Les réseaux vasculaires et nerveux présentent des similitudes frappantes (points de branchements, superposition, voies afférentes/efférentes, …) et tous deux interagissent lors du développement ou dans le cadre de pathologies.Dans un premier projet, nous avons voulu déterminer si un facteur pro-angiogénique, c'est-à-dire induisant la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux, peut avoir un effet direct sur le réseau neuronal. Des études menées in vitro ou in vivo chez l’adulte, ont montré une implication directe du Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) sur le système nerveux (survie, prolifération neuronale, croissance axonale, …). Nous avons cherché à savoir si ce facteur a un effet sur le développement ou l’activité des réseaux neuronaux lors de la vie embryonnaire alors que les systèmes vasculaires et nerveux se mettent progressivement en place. Avec une approche électrophysiologique, nous avons focalisé notre attention sur les motoneurones de la moelle épinière de souris entre les stades E13,5 et P0. Nos résultats montrent que le VEGF augmente de façon significative la fréquence des activités synaptiques liées à la libération de GABA et de Glycine pendant une fenêtre temporelle correspondant à la mise en place de ces mêmes activités (E13,5 et E15,5). Cet effet modulateur met en évidence un nouveau rôle du VEGF dans la maturation fonctionnelle des réseaux neuronaux et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives dans l’étude des neurodégénérescences précoces. Dans un second projet, nous nous sommes intéressés au glioblastome, cancer cérébral très invasif. Nous montrons que l’inhibition d’IRE1 (Inositol Requiring-Enzyme 1, senseur du stress du réticulum endoplasmique) dans un modèle d’implantation orthotopique chez la souris induit la formation de tumeurs plus petites, moins vascularisées et plus dispersées avec un meilleur pronostic de survie. Nous observons aussi des altérations du microenvironnement tumoral (matrice extracellulaire, réaction astrocytaire) avec des modifications de l’expression de nombreux facteurs de croissance dont le TGFß. / The nervous and the vascular systems share similarities (branching points, afferent/efferent parts …) and are closely connected during development and pathology.In the first part of this project, we questioned whether the pro-angiogenic key factor VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), which promotes new blood vessels formation, can directly interact with neural networks while nervous and vascular systems are developing. In the present study, using an electrophysiological approach, we focused on the effect of VEGF on embryonic spinal lumbar motoneurons (MNs). Our results demonstrate that VEGF increases the frequency of the GABA/glycinergic events at early developmental stages (E13.5 and E15.5) but not at the perinatal stage E17.5. Our data highlight a new role for VEGF which can control both the maturation of the vascular and neuronal networks and may likely be involved in early MNs degeneration.In the second part, we focused on glioblastoma, the most agressive form of brain cancer. Our results show that inhibition of IRE1 (Inositol Requiring-Enzyme 1, stress sensor of endoplasmic reticulum) leads to formation of smaller, less vascularized, more invasive tumors with a better prognosis. We also observe that tumoral microenvironnement is altered (reactive astrogliosis, extracellular matrix) and expression of several growth factors like TGFß is modified.

Ces dernières années des études ont montré le rôle de la méthylation dans la régulation transcriptionnelle. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons exposé des cellules hépatiques à plusieurs stimuli pour en évaluer l'effet au niveau du méthylome. Nous avons précisément étudié des facteurs clés dans le carcinome hépatocellulaire que sont le virus de l'hépatite B, le TGFbeta et au cours de la différenciation des hépatocytes. Au cours de ces expositions, nous avons observé que la méthylation était remanié spécifiquement dans certaines régions. En effet nous n'avons pas observé de nombreux changements dans les régions promotrices mais dans les régions intragéniques. Nous avons ensuite identifié l'impact des changements de méthylation dans ces régions. Nous avons ainsi pu observer qu'au cours de la différenciation hépatique une déméthylation du corps du gène HNF4A au sein d'un promoteur alternatif était corrélé à l'expression d'un autre isoforme de ce gène sous le contrôle de ce promoteur alternatif. Enfin nous avons utilisé l'outil d'édition CRISPR pour modifier les régions intragéniques. Nous avons ainsi inséré des mutations au sein d'un enhancer intronique du gène TRRAP. Nous avons alors observé que cette région semblait être nécessaire à la surexpression du gène au cours du traitement mais également au niveau de la réponse au TGFbeta. En conclusion nous avons identifié les régions intragéniques comme des régions épigénétiquement dynamiques en réponse aux facteurs environnementaux tels que l'inflammation et l'infection par HBV. Nous avons également identifié pour ces régions un potentiel rôle dans la régulation transcriptionnelle ainsi que dans les événements d'épissage alternatif / Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and chronic inflammation are well known risk factors for several chronic liver pathologies and cancer. We firstly studied the ability of HBV to modify the host methylome, using naturally infected primary human hepatocytes, and bead array. As a result, we identified non- random changes in gene expression and DNA methylation occurring specifically upon HBV infection. Moreover, a set of differentially methylated sites appeared early and were stable. These HBV-induced DNA methylation changes were defined by a specific chromatin context characterized by CpG-poor regions outside of gene promoters. During liver inJury, hepatic progenitor cells (HPC) are essential for tissue regeneration. Because of its role in determining cellular fate, DNA methylation may have an important role during the process of HPC differentiation. We therefore assessed DNA methylation during HPC differentiation. We found a progressive demethylation of HNF4A alternative promoter strongly associated with higher expression of another isoforms of HNF4A. Finally, TGFbeta is linked to a change in DNA methylation profiles. Using genome-wide strategy we observed a specific pattern of DNA methylation changes in response to TGFbeta treatment. Indeed, the observed changes were, as for HBV-induced changes, enriched in intragenic regions. In order to study the role of these regions, we used CRISPR/Cas 9 strategy on the intragenic enhancer of the TRRAP gene. This disruption was likely to suppress TGFbeta response at TRRAP expression level as well as the complete response to this cytokine. These data support a higher dynamicity of intragenic regions in response to the different stimuli we used at methylation level in liver cells. Moreover, these results support a role of intragenic methylation in cellular

L’ADKP est la 5e cause de décès par cancer dans le monde occidental, et il est estimé qu’il constituera la 2e cause de mort par cancer d’ici à 2030. Le taux de survie à 5 ans est inférieur à 4%, et la médiane de survie est d’environ 6 mois. Ce pronostic sombre est dû à une pathologie asymptomatique dans les phases précoces du développement tumoral, résultant en un diagnostic tardif. Les tumeurs primaires sont constituées de structures épithéliales néoplasiques entourées par un stroma abondant empêchant l’accès des chimiothérapies aux cellules tumorales. La compréhension des mécanismes d’initiation et de progression tumorale est donc primordiale pour développer de nouvelles stratégies visant à la détection et à la prise en charge thérapeutique optimale des patients atteints d’ADKP. Le TGFbeta est une cytokine assurant de nombreuses fonctions physiologiques comme la régulation de l’immunité, la cicatrisation, le développement ou encore l’angiogenèse. Les résultats présentés dans ce manuscrit mettent en évidence que l’activation de la voie de signalisation TGFbeta perturbe la différenciation des cellules acineuses au cours du développement, et perturbe l’identité acineuse lorsqu’elle est activée dans le pancréas chez l’adulte. L’induction en parallèle de l’apoptose des cellules acineuses et d’une métaplasie acino-canalaire (ou ADM) mène à la disparition quasi-totale du tissu acineux au profit de structures canalaires typiques d’un pancréas en régénération. Lorsque l’oncogène KRASG12D est exprimé en parallèle dans le tissu pancréatique chez l’adulte, ce tissu canalaire régénératif est mis à profit par KRAS pour le développement précoce de lésions pré-néoplasiques. Mes travaux au sein de l’équipe du Dr. Laurent BARTHOLIN permettent donc de démontrer in vivo un nouveau rôle du TGFbeta dans la carcinogénèse pancréatique / PDA is the 5th cause of cancer related death in the western countries, and is estimated to move the second rank by 2020. The 5-year survival rate is less than 4%, and the median survival is around 6 months. The poor prognostic of this tumor is due to asymptomatic early phases of the disease, resulting in a late diagnosis. Primary tumors are composed by ductal neoplastic lesions embedded into a highly abundant stroma that prevents the access of chemotherapeutic drugs to the tumor cells. Thus, understanding tumor initiation and progression mechanisms is needed to develop new strategies aiming at detecting and taking care of patients in the most optimal manner. TGFbeta is a cytokine playing several physiological functions such as immunity regulation, wound healing, development or angiogenesis. Results presented in this manuscript demonstrate that activation of TGFbeta signaling disturb acinar cell differentiation during development, and disrupts acinar cell identity when activated in the adult pancreas. The simultaneous induction of acinar cell apoptosis and ADM leads to the massive loss of acinar cells and the emergence of ductal structures typical of pancreas regeneration. When the KRASG12D oncogene is expressed in combination with the activation of TGFbeta signaling, these regenerative duct structures are harnessed by KRASG12D to develop early neoplastic lesions. Thus, my work in Dr. Laurent BARTHOLIN’s team demonstrates a new function of TGFbeta in pancreatic carcinogenesis in vivo

Expression of sTGFbetaRII-Fc-Jun from recombinant vaccinia virus TGFß has a biphasic role in tumorigenesis. In early phases it acts as tumor sup-pressor. However, in late phases when cells have escaped selectively from the antimito-genic response of TGFß, it may act as a promoter of tumor progression and invasion. One way of control tumor formation and progression is blocking of TGFß signalling pathways in late phases of tumorigenesis. We have constructed recombinant vaccinia virus P13 expressing soluble TGFbeta type II receptor fused with the Fc fragment of IgG1 and with Jun fragment (sTbetaRII-Fc-Jun). This sTbetaRII-Fc-Jun is supposed to increase the effect of antitumor vaccinia virus vaccine expressing SigE7LAMP, which is investigated for the treatment of the HPV-16 associated cervical cancer. Binding of sTbetaRII-Fc-Jun to protein G were tested by SDS-PAGE and by im-munoblotting. We found that Jun fragment and sTbetaRII fragment do not block Fc bind-ing site for protein G. sTbetaRII-Fc-Jun was characterised using SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis. We observed that the amount of sTbetaRII-Fc-Jun was higher in cell supernatans of in-fected cells in comparison to cell lysates. In cell lysates we observed higher amount of sTbetaRII than sTbetaRII-Fc-Jun. The expression of sTbetaRII-Fc-Jun was stronger under...

Este trabalho avaliou o efeito da dieta hiperlipídica em camundongos para o estudo da inflamação cardiovascular. Camundongos C57Bl/6 machos com 8 semanas de vida foram utilizados nos ensaios, sendo divididos nos grupos dieta controle e dieta hiperlipídica. Após 8 semanas foram avaliados: o ganho de peso, a porcentagem de tecido adiposo, pressão arterial sistólica, frequência cardíaca, perfil lipídico e glicêmico séricos. A partir de cortes histológicos de aortas e corações corados com picrossirius foram feitas análises morfométricas. Em cortes histológicos de aorta foram realizadas a análise fibras elásticas e colágenas usando a coloração de Weigert-Van Gieson. Também foram realizadas a quantificação de fibras colágenas em aortas, usando a coloração de picrossirius. Nos tecidos aórticos e cardíacos foram feitos: 1) Ensaios de atividade enzimática para ECA e MPO. 2) Ensaios de Immunoblotting para a detecção proteíca para ECA e TGF-b. Também foram feitos ensaios de imuno-histoquímica para marcação e localização de ECA e TGF-b no tecido aórtico. / This work evaluated the effect of high-fat diet in mice for the study of cardiovascular inflammation. C57BL / 6 mice at 8 weeks of age were used in the tests were divided in groups control diet and high fat diet. After 8 weeks were evaluated: weight gain, percentage of fat, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum lipids and glucose levels. From histological aortas and hearts stained with picrosirius morphometric analyzes. Histological sections of the aorta were performed to analyze elastic and collagen fibers using Weigert-Van Gieson staining. Also the quantification of collagen fibers in aortas using picrosirius staining. In aortic and cardiac tissues were made: 1) Enzymatic activity assays for ACE and MPO. 2) Immunoblotting assays to detect proteinous for ACE and TGF-b. Also were peformed Immunohistochemistry assays for marking and localization of ACE and TGF- b in the aortic tissue.

Este trabalho avaliou o efeito da dieta hiperlipídica em camundongos para o estudo da inflamação cardiovascular. Camundongos C57Bl/6 machos com 8 semanas de vida foram utilizados nos ensaios, sendo divididos nos grupos dieta controle e dieta hiperlipídica. Após 8 semanas foram avaliados: o ganho de peso, a porcentagem de tecido adiposo, pressão arterial sistólica, frequência cardíaca, perfil lipídico e glicêmico séricos. A partir de cortes histológicos de aortas e corações corados com picrossirius foram feitas análises morfométricas. Em cortes histológicos de aorta foram realizadas a análise fibras elásticas e colágenas usando a coloração de Weigert-Van Gieson. Também foram realizadas a quantificação de fibras colágenas em aortas, usando a coloração de picrossirius. Nos tecidos aórticos e cardíacos foram feitos: 1) Ensaios de atividade enzimática para ECA e MPO. 2) Ensaios de Immunoblotting para a detecção proteíca para ECA e TGF-b. Também foram feitos ensaios de imuno-histoquímica para marcação e localização de ECA e TGF-b no tecido aórtico. / This work evaluated the effect of high-fat diet in mice for the study of cardiovascular inflammation. C57BL / 6 mice at 8 weeks of age were used in the tests were divided in groups control diet and high fat diet. After 8 weeks were evaluated: weight gain, percentage of fat, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum lipids and glucose levels. From histological aortas and hearts stained with picrosirius morphometric analyzes. Histological sections of the aorta were performed to analyze elastic and collagen fibers using Weigert-Van Gieson staining. Also the quantification of collagen fibers in aortas using picrosirius staining. In aortic and cardiac tissues were made: 1) Enzymatic activity assays for ACE and MPO. 2) Immunoblotting assays to detect proteinous for ACE and TGF-b. Also were peformed Immunohistochemistry assays for marking and localization of ACE and TGF- b in the aortic tissue.

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. Genetic models have been developed to determine if and how a targeted gene may influence cartilage degenerative changes. The itga1-null mouse model has an inhibited integrin α1B1 through a ubiquitous integrin α1 subunit knockout, which leads to fibrosis in articular cartilage through excessive signalling from transforming growth factor beta (TGFB). Depleting this TGFB signalling is proposed to have a protective effect on cartilage. This project is part of a foregoing study where a cartilage-specific knockout of TGFB receptor type II (TBRII) was used to deplete TGFB signalling in articular cartilage of the itga1-null mice to reduce the severity of cartilage degradation. This project continues the analysis of the genetic model into bone architecture at the knee. Mouse hindlimbs were scanned at a 13μm resolution using micro-computed tomography and segmented into 3D datasets containing calcified tissues and bone of the knee and surroundings. Quantification methods for trabecular bone parameters (bone volume fraction, trabecular separation, and trabecular thickness) and ectopic calcification of soft tissues were developed. Loss of trabecular bone around the involved joint is a hallmark of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. However, the results from this study showed no significant changes in trabecular bone of itga1-null mouse knees despite observing severe osteoarthritic changes in the adjacent cartilage. There were no significant effects in peri-articular trabecular bone when the TBRII knockout in cartilage was activated, but there were significant increases in ectopic calcifications of the menisci and collateral ligaments. These ectopic calcifications were also seen in tamoxifen control mice, suggesting that tamoxifen, along with TBRII depletion in cartilage, had a role in increased abnormal calcifications. Although integrin α1B1 inhibition appears to have an important role in cartilage degeneration, it does not appear to influence the bony changes that normally accompany post-traumatic arthritis. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Osteoarthritis is a common joint disorder, associated mainly with cartilage degradation. Some genes have been identified that cause or prevent osteoarthritis. A previous study used two of these genes in a genetic mouse model to explore how osteoarthritis may develop. Removing the integrin α1 subunit from mice caused osteoarthritic changes in the cartilage of the mouse knee. When the transforming growth factor beta gene was removed from the cartilage, these changes were less severe. This project continued the study by exploring changes in bone around the mouse knee. We quantified bone changes around the mouse knee using high-resolution micro-computed tomography scans. Contrary to common findings in post-traumatic osteoarthritis, we found that there were no significant changes in the bone around the knees even where severe cartilage changes had been identified. However, there were significant increases in calcifications of soft tissues including the meniscus and ligaments around the knee.

No description available.

No description available.

<p>This PhD thesis focuses on the mechanical activation of TGFβ in the context of pulmonary fibrosis. Mechanical TGFβ activation occurs by physical force of breathing and signals to the nucleus via phospho‐Smad2. This activation occurs in presence of strong pan‐serine protease and matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. The augmented expression of latent TGFβ in lung tissue also lead to TGFβ activity following tissue stretch. Tissue biopsies from pulmonary fibrosis patients exhibited the same mechanical TGFβ activation and subsequent accumulation of phospho‐Smad2 as was seen in animal models. In rodent models and human control tissue, TGFβ was not released in detectable quantities, nor was there any significant upregulation of phospho‐Smad2. These data show that mechanical TGFβ activation is a relevant and limited to the context of a fibrotic disease process. Non‐invasive investigation of lung fibrosis was evaluated for correlation to classical assessments. We found that non‐invasive lung function parameters measured by a rodent ventilator, and small animal CT imaging correlated significantly with histomorphometic Ashcroft scoring. Exercise testing and quantification of the maximal oxygen consumption rate was a valuable indicator of overall rodent lung health but did not correlated significantly with Ashcroft scoring. Non‐invasive investigation tools evaluated here represent important advances in the quality of interpretation of preclinical lung fibrosis trials. Finally, collagen turnover was investigated by measurement of pyridinolines and serum collagen metabolic peptides. A novel method was developed and tested to detect pyridinolines in facile procedure. We found that deoxypyridinolines, but not pyridinolines, were significantly increased in the serum of lung fibrosis patients with respect to healthy controls. Furthermore, collagen type 1 telopeptide, a collagen breakdown product, was significantly increased in lung fibrosis patient serum. These data intriguingly indicate that under stable lung fibrosis conditions, more collagen appears to be breaking down into the serum then is synthesized.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)