger proposed by the system allows a prioritization of the transfer in the network and a flow programming / As redes de escoamento da produ??o de petr?leo s?o sistemas comumente descentralizados, inerentemente complexos. Restri??es operacionais r?gidas s?o aplicadas para evitar problemas graves, como desastres ambientais ou perdas de produ??o. Este trabalho descreve um sistema inteligente para auxiliar as decis?es na opera??o dessas malhas, propondo um escalonamento das bombas das esta??es de transfer?ncia que a comp?em. O sistema inteligente ? formado por blocos, que se interligam para processar a informa??o e gerar as sugest?es para o operador. O bloco principal do sistema utiliza a l?gica fuzzy para prover um controle baseado em regras, que incorporam o conhecimento de especialistas. Os testes realizados em ambiente de simula??o obtiveram bons resultados, indicando a aplicabilidade do sistema em um ambiente real de produ??o de petr?leo. O uso do escalonamento proposto pelo sistema permite uma prioriza??o da transfer?ncia na rede e uma programa??o do escoamento

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IsabelleTS_DISSERT.pdf: 9676896 bytes, checksum: 211bb77ead98d9be0d4a700bc3a80049 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-04 / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte / The Rio do Peixe Basin represents a main basin of northeastern Brazil and pioneering work positioned the rocks of this basin in the Early Cretaceous. However, a recent study, based on integrated pollen analysis from three wells, found an unprecedented siliciclastic sedimentary section, in the region, of early Devonian age. Therefore, the present study aims a detailed petrographic and petrological analysis of this devonian section, in the Rio do Peixe Basin and proposes a diagenetic evolution, to understand the characteristics of the porous system, identify the main reservoir petrofacies with the main factors impacting on the quality of these rocks as reservoirs and a quick study on the provenance of this section. The petrographic study was based on samples obtained from subsurface and surface. The diagenetic evolution of petrofacies and its identification were based only on subsurface samples and the study of provenance was based on surface samples. The thin sections were prepared from sandstones, pelites and sandstones intercalated with pelites. The original detrital composition for this section is arcosean and the main diagenetic processes that affected these rocks occur in various depths and different conditions, which resulted in extensive diagenetic variety. The following processes were identified: early fracture and healing of grains; albitization of K-feldspar and plagioclase; siderite; precipitation of silica and feldspar; mechanical infiltration of clay and its transformation to illite/esmectite and illite; autigenesis of analcime; dissolution; autigenesis of chlorite; dolomite/ferrous dolomite/anquerite; apatite; calcite; pyrite; titanium minerals and iron oxide-hidroxide. The occurrence of a recently discovered volcanism, in the Rio do Peixe Basin, may have influenced the diagenetic evolution of this section. Three diagenetic stages affected the Devonian section: eo, meso and telodiagenesis. This section is compositionally quite feldspathic, indicating provenance from continental blocks, between transitional continental and uplift of the basement. From this study, we observed a wide heterogeneity in the role of the studied sandstones as reservoirs. Seven petrofacies were identified, taking into account the main diagenetic constituent responsible for the reduction of porosity. It is possible that the loss of original porosity was influenced by intense diagenesis in these rocks, where the main constituent for the loss of porosity are clays minerals, oxides and carbonate cement (calcite and dolomite) / A Bacia do Rio do Peixe corresponde a uma das principais bacias interiores do Nordeste do Brasil e trabalhos pioneiros posicionaram as rochas pertencentes a esta bacia, no Cret?ceo Inferior. Entretanto, um estudo mais recente, baseado na an?lise palinol?gica integrada entre tr?s po?os, verificou a exist?ncia de uma se??o sedimentar silicicl?stica, in?dita na regi?o, de idade eodevoniana. Portanto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma an?lise petrogr?fica e petrol?gica detalhada dessa se??o devoniana rec?m-descoberta na Bacia do Rio do Peixe e sugerir uma evolu??o diagen?tica, a fim de auxiliar no entendimento das caracter?sticas do sistema poroso, identificar as principais petrof?cies de reservat?rios, juntamente com os principais fatores impactantes na qualidade das mesmas e um breve estudo sobre a proveni?ncia dos sedimentos desta bacia. O estudo petrogr?fico foi baseado em amostras de subsuperficie e superf?cie, tendo a interpreta??o da evolu??o diagen?tica e a identifica??o das petrof?cies sido baseadas, apenas, nas amostras de subsuperf?cie. As l?minas petrogr?ficas foram confeccionadas a partir de arenitos, pelitos e arenitos intercalados por pelitos. A composi??o detr?tica original dessa se??o ? arcoseana e os principais processos diagen?ticos que a afetaram ocorreram em diversas profundidades e diferentes condi??es, o que resultou na grande variedade diagen?tica de processos: faturamento precoce e cicatriza??o de gr?os; albitiza??o dos K-feldspatos e plagiocl?sios; siderita; precipita??o de s?lica e feldspato; infiltra??o mec?nica de argila e transforma??o da mesma em ilita/esmectita e ilita; analcima; autig?nese de analcima; dissolu??o; precipita??o de caulinita; compacta??o mec?nica e qu?mica; autig?nese de clorita, dolomita/dolomita ferrosa/anquerita, apatita, calcita, pirita, minerais de tit?nio e ?xido/hidr?xido de ferro. A ocorr?ncia de vulcanismo rec?m-descoberto na Bacia do Rio do Peixe pode ter influenciado a evolu??o diagen?tica desta se??o. Foram identificados tr?s est?gios diagen?ticos: eo-, meso- e telodiag?nese. Essa se??o ? composicionalmente bastante feldsp?tica, indicando proveni?ncia de blocos continentais, entre o continental transicional a soerguimento do embasamento. A partir desse estudo, foi poss?vel verificar uma heterogeneidade no papel como reservat?rio dos arenitos estudados, sendo poss?vel a separa??o de sete petrof?cies, identificadas a partir do principal constituinte diagen?tico respons?vel pela redu??o da porosidade. A perda da porosidade original foi influenciada pela diag?nese intensa nessas rochas, sobretudo pela autig?nese de argilominerais, ?xidos e carbonatos (calcita e dolomita)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IgoPL_DISSERT.pdf: 1338632 bytes, checksum: 5c21a0cb714155a0e215d803dca007ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-16 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / With the growth of energy consumption worldwide, conventional reservoirs, the reservoirs called "easy exploration and production" are not meeting the global energy demand. This has led many researchers to develop projects that will address these needs, companies in the oil sector has invested in techniques that helping in locating and drilling wells. One of the techniques employed in oil exploration process is the reverse time migration (RTM), in English, Reverse Time Migration, which is a method of seismic imaging that produces excellent image of the subsurface. It is algorithm based in calculation on the wave equation. RTM is considered one of the most advanced seismic imaging techniques. The economic value of the oil reserves that require RTM to be localized is very high, this means that the development of these algorithms becomes a competitive differentiator for companies seismic processing. But, it requires great computational power, that it still somehow harms its practical success. The objective of this work is to explore the implementation of this algorithm in unconventional architectures, specifically GPUs using the CUDA by making an analysis of the difficulties in developing the same, as well as the performance of the algorithm in the sequential and parallel version / Com o crescimento do consumo energ?tico em todo o mundo, os reservat?rios convencionais, chamados de reservat?rios de f?cil explora??o e produ??o n?o est?o atendendo a demanda energ?tica mundial. Isso tem levado muitos pesquisadores a desenvolver trabalhos que venham sanar essas car?ncias. Empresas do setor petrol?fero tem investido em t?cnicas que ajudem na localiza??o e perfura??o de po?os. Uma das t?cnicas empregadas no processo de explora??o de petr?leo ? a Migra??o Reversa no Tempo (RTM), do ingl?s, Reverse Time Migration, que ? um m?todo de imageamento s?smico que produz excelente imagem de subsuperf?cie. ? um algoritmo baseado no c?lculo da equa??o de onda. A RTM ? considerada uma das t?cnicas mais avan?adas de imageamento s?smico. O valor econ?mico das reservas de petr?leo que requerem RTM para ser localizada ? muito alto, isso significa que o desenvolvimento desses algoritmos torna-se um diferencial competitivo para as empresas de processamento s?smico. No entanto, o mesmo requer grande poder computacional que, de alguma forma, ainda prejudica o seu sucesso pr?tico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho ? explorar a implementa??o desse algoritmo em arquiteturas n?o convencionais, especificamente as GPUs, utilizando a plataforma CUDA, fazendo uma an?lise das dificuldades no desenvolvimento do mesmo, bem como a performance do algoritmo na vers?o sequencial e paralela

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:09:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucioAOF_TESE.pdf: 1700370 bytes, checksum: e23b516b6b57629ea655b3a1c24fcf35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-27 / The demand for alternative sources of energy drives the technological development so that many fuels and energy conversion processes before judged as inadequate or even non-viable, are now competing fuels and so-called traditional processes. Thus, biomass plays an important role and is considered one of the sources of renewable energy most important of our planet. Biomass accounts for 29.2% of all renewable energy sources. The share of biomass energy from Brazil in the OIE is 13.6%, well above the world average of participation. Various types of pyrolysis processes have been studied in recent years, highlighting the process of fast pyrolysis of biomass to obtain bio-oil. The continuous fast pyrolysis, the most investigated and improved are the fluidized bed and ablative, but is being studied and developed other types in order to obtain Bio-oil a better quality, higher productivity, lower energy consumption, increased stability and process reliability and lower production cost. The stability of the product bio-oil is fundamental to designing consumer devices such as burners, engines and turbines. This study was motivated to produce Bio-oil, through the conversion of plant biomass or the use of its industrial and agricultural waste, presenting an alternative proposal for thermochemical pyrolysis process, taking advantage of particle dynamics in the rotating bed that favors the right gas-solid contact and heat transfer and mass. The pyrolyser designed to operate in a continuous process, a feeder containing two stages, a divisive system of biomass integrated with a tab of coal fines and a system of condensing steam pyrolytic. The prototype has been tested with sawdust, using a complete experimental design on two levels to investigate the sensitivity of factors: the process temperature, gas flow drag and spin speed compared to the mass yield of bio-oil. The best result was obtained in the condition of 570 oC, 25 Hz and 200 cm3/min, temperature being the parameter of greatest significance. The mass balance of the elementary stages presented in the order of 20% and 37% liquid pyrolytic carbon. We determined the properties of liquid and solid products of pyrolysis as density, viscosity, pH, PCI, and the composition characterized by chemical analysis, revealing the composition and properties of a Bio-oil. / A demanda por fontes alternativas de energia impulsiona o desenvolvimento tecnol?gico de tal forma que muitos combust?veis e processos de convers?o energ?tica, antes julgada como inadequados ou mesmo invi?veis, s?o agora concorrentes de combust?veis e processos ditos tradicionais. Assim, a biomassa exerce um papel relevante, sendo considerada uma das fontes de energia renov?vel mais importante de nosso planeta. A biomassa contribui com 29,2 % de todas as fontes renov?veis de energia. A participa??o de energia de biomassa do Brasil na OIE ? de 13,6 %, sendo bem superior a m?dia mundial de participa??o. V?rios tipos de processos de pir?lise v?m sendo estudados nos ?ltimos anos, destacando-se o processo de pir?lise r?pida de biomassa para obten??o de Bio-?leo. Os processos cont?nuos de pir?lise r?pida, mais investigados e aprimorados s?o os de leito fluidizado e leito ablativo, entretanto vem sendo estudados e desenvolvidos outros tipos, visando obter um bio-?leo de melhor qualidade, com maior produtividade, menor consumo de energia, maior estabilidade e confiabilidade de processo e menor custo de produ??o. A estabilidade do produto Bio-?leo ? fundamental para a concep??o de dispositivos consumidores, tais como queimadores, motores de pist?o e turbinas. O presente estudo foi motivado para a produ??o de Bio-?leo, atrav?s da convers?o da biomassa vegetal ou do aproveitamento de seus res?duos industriais e agr?colas, sendo apresentada uma proposta alternativa de processo de pir?lise termoqu?mica, aproveitando a vantagem din?mica das part?culas no leito rotativo o que favorece a raz?o de contato g?s-s?lido e a transfer?ncia de calor e massa. O pirolisador foi projetado para operar em processo cont?nuo, contendo um alimentador de dois est?gios, um sistema desagregador da biomassa integrado com um separador de finos de carv?o e um sistema de condensa??o de vapores pirol?ticos. O Prot?tipo foi submetido a ensaios com serragem de madeira, utilizando um planejamento experimental completo em dois n?veis para investigar a sensibilidade dos fatores: temperatura do processo, fluxo de g?s de arraste e velocidade de centrifuga??o em rela??o ao rendimento m?ssico de Bio-?leo. O melhor resultado foi obtido na condi??o de 570 oC, 25 Hz e 200 cm3/min, sendo a temperatura o par?metro de maior signific?ncia. O balan?o Tese de Doutorado PPGCEP/UFRN L?cio ?ngelo de Oliveira Fontes vi de massa elementar das fases apresentou da ordem de 20 % liquidos pirol?ticos e 37 % de carv?o. Foram determinadas as propriedades dos produtos l?quidos e s?lidos da pir?lise como densidade, viscosidade, pH, PCI, sendo a composi??o caracterizada atrav?s an?lise qu?mica, revelando as propriedades e composi??o de um Bio-?leo.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:09:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloSTS_TESE.pdf: 2868959 bytes, checksum: f60bedf5f558e2aafe77046674684c88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-08 / The general objective of this thesis has been seasonal monitoring (quarterly time scale) of coastal and estuarine areas of a section of the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, environmentally sensitive and with intense sediment erosion in the oil activities to underpin the implementation of projects for containment of erosion and mitigate the impacts of coastal dynamics. In order to achieve the general objective, the work was done systematically in three stages which consisted the specific objectives. The first stage was the implementation of geodetic reference infrastructure for carrying out the geodetic survey of the study area. This process included the implementation of RGLS (Northern Coast of the RN GPS Network), consisting of stations with geodetic coordinates and orthometric heights of precision; positioning of Benchmarks and evaluation of the gravimetric geoid available, for use in GPS altimetry of precision; and development of software for GPS altimetry of precision. The second stage was the development and improvement of methodologies for collection, processing, representation, integration and analysis of CoastLine (CL) and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) obtained by geodetic positioning techniques. As part of this stage have been made since, the choice of equipment and positioning methods to be used, depending on the required precision and structure implanted, and the definition of the LC indicator and of the geodesic references best suited, to coastal monitoring of precision. The third step was the seasonal geodesic monitoring of the study area. It was defined the execution times of the geodetic surveys by analyzing the pattern of sediment dynamics of the study area; the performing of surveys in order to calculate and locate areas and volumes of erosion and accretion (sandy and volumetric sedimentary balance) occurred on CL and on the beaches and islands surfaces throughout the year, and study of correlations between the measured variations (in area and volume) between each survey and the action of the coastal dynamic agents. The results allowed an integrated study of spatial and temporal interrelationships of the causes and consequences of intensive coastal processes operating in the area, especially to the measurement of variability of erosion, transport, balance and supply sedimentary over the annual cycle of construction and destruction of beaches. In the analysis of the results, it was possible to identify the causes and consequences of severe coastal erosion occurred on beaches exposed, to analyze the recovery of beaches and the accretion occurring in tidal inlets and estuaries. From the optics of seasonal variations in the CL, human interventions to erosion contention have been proposed with the aim of restoring the previous situation of the beaches in the process of erosion. / O objetivo geral desta Tese de Doutorado foi o monitoramento costeiro sazonal (em escala temporal trimestral) de ?reas costeiras e estuarinas de um trecho do Litoral Setentrional do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, sens?vel ambientalmente e de intensa eros?o sedimentar sob as atividades petrol?feras, para servir de base na implanta??o de projetos de conten??o da eros?o e na mitiga??o dos impactos causados pela din?mica costeira. Para atingir o objetivo geral, o trabalho foi desenvolvido de maneira sistem?tica em tr?s etapas, as quais consistiram os objetivos espec?ficos. A primeira etapa foi da implanta??o da infraestrutura geod?sica de refer?ncia para a realiza??o dos levantamentos geod?sicos da ?rea de estudo. Compreendeu a implanta??o da Rede GPS do Litoral Setentrional do RN (RGLS), constitu?da de esta??es com coordenadas geod?sicas e altitudes ortom?tricas de precis?o; posicionamento de Refer?ncias de N?vel (RN) e avalia??o do modelo geoidal gravim?trico dispon?vel, para serem utilizados na altimetria por GPS de precis?o; e desenvolvimento de aplicativos para a altimetria por GPS de precis?o. A segunda etapa foi do desenvolvimento e aperfei?oamento de metodologias para o levantamento, processamento, representa??o, integra??o e an?lises de Linhas de Costa (LC) e Modelos Digitais de Eleva??o (MDE) obtidos por t?cnicas geod?sicas de posicionamento. Incluiu desde a escolha dos equipamentos e m?todos de posicionamento a serem utilizados, em fun??o da precis?o requerida e da estrutura implantada, at? a defini??o do indicador de LC e dos referenciais geod?sicos mais adequados ao monitoramento costeiro de precis?o. A terceira etapa foi do monitoramento geod?sico sazonal da ?rea de estudo. Definiu as ?pocas de execu??o dos levantamentos geod?sicos, a partir da an?lise do padr?o de din?mica sedimentar da ?rea de estudo; execu??o dos levantamentos, com os objetivos de calcular e localizar ?reas e volumes de eros?o e acres??o (balan?os sedimentares areal e volum?trico) ocorridas nas LC e nas superf?cies das praias e ilhas ao longo do ano, e estudo das correla??es entre as varia??es mensuradas (em ?rea e volume) entre os levantamentos e a atua??o dos agentes din?micos costeiros. Os resultados permitiram um estudo integrado das rela??es espaciais e temporais das causas e consequ?ncias dos intensos processos costeiros atuantes na ?rea, especialmente com a mensura??o da variabilidade da eros?o, transporte, balan?o e suprimento sedimentares ao longo do ciclo anual de constru??o e destrui??o das praias. Nas an?lises dos resultados, foi poss?vel identificar as causas e consequ?ncias da intensa eros?o costeira nas praias expostas, analisar a recupera??o sedimentar das praias e a acres??o nos canais de mar? e nos estu?rios. A partir da ?tica das varia??es sazonais das linhas de costa, interven??es antr?picas de conten??o de eros?o foram propostas com o objetivo de recuperar a situa??o anterior das praias em processo de eros?o.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:09:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuisFL_TESE.pdf: 1981587 bytes, checksum: 1da0819bc859b1e23958de0190156279 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-20 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In this work, biodiesel was produced from castor oil that was a byproduct glycerin. The molar ratio between oil and alcohol, as well as the use of (KOH) catalyst to provide the chemical reaction is based on literature. The best results were obtained using 1 mol of castor oil (260g) to 3 moles of methyl alcohol (138g), using 1.0% KOH as catalyst at a temperature of 260 ? C and shaken at 120 rpm. The oil used was commercially available, the process involves the reaction of transesterification of a vegetable oil with methyl alcohol. The product of this reaction is an ester, biodiesel being the main product and the glycerin by-product which has undergone treatment for use as raw material for the production of allyl alcohol. The great advantage of the use of glycerin to obtain allyl alcohol is that its use eliminates the large amount of waste of the biodiesel and various forms of insult to the environment. The reactions for the formation of allyl alcohol was conducted from formic acid and glycerin in a ratio 1/1, at a temperature of 260oC in a heater blanket, being sprayed by a spiral condenser for a period of 2 hours and the product obtained contains mostly the allylic alcohol .. The monitoring of reactions was performed by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer: FTIR Fourier transform, the analysis showed that these changes occur spectrometer indicating the formation of the product allylic alcohol (prop-2-en-1-ol) in the presence of water, This alcohol was appointed Alcohol GL. The absorption bands confirms that the reaction was observed in (? C = C) 1470 -1600 cm -1 and (? CO), 3610-3670 attributed to C = C groups and OH respectively. The thermal analysis was carried out in a thermogravimetric analyzer SDT Q600, where the mass and temperature are displayed against time, that allows checking the approximate rate of heating. The innovative methodology developed in the laboratory (LABTAM, UFRN), was able to treat the glycerine produced by transesterification of castor oil and used as raw material for production of allyl alcohol, with a yield of 80%, of alcohol, the same is of great importance in the manufacture of polymers, pharmaceuticals, organic compounds, herbicides, pesticides and other chemicals / Neste trabalho o biodiesel foi produzido a partir de ?leo de mamona que teve como subproduto a glicerina. A raz?o molar entre ?leo e ?lcool, bem como o uso do (KOH) como catalisador qu?mico para proporcionar a rea??o, foi baseada em dados da literatura. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos, utilizando 1 mol de ?leo de mamona (260g) para 3 mols de ?lcool met?lico (138g). O ?leo utilizado foi adquirido comercialmente, o processo de transesterifica??o envolve a rea??o do ?leo vegetal com um ?lcool met?lico. O produto dessa rea??o ? um ?ster, sendo o biodiesel o seu principal produto e a glicerina o sub-produto a qual foi submetida a tratamento para uso como mat?ria-prima para a obten??o do ?lcool al?lico. A grande vantagem do uso da glicerina para obten??o de ?lcool al?lico ? que sua utiliza??o elimina a grande quantidade de res?duos do biodiesel e v?rias formas de agress?o ao meio ambiente. As rea??es para forma??o do ?lcool alilico foram conduzidas a partir de ?cido f?rmico e glicerina, em uma raz?o 1/1, sob temperatura de 260oC, em uma manta aquecedora, sendo vaporizado por um condensador em espiral por um per?odo de 2 horas, e o produto obtido contem em sua grande maioria o ?lcool al?lico. O acompanhamento das rea??es foi realizado por Espectrofot?metro UV-Vis?vel: FTIR com transformada de Fourier, a an?lise revelou que estas altera??es espectrom?tricas ocorrem indicando a forma??o do produto ?lcool al?lico (prop-2-en-1-ol), em presen?a de ?gua, este ?lcool foi nomeado de ?lcool GL. As bandas de absor??o que confirmam a rea??o foram observadas em (? C=C) em 1470 -1600 cm-1 e em (? C-O), 3610 3670 atribu?das aos grupos C=C e O-H respectivamente. A analise t?rmica foi realizada em um analisador Termogravim?trico SDT Q600, onde a massa e a temperatura ser?o exibidos em fun??o do tempo, isto permite a verifica??o aproximada da taxa de aquecimento. A metodologia inovadora desenvolvida no laborat?rio (LABTAM, UFRN), foi capaz de tratar a glicerina produzida, atrav?s da transesterifica??o de ?leo de mamona e utilizar como mat?ria prima para produ??o do ?lcool al?lico, apresentando um rendimento de 80%, deste ?lcool, o mesmo ? de grande import?ncia na fabrica??o de pol?meros, medicamentos, compostos org?nicos, herbicidas, pesticidas e outros produtos qu?micos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:09:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RenataMB_TESE.pdf: 1339744 bytes, checksum: 24902b1b3636b97bbd787863d62c1f99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a thermochemical conversion process for production energy which have been very atratactive due to energetic use of its products: gas (CO, CO2, H2, CH4, etc.), liquid (bio-oil) and charcoal. The bio-oil is the main product of fast pyrolysis, and its final composition and characteristics is intrinsically related to quality of biomass (ash disposal, moisture, content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) and efficiency removal of oxygen compounds that cause undesirable features such as increased viscosity, instability, corrosiveness and low calorific value. The oxygenates are originated in the conventional process of biomass pyrolysis, where the use of solid catalysts allows minimization of these products by improving the bio-oil quality. The present study aims to evaluate the products of catalytic pyrolysis of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) using solid catalysts as tungsten oxides, supported or not in mesoporous materials like MCM-41, derived silica from rice husk ash, aimed to reduce oxygenates produced in pyrolysis. The biomasss treatment by washing with heated water (CEL) or washing with acid solution (CELix) and application of tungsten catalysts on vapors from the pyrolysis process was designed to improve the pyrolysis products quality. Conventional and catalytic pyrolysis of biomass was performed in a micro-pyrolyzer, Py-5200, coupled to GC/MS. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, X ray fluorescence, temperature programmed reduction and thermogravimetric analysis. Kinetic studies applying the Flynn and Wall model were performed in order to evaluate the apparent activation energy of holoceluloce thermal decomposition on samples elephant grass (CE, CEL and CELix). The results show the effectiveness of the treatment process, reducing the ash content, and were also observed decrease in the apparent activation energy of these samples. The catalytic pyrolysis process converted most of the oxygenate componds in aromatics such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, etc / A pir?lise r?pida da biomassa lignocelul?sica ? um processo de convers?o termoqu?mica para produ??o de energia que vem se tornando muito atratativo devido ao aproveitamento energ?tico de seus produtos: g?s (CO, CO2, H2, CH4, etc), l?quido (bio-?leo) e carv?o vegetal. O bio-?leo ? o principal produto da pir?lise r?pida, sendo a sua composi??o e caracter?sticas finais intrinsecamente relacionadas ? qualidade da biomassa (elimina??o de cinzas, teor de umidade, teor de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina) bem como ? efici?ncia da remo??o dos compostos oxigenados que causam caracter?sticas indesej?veis como aumento da viscosidade, instabilidade, corrosividade e baixo poder calor?fico. Os compostos oxigenados s?o originados no processo de pir?lise convencional da biomassa onde o uso de catalisadores s?lidos, em geral, permite a minimiza??o destes produtos melhorando a qualidade do produto final, o bio-?leo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os produtos da pir?lise catal?tica do capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) utilizando catalisadores s?lidos, ?xidos a base de tungst?nio, suportados ou n?o em materiais mesoporosos do tipo MCM-41, derivados da s?lica da casca do arroz, visando ? redu??o de compostos oxigenados produzidos na pir?lise. O tratamento da biomasssa atrav?s da lavagem com ?gua aquecida (CEL) ou lavagem com solu??o ?cida (CELix), bem como a aplica??o de catalisadores a base de tungst?nio nos vapores provenientes do processo de pir?lise, teve a finalidade de melhorar a qualidade dos produtos da pir?lise. A pir?lise convencional e catal?tica da biomassa foram realizadas em um micro pirolisador, Py-5200, acoplado ao GC/MS. Os catalisadores sintetizados foram caracterizados por Difra??o de raios X, Espectroscopia na regi?o do infravermelho, Fluoresc?ncia de Raios X, Redu??o por Temperatura Programada e An?lise termogravim?trica. Estudos cin?ticos aplicando o modelo de Flynn Wall foram realizados com a finalidade de avaliar a energia de ativa??o aparente da decomposi??o t?rmica da holoceluloce nas amostras de capim elefante (CE, CEL e CELix). Os resultados mostraram a efici?ncia do processo de tratamento, reduzindo o teor de cinzas, como tamb?m foi observada a diminui??o na energia de ativa??o aparente dessas amostras. O processo de pir?lise catal?tica converteu a maioria dos produtos oxigenados do CE em arom?ticos como benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno, etc

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:09:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcosAFR_TESE.pdf: 4983695 bytes, checksum: 6cb8867b58e49a5dd6efc85191c6fa49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Many of hydrocarbon reserves existing in the world are formed by heavy oils (?API between 10 and 20). Moreover, several heavy oil fields are mature and, thus, offer great challenges for oil industry. Among the thermal methods used to recover these resources, steamflooding has been the main economically viable alternative. Latent heat carried by steam heats the reservoir, reducing oil viscosity and facilitating the production. This method has many variations and has been studied both theoretically and experimentally (in pilot projects and in full field applications). In order to increase oil recovery and reduce steam injection costs, the injection of alternative fluid has been used on three main ways: alternately, co-injected with steam and after steam injection interruption. The main objective of these injection systems is to reduce the amount of heat supplied to the reservoir, using cheaper fluids and maintaining the same oil production levels. This works discusses the use of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane and water as an alternative fluid to the steam. The analyzed parameters were oil recoveries and net cumulative oil productions. The reservoir simulation model corresponds to an oil reservoir of 100 m x 100 m x 28 m size, on a Cartesian coordinates system (x, y and z directions). It is a semi synthetic model with some reservoir data similar to those found in Brazilian Potiguar Basin. All studied cases were done using the simulator STARS from CMG (Computer Modelling Group, version 2009.10). It was found that waterflood after steam injection interruption achieved the highest net cumulative oil compared to other fluids injection. Moreover, it was observed that steam and alternative fluids, co-injected and alternately, did not present increase on profitability project compared with steamflooding / Muitas das reservas de hidrocarbonetos existentes em todo o mundo s?o formadas por ?leos pesados (?API entre 10 e 20). Al?m disso, v?rios campos de ?leo pesado est?o maduros e, portanto, oferecem grandes desafios para a ind?stria do petr?leo. Entre os m?todos t?rmicos utilizados para recuperar estes recursos, a inje??o de vapor tem sido a principal alternativa economicamente vi?vel. O calor latente transportado por meio de vapor aquece o reservat?rio, reduzindo a viscosidade do ?leo, facilitando a produ??o. A fim de aumentar a recupera??o de ?leo e reduzir os custos inerentes ? inje??o de vapor, a inje??o de fluidos alternativos tem sido utilizado em combina??o com o vapor das seguintes formas: alternadamente, coinjetados e ap?s a interrup??o da inje??o de vapor. O objetivo principal destes sistemas de inje??o combinada ? reduzir a quantidade de calor fornecida ao reservat?rio utilizando fluidos de menor valor comercial, buscando manter os n?veis de produ??o de ?leo. Este trabalho analisa o uso do di?xido de carbono, nitrog?nio, metano e ?gua como fluido alternativo ao vapor. Os par?metros analisados foram a recupera??o de ?leo e a produ??o acumulada l?quida. O modelo de reservat?rio analisado corresponde a um reservat?rio de dimens?es 100 m x 100 m x 28 m, num sistema de coordenadas cartesianas ( dire??es x, y e z). ? um modelo semissint?tico com alguns dados de reservat?rio semelhantes aos encontrados na Bacia Potiguar, Brasil. Todos os casos estudados foram simulados utilizando o simulador STARS da CMG (Computer Group, Modelagem vers?o 2009.10). Verificou-se que a inje??o de ?gua ap?s a interrup??o de inje??o de vapor alcan?ou melhores resultados em termos de produ??o acumulada l?quida de ?leo em rela??o a inje??o de outros fluidos. Al?m disso, foi observado que o vapor e os fluidos alternativos, coinjetados e alternados, n?o apresentou aumento na rentabilidade do projeto em compara??o com a inje??o cont?nua de vapor