This thesis is concerned with the use of multiple antenna elements in wireless communication over frequency non-selective radio channels. Both measurement results and theoretical analysis are presented. New transmit strategies are derived and compared to existing transmit strategies, such as beamforming and space-time block coding (STBC). It is found that the best transmission algorithm is largely dependent on the channel characteristics, such as the number of transmit and receive antennas and the existence of a line of sight component. Rayleigh fading multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels are studied using an eigenvalue analysis and exact expressions for the bit error rates and outage capacities for beamforming and STBC is found. In general are MIMO fading channels correlated and there exists a mutual coupling between antenna elements. These findings are supported by indoor MIMO measurements. It is found that the mutual coupling can, in some scenarios, increase the outage capacity. An adaptive antenna testbed is used to obtain measurement results for the single input multiple output (SIMO) channel. The results are analyzed and design guidelines are obtained for how a beamformer implemented in hardware shall be constructed. The effects of nonlinear transmit amplifiers in array antennas are also analyzed, and it is shown that an array reduces the effective intermodulation distortion (IMD) transmitted by the array antenna by a spatial filtering of the IMD. A novel frequency allocation algorithm is proposed that reduces IMD even further. The use of a low cost antenna with switchable directional properties, the switched parasitic antenna, is studied in a MIMO context and compared to array techniques. It is found that it has comparable performance, at a fraction of the cost for an array antenna.

Concurrent cooperative transmission (CCT) occurs when a collection of power-constrained single-antenna radios transmit simultaneously to form a distributed multi-input and multi-output (DMIMO) link. DMIMO can be a means for highly reliable and low-latency cooperative routing, when the MIMO channel is exploited for transmit and receive diversity; in this context, the range extension benefit is emphasized. Alternatively, DMIMO can be a means for high-throughput ad hoc networking, when the MIMO channel is used with spatial multiplexing. In both cases, concatenated DMIMO links are treated. The key contribution of this dissertation is a method of pre-synchronization of distributed single-antenna transmitters to form a virtual antenna array, in the absence of a global clock, such as a global positioning system (GPS) receiver or a network time protocol (NTP) to provide reference signals for the synchronization. Instead, the reference for synchronization comes from a packet, transmitted by the previous virtual array and simultaneously received by all the cooperative transmitters for the next hop. The method is realized for two types of modulation: narrowband non-coherent binary frequency-shift keying (NCBFSK) and wideband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The pre-synchronization algorithms for transmission are designed to minimize the root-mean-square (RMS) transmit time, sampling and carrier frequency error between cooperative transmitters, with low implementation complexity. Since CCT is not supported by any existing standard or off-the-shelf radios, CT must be demonstrated by using software-defined radios (SDRs). Therefore, another contribution is a fully self-contained and real-time SDR testbed for CCT-based networking. The NCBFSK and OFDM systems have been designed and implemented in C++ and Python programming languages in the SDR testbed, providing practical performance of the CCT-based systems.

Η παρούσα εργασία ασχολείται με κινητά Ασύρματα Δίκτυα Αισθητήρων και προτείνεται ένα αποδοτικό πρωτόκολλο διάδοσης για κινητά Δίκτυα Αισθητήρων με σταθερό σταθμό Κόμβο-Πηγή. Επίσης, υλοποιούνται σε πραγματικό πειραματικό δίκτυο ασύρματων αισθητήρων και μελετάται πειραματικά η απόδοση πρωτοκόλλων εξισορρόπησης ενέργειας. Τα Ασύρματα Δίκτυα Αισθητήρων αποτελούνται από μεγάλο αριθμό αυτόνομων συσκευών με περιορισμένες δυνατότητες επικοινωνίας, αποθήκευσης, επεξεργασίας και ενέργειας, που τοποθετούνται σε μια συγκεκριμένη περιοχή ενδιαφέροντος στην οποία δεν υπάρχει καμία εκ των προτέρων εγκατεστημένη δικτυακή υποδομή και γνώση της τοπολογίας. Οι κόμβοι επικοινωνούν και συνεργάζονται μεταξύ τους και ακροάζονται το περιβάλλον με τη χρήση αισθητήρων με στόχο να φέρουν σε πέρας εφαρμογές όπως είναι, ο έλεγχος κυκλοφορίας, η συλλογή μετεωρολογικών δεδομένων, η παρακολούθηση του περιβάλλοντος καθώς και εφαρμογές ασφαλείας. Η δρομολόγηση δεδομένων στα ασύρματα δίκτυα αισθητήρων γίνεται ως εξής, οι αισθητήρες-κόμβοι συλλέγουν δεδομένα από το περιβάλλον που ακροάζονται και τα προωθούν σε γειτονικούς κόμβους με στόχο να φτάσουν κάποια στιγμή (multi-hop routing) σε ένα κόμβο-πηγή (sink) ο οποίος έχει απεριόριστο αποθηκευτικό χώρο και ενέργεια. Για την αύξηση της διάρκειας ζωής ενός ασύρματου δικτύου αισθητήρων έχουν αναπτυχθεί διάφορες τεχνικές όπως είναι οι τεχνικές εξισορρόπησης ενέργειας. Στόχος στο πρόβλημα της εξισορρόπησης κατανάλωσης ενέργειας σε ένα ασύρματο δίκτυο αισθητήρων είναι να επιτύχουμε ίση κατανάλωση ενέργειας ανά κόμβο του δικτύου ώστε να μεγιστοποιήσουμε τη διάρκεια ζωής του δικτύου αποφεύγοντας την πρόωρη αποσύνδεση του δικτύου. Τα προτεινόμενα πρωτόκολλα για κινητά δίκτυα αισθητήρων αξιολογήθηκαν πειραματικά μέσω διεξοδικής προσομοίωσης, χρησιμοποιώντας ποικίλες τιμές για βασικές παραμέτρους του δικτύου και συγκρίθηκαν με υπάρχουσες ευρέως αποδεκτές μεθόδους. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι τόσο ο χρόνος παράδοσης των μηνυμάτων, όσο και η ενέργεια που απαιτείται διατηρούνται σε χαμηλά επίπεδα, βελτιώνοντας σημαντικά την προηγούμενη σχετική έρευνα. Όσον αφορά τα πρωτόκολλα εξισορρόπησης ενέργειας, υλοποιήθηκαν σε πραγματικό πειραματικό δίκτυο και αξιολογήθηκαν πειραματικά μέσω πραγματικών πειραμάτων. Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα επιβεβαιώνουν τα θεωρητικά αποτελέσματα των μελετώμενων πρωτοκόλλων. / In this thesis we study Sensor Networks that are highly dynamic and mobile, and we propose a new efficient routing protocol for mobile Sensor Networks with a static base-station/sink. Moreover, we implement energy balancing data propagation protocols in a wireless sensor network test-bed and we investigate their performance. Wireless Sensor Networks consist of a large number of small, autonomous devices, that have limited communication, storage, computational and energy resources, that are deployed in a specific area of interest where there is no prior established network infrastructure and knowledge of topology. The nodes communicate and cooperate with each other and sense the environment by using sensors to carry out applications such as control traffic, weather monitoring, environmental monitoring and security applications. The routing of data in wireless sensor network is done as follows, the sensor-nodes sense the environment, collect data and relay the data to adjacent nodes in order to reach in a multi-hop way to a base station (sink) which has unlimited storage and energy resources. There have been developed various techniques to increase the lifetime of a wireless sensor network such as energy balancing propagation techniques. The goal of the energy balancing propagation schemes is to achieve equal energy consumption per node in order to maximize the lifetime of the network by avoiding early disconnection of the network. An extensive performance comparison of the protocols for mobile sensor networks proposed in this study to relevant methods from the state of the art demonstrates significant improvements i.e. latency is reduced by even four times while keeping energy dissipation and delivery success at very satisfactory levels. Regarding the energy balancing protocols, we have implemented them in a real experimental testbed and evaluated them experimentally via real experiments. The experimental results confirm the theoretical results of the studied protocols.

As space exploration vehicles travel deeper into space, their distance to earth increases.The increased communication delays and ground personnel costs motivatea migration of the vehicle health management into space. A way to achieve thisis to use a diagnosis system. A diagnosis system uses sensor readings to automaticallydetect faults and possibly locate the cause of it. The diagnosis system usedin this thesis is a model-based reasoning tool called RODON developed by UptimeSolutions AB. RODON uses information of both nominal and faulty behavior ofthe target system mathematically formulated in a model.The advanced diagnostics and prognostics testbed (ADAPT) developed at theNASA Ames Research Center provides a stepping stone between pure researchand deployment of diagnosis and prognosis systems in aerospace systems. Thehardware of the testbed is an electrical power system (EPS) that represents theEPS of a space exploration vehicle. ADAPT consists of a controlled and monitoredenvironment where faults can be injected into a system in a controlled manner andthe performance of the diagnosis system carefully monitored. The main goal of thethesis project was to build a model of the ADAPT EPS that was used to diagnosethe testbed and to generate decision trees (or trouble-shooting trees).The results from the diagnostic analysis were good and all injected faults thataffected the actual function of the EPS were detected. All sensor faults weredetected except faults in temperature sensors. A less detailed model would haveisolated the correct faulty component(s) in the experiments. However, the goal wasto create a detailed model that can detect more than the faults currently injectedinto ADAPT. The created model is stationary but a dynamic model would havebeen able to detect faults in temperature sensors.Based on the presented results, RODON is very well suited for stationary analysisof large systems with a mixture of continuous and discrete signals. It is possibleto get very good results using RODON but in turn it requires an equally goodmodel. A full analysis of the dynamic capabilities of RODON was never conductedin the thesis which is why no conclusions can be drawn for that case.

Today’s technology has a strong tendency towards automation. As a matter of fact, the tremendous improvement of science in the recent years brought new ideas regarding to accelerate the scientific process that is not separated of automation. This paper also deals with automation of manual tests that were used to analyze packet loss and packet loss duration in a network. These two metrics were chosen based on their importance they have in the communication technology, also based on the weak points that were found in the manual processes. This experiment is done in the Ixia platform that was an appropriate test bed to design an automation framework.After a comprehensive research on network and communication we could choose packet loss and packet loss duration as two important parameters that are under test several times per day. Therefore, based on the properties that are used for automation, these two metrics had the priority compare to other metrics. We could create a framework that works correspond to the manual test process. For this purpose, Tcl programming language is used. The script that was written with this high-level language can communicate with the graphical user interface, configuring all the connected devices, measuring mentioned metrics and ultimately save the result in a csv file.Finally, we could reach to the main objective of this project which was to show how positively automatic method can affect on the quality of test in terms of accuracy, time and manpower saving.

Les chercheurs au travers de plusieurs domaines essaient de fournir des solutions pour intégrer les objets et les systèmes dans l’internet des objets (IdO ou IoT pour Internet of Things en anglais). Il y a deux domaines parmi les domaines les plus importants d’IdO. Le premier est de tester et évaluer l’IdO. Plusieurs milliards d’objets sont déjà connectés à l’internet. Ces objets peuvent communiquer entre eux directement sans intervention humaine. Les entreprises et les développeurs doivent être capable de tester et d’évaluer des scénarios différents dans plusieurs environnements. Ces environnements doivent être capable d’échanger des services entre eux. Nous présentons notre architecture IoTaaS (Internet of Things Testing As A Service). IoTaaS est un environnement distribué pour tester et évaluer l’IdO. Nous présentons aussi la première mise en oeuvre expérimentale qui est appelée CEMAT (Cloud Environment for Mobile Application Testing) qui permet de tester les applications mobiles et les objets connectés. Le deuxième domaine correspond aux méthodes de communication. Nous présentons notre conception de communications COLDE (Connectionless Data Exchange) pour échanger une petite quantité de données publiques entre les clients Wi-Fi et les points d’accès sans qu’ils aient besoin d’être associés. Alors que COLDE présente la méthode nécessaire pour échanger ces données, le concept de services Lightweight décrit les données échangées en utilisant le protocole COLDE. / Researchers across many domains are working to provide solutions that enable integration of objectsand systems into the Internet of Things (IoT). There are two domains which are among the mostimportant ones in IoT. First domain is IoT testing and evaluation. The billions of objects whichare connected to IoT would intercommunicate without any human intervention. Enterprises anddevelopers should be able to test and evaluate different operational scenarios of their systems indifferent environments. Testing environments should be able to exchange services. We present ourarchitecture IoTaaS (Internet of Things Testing As A Service). IoTaaS is a hierarchy of a distributedcloud for testing and evaluating IoT. We also present the pilot implementation of IoTaaS under thecode name CEMAT (Cloud Environment for Mobile Application Testing) which focuses on mobiledevices and their connected objects. The second domain is about communication methods andtechniques. Several IoT applications depend on public data exchange. We present our design toexchange small amount of public data on wireless network without establishing a connection. COLDE(Connectionless Data Exchange) is our extension to protocol the IEEE 802.11. COLDE utilizesthe management frames to allow Wi-Fi devices and access points to exchange small amounts ofdata without having any association. COLDE describes how we can exchange data without beingconnected. Lightweight services concept explains which data could be transferred using COLDE.Simulation experiments and real world implementation are presented along with their results.

This master thesis deals with the design of a wastewater treatment plant, which will be controlled by a PLC. The theoretical part describes the types of wastewater and sewage systems that are important in the design of wastewater treatment plants. The thesis also describes programmable logic controllers, theirs programming languages, SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems and automation.The thesis also deals with theoretical description of wastewater treatment plants, their functions and security. Next part describes the design of the wastewater treatment plant. The last part of the thesis describes implementation of the wastewater treatment plant controlled by a PLC.

No description available.

No description available.

Since the dawn of the space race, satellites have grown rapidly in complexity and shrunk equally rapidly in size. Most of them contain an Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS) on board for pointing and detumbling manoeuvres. These intricate systems are designed for an outer space environment, hence, phenomenon otherwise abscent in space, such as gravity and aerodynamic drag present a challenge in validating these systems on Earth. The gimbal suspension testbed aims to provide a 3 Degree of Freedom (DoF) suspension where the mounted satellite under test can rotate about either axis. The suspension induces disturbance torques that must be modeled in order for the testbed to be characterized. This is accomplished by formulating the necessary gimbal dynamics, bearing friction, aerodynamic and Center of Mass (CoM) displacement torque model. This yields a relationship from which all torques present in the system can be expressed in terms of the angles, angular velocities and angular accelerations of the gimbal frames. By measuring the angles and obtaining the velocities and accelerations through numerical differentiation, the torques that correspond to a certain motion can be calculated. Furthermore, the thesis covers the iterative design of the gimbal suspension and all of its constituents, the angular measurement method and a Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation to estimate deformations. The result is presented in terms of a simulation that validates the models by predicting its behaviour for certain movement. The final result is a series of characterization plots that tells the user of the gimbal testbed how much torque must be produced by the CubeSat ADCS in order to operate it. / Sedan begynnelsen av rymdkapplöpningen har satelliter snabbt ökat i komplexitet och lika snabbt minskat i storlek. De flesta satelliter har ett attitydsbestänings- och kontrollsystem (ADCS) ombord för att kunna utföra vissa manövrar. Dessa system är designade för rymdmiljön, därför kan fenomen som annars är frånvarande i rymden, så som gravitation och luftmotstånd, innebära en utmaning då man önskar att validera systemet på jorden. Gimbalupphängningen förmedlar rotation med tre frihetsgrader där satelliten under test kan rotera kring alla tre axlar. Upphängningen inducerar störmoment som måste modelleras för att den ska bli ordentligt karaktäriserad. Detta åstadkoms genom att formulera gimbalens dynamiska förhållanden, kullagerfriktion, luftmotstånd och masscenterförflyttning. Dessa samband kopplar samman alla moment som är närvarande i systemet som funktion av gimbalramarnas vinklar, vinkelhastigheter och vinkelaccelerationer. Genom att mäta vinklarna och erhålla vinkelhastigheter och vinkelacceleration genom numerisk derivering kan momenten som motsvarar den uppmätta rörelsen beräknas. Dessutom presenteras den iterativa designen av gimbalupphängningen och alla dess beståndsdelar, vinkelmätningsmetoden och en finita elementmetodssimulering för att uppskaffa deformationer. Resultatet presenteras i form av simuleringar som validerar modellen genom att förutspå dess beteende för viss rörelse. Det slutgiltiga resultatet är en serie av karaktäriseringsgrafer som förmedlar till användaren just hur mycket moment dess CubeSats ADCS måste producera för att kunna använda gimbalupphängingen.