Orientador: Jorge Luiz Alves Trabanco / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T16:53:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amarante_RogerioRodrigues_D.pdf: 8479306 bytes, checksum: c6760b22f8c1f110ad1b61e48c59508b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Com o uso de métodos adequados, receptores GNSS podem determinar coordenadas com acurácia suficiente para aplicação em projetos de engenharia. Porém a altitude elipsoidal obtida não utiliza o mesmo sistema de referência da engenharia de transportes. A altitude elipsoidal pode ser transformada em ortométrica com a utilização de modelos geoidais que são gerados a partir de dados gravimétricos. Neste trabalho são apresentados alguns conceitos introdutórios sobre a geração de modelo geoidais. Em seguida mostra o desenvolvimento de uma nova sistematização do tratamento de dados gravimétricos com objetivo de facilitar a detecção de erros, aumentar a produtividade e melhorar a organização de resultados obtidos. Dentro deste desenvolvimento, são revisadas as teorias utilizadas para transformar medições feitas com gravímetros diferenciais em aceleração da gravidade. Apresenta também técnicas de ajustamento de observações com intuito tratar erros aleatórios. A nova abordagem sugerida foi utilizada para o desenvolvimento de um software objetivando validar as idéias propostas, permitir a comparação com outras soluções existentes e também servir como uma contribuição tecnológica. Dados gravimétricos reais foram testados dentro da abordagem proposta tendo sido observados mais organização, ganho de produtividade e principalmente a detecção de erros grosseiros e aleatórios. Com a revisão do cálculo da correção da maré, percebeu-se que programas e equipamentos atualmente em uso não possuem configuração do fator gravimétrico, fato que pode influenciar em até 0; 007mGals no processamento das observações / Abstract: With the use of appropriate methods, GNSS receivers can determine coordinates with sufficient accuracy for use in projects. The ellipsoidal height obtained, however, does not use the same reference system as the one used in transportation engineering. The ellipsoidal height can be transformed to orthometric height using geoid models that are generated from gravimetric data. In this work some introductory concepts on the generation of geoid model are presented. Then it shows the development of a new approach in systematization of gravimetric data processing aiming to facilitate the detection of errors, increase productivity and improve the organization of the results obtained in the gravimetric surveys. Within this development, the theories used to convert measurements of the differences in gravity acceleration are revised. It also features adjustment techniques of observations in order to deal with random errors. The new suggested approach was used to develop software in order to validate the proposed ideas, allow comparison with other existing solutions, and also serves as a technological contribution. Gravimetric data were tested within the suggested approach. It was observed better organization, productivity gains and mainly detection of gross errors and random. With the review of the tide correction calculation, it was realized that programs and equipments now widely used have no gravimetric factor setting, a fact that can influence up to 0; 007mGals in processing the readings / Doutorado / Transportes / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Sueli Yoshinaga Pereira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T19:52:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_MarcelloAlves_D.pdf: 5073281 bytes, checksum: 027ba899f00acc6bc233ace29fbdc052 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As discussões sobre a paisagem, seus cenários através dos tempos, seu comportamento dinâmico e a integração das atividades humanas com o meio físico, no qual estão inseridas são de profundo interesse de diversas ciências buscando assim novas formas de compreender o momento presente. Inundações, enchentes, desmoronamentos, chuvas intensas e marés muito elevadas passaram, nos últimos anos a fazer parte de nosso cotidiano informacional. Sendo assim, este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de análise em escala municipal abordando os eventos denominados de marés extremas que podem ocasionar diversos problemas às infra-estruturais como inundações e erosões costeiras, transformando a paisagem. As análises propostas partiram da detecção de eventos de marés extremas para os anos de 2002, 2003, 2004 e a relação com os períodos lunares de quadratura e sizígia. Utilizando-se da técnica estatística de Regressão Linear Múltipla, avaliou-se em escala anual e para semana que antecede os eventos extremos, as relações existentes de Variação de Maré extrema com a Temperatura, a Velocidade do Vento, as Chuvas e a Umidade Relativa. Analisou-se também a transformação da paisagem de forma temporal com um intervalo de 20 anos (1987 - 2007), frente aos parâmetros - Uso da Terra, Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) e as Variações da Temperatura, onde os resultados obtidos nas análises apontaram para supressão de áreas naturais, o adensamento da malha urbana, assim como um aumento da temperatura entre os anos. Os estudos apontaram detectaram que as marés extremas estão relacionadas ao evento do El Nino, em que foram observados marés da ordem de 1,2 a 1,92 metros (exagerei). Os ventos, a umidade e a temperatura, apesar de baixa correlação, são componentes que indicam a presença de sistemas frontais que proporcionam variações extremas. As marés altas provocam inundação e erosão costeiras em áreas vulneráveis, que estão em processo de maior adensamento urbano e os resultados da simulação de maré extrema no município de Itanhaém - São Paulo - Brasil indicaram que as áreas mais afetadas são justamente as áreas que mais se adensaram ao longo do período monitorado / Abstract: Discussions on the landscape, their scenarios through the ages, its dynamic behavior and integration of human activities with the physical environment in which they operate are of deep interest in various sciences thus seeking new ways to understand the present moment. Floods, floods, landslides, heavy rains and high tides have passed much in recent years to be part of our daily informational. Therefore, this work presents a proposal for a municipal scale analysis covering the events called extreme tides that can cause many problems for infrastructure such as flooding and coastal erosion, transforming the landscape. The analyzes proposed departed detection of extreme tidal events for the years 2002, 2003, 2004 and compared with lunar periods of neap and spring tides. Using the statistical technique of multiple linear regressions was evaluated on an annual scale and week preceding extreme events, the relations of Variation of Tide with extreme temperature, the speed of the wind, the rain and Relative Humidity. It was also analyzed the transformation of the landscape temporally with an interval of 20 years (1987 - 2007), compared to parameters - Land Use, Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the variations of temperature, where the results in analyzes showed suppression of natural areas, densification of the urban as well as an increase in temperature among years. The studies showed that the detected extreme tides are related to the El Nino event, where tides were observed in the range from 1.2 to 1.92 meters (exaggerated). The winds, humidity and temperature, although low correlation, are components that indicate the presence of frontal systems that deliver extreme variations. The high tides cause flooding and coastal erosion in vulnerable areas, which are in the process of higher urban density and the simulation results of extreme tide in the city of Itanhaém - São Paulo - Brazil indicated that the most affected areas are precisely the areas that most denser over the period monitored / Doutorado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Doutor em Ciências

The feeding behavior of an animal is based on adaptations to the environment and the animal’s body condition. The Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) is an example of a marine mammal that may alter its feeding pattern based on diel and tidal cycles. The increased presence of boats during the day could potentially cause manatees to alter their feeding rates, or the time spent feeding per hour, over the diel cycle. Tide levels may cause manatees to be restricted from areas of preferred vegetation. In addition, the differential reproductive investment between males and females may cause differential time dedicated to feeding between the sexes. This study analyzed sound recordings (lasting up to 24 hr) from manatees tagged in southwest Florida with a digital acoustic recording tag (DTAG) between April and September. Distinctive chewing sounds were indicative of feeding activity. Variation in time spent feeding was analyzed in relation to time of day, sex, female reproductive status, and water level as affected by tides. Manatees dedicated 26% of the time (6 hours) to feeding, on average. During the first year of the study, manatees spent 39% of the time feeding (9 hours), on average, over the course of a 24-hour period; during the second year they spent 15% (2 hours) over the course of a 13-hour daytime period. Adult females fed significantly more, on average, than adult males. Females in late-term pregnancy appeared to spend more time foraging than other non-lactating females, but the sample size was too small to be definitive. Manatee time spent feeding was not correlated with time of day. Increases in feeding activity occurred at mid to high tide levels. This may indicate that manatees had greater access to preferred food sources at this time. An understanding of when manatees 5 are most likely to be feeding and which environmental factors influence this activity may suggest ways to reduce impacts on the endangered population.

An intense pycnocline at about 4 m. depth existed in Bute Inlet in August, 1967. This corresponded to the largest observed fresh water runoff into the head of the inlet. A major pycnocline above 10 m. depth was not observed in January, 1968, corresponding to small fresh water runoff. Correlating information derived from near-surface transverse and longitudinal sigma-t sections and drift pole plots with wind and tide data, the curvature of the inlet's lateral boundaries was found to influence the disposition of fresh water in any given transverse section. The direction of the surface layer flow was best related to the wind direction except in cases of high runoff when the wind only modulated the speed of outflow. The tide had remarkably little effect. Distinct changes in depth of the pycnocline along inlet were observed.Suggestions for future experiments are presented. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Atmospheric solar tides play an important role in the vertical transport of energy and momentum from the troposphere to the middle and upper atmosphere. They are primarily excited by the absorption of solar heating in the troposphere and stratosphere. The periods of solar tides are according to the harmonics of the diurnal solar radiation variations. While the diurnal and semidiurnal tides are relatively well investigated, the terdiurnal tide has gained less attention to date, especially with regard to its possible excitation mechanisms. These become more complex for higher harmonics because the direct solar forcing is smaller and further possible excitation mechanisms such as nonlinear tidal interactions, gravity wave-tide interactions or tidal-mean flow interactions come into play. The terdiurnal tide has been observed from various ground-based instruments and by remote sensing techniques, but these measurements only provide an overview of the total terdiurnal tide as a product of all forcing mechanisms. At present, it is not possible to measure the contribution from individual forcings. Therefore, numerical models provide a powerful tool to separate the different forcing mechanisms and to analyze their contribution and interplay. A few model studies exist about this topic but they do not provide a comprehensive picture, and they are partly contradicting. Possible reasons are the respective model features and setups or narrowly focused analyses. The terdiurnal gravity wave forcing, for example, has never been considered in these studies even though gravity waves are known to have a large impact on the middle atmosphere dynamics. To extend the knowledge of that topic, a nonlinear mechanistic global circulation model is used in this thesis. This is a comprehensive numerical study to investigate the relative importance of three different terdiurnal forcing mechanisms and their interplay, including the direct solar forcing, nonlinear tidal interactions and gravity wave-tide interactions. For the first time, the forcing terms itself are analyzed and quantified. Different tidal modes are correlated to identify tidal interactions. Model simulations are presented that show the contribution of individual forcings on the observed wave amplitude in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Finally, new coupling features between the different forcings are discovered that have not been reported before. All together, this modeling study is the most extensive and comprehensive analysis about the forcing mechanisms of the terdiurnal tide, and it helps to fill a significant gap in the understanding of wave propagation in the middle atmosphere.:Bibliographische Beschreibung Bibliographic Description Acronyms 1. Introduction 2. Terdiurnal Solar Tides 2.1. Review of the Climatology of Terdiurnal Tides 2.2. Forcing of Terdiurnal Tides 2.2.1. Theory of Forcing Mechanisms 2.2.2. Model Studies 2.3. Summary and Open Questions 3. The Middle and Upper Atmosphere Model (MUAM) 3.1. Overview 3.2. Numerical Properties 3.3. Dynamics 4. Climatology of the Terdiurnal Tide in MUAM 4.1. Amplitudes 4.2. Phases and Vertical Wavelengths 5. The Terdiurnal Forcing Mechanisms in MUAM 5.1. The Terdiurnal Forcing Terms – In-Situ Excitation 5.1.1. The Solar Forcing 5.1.2. The Gravity Wave Forcing 5.1.3. The Nonlinear Forcing 5.2. Nonlinear Tidal Interactions - Common Analysis Methods 5.2.1. The Wavelength Criterion 5.2.2. The Correlation Analysis 5.3. Propagating Terdiurnal Tides 5.3.1. The Removal of Excitation Mechanisms in a MUAM Simulation 5.3.2. Simulation Overview 5.3.3. Seasonal and Global Structure of the Terdiurnal Tide from Individual Forcing Mechanisms 5.3.4. Interactions Between Different Forcing Mechanisms 5.4. The Impact of Terdiurnal Forcing Terms on the Background Circulation 5.5. Summary of the Terdiurnal Forcing Mechanisms 6. Summary and Conclusion 7. Outlook References A. Appendix: MUAM Reference Simulation B. Appendix: MUAM Simulations with Removed Forcings Acknowledgements Curriculum Vitae Affirmation / Atmosphärische solare Gezeiten spielen eine bedeutende Rolle für den Vertikaltransport von Energie und Impuls aus der Troposphäre in die mittlere und obere Atmosphäre. Sie werden primär durch Absorption solarer Strahlung in der Troposphäre und Stratosphäre angeregt. Die Perioden der solaren Gezeiten entsprechen den harmonischen Anteilen der täglichen Variation solarer Strahlung. Während die täglichen und halbtägigen Gezeiten relativ gut erforscht sind, haben die dritteltägigen Gezeiten bisher weniger Aufmerksamkeit, insbesondere in Bezug auf ihre Anregungsmechanismen, auf sich gezogen. Diese werden für höhere harmoni-sche Anteile komplexer, da die solare Anregung geringer ist und weitere Anregungsmechanismen wie nichtlineare Wechselwirkungen zwischen Gezeiten untereinander, mit Schwerewellen oder mit der mittleren Strömung ins Spiel kommen. Die dritteltägigen Gezeiten wurden bereits vielfach von bodengebundenen Instrumenten und mit Fernerkundungsmethoden beobachtet, jedoch bieten diese Messungen lediglich einen Überblick über die gesamten dritteltägigen Gezeiten als Produkt aller Anregungsmechanismen. Bis heute ist es nicht möglich, die Beiträge einzelner Anregungen zu messen. Deshalb sind numerische Modelle ein mächtiges Werkzeug, diese verschiedenen Anregungen zu separieren und ihre Beiträge und ihr Zusammenspiel zu analysieren. Es gibt einige wenige Modellstudien zu diesem Thema, aber diese bieten kein umfassendes Bild und sind teilweise widersprüchlich. Mögliche Gründe sind die entsprechenden Modelleigenschaften und -einstellungen und die schmal fokussierte Analyse. So wurde z.B. die dritteltägige Schwerewellenanregung bisher nie in die Betrachtungen einbezogen, obwohl bekannt ist, dass Schwerewellen einen großen Einfluss auf die Zirkulation der mittleren Atmosphäre haben. Um das Wissen zu diesem Thema zu erweitern, wird in dieser Arbeit ein nichtlineares, mechanistisches, globales Zirkulationsmodell genutzt. Es handelt sich um eine umfassende numerische Studie, um die relative Wichtigkeit und das Zusammenspiel von drei dritteltägigen Anregungsmechanismen zu untersuchen: die direkte solare Anregung, nichtlineare Wechselwirkungen zwischen Gezeiten und Schwerewellen-Gezeiten-Wechselwirkungen. Zum ersten Mal werden die Anregungsterme selbst analysiert und quantifiziert. Verschiedene Gezeitenmoden werden korreliert, um Interaktionen zwischen Gezeiten zu identifizieren. Es werden Modellsimulationen vorgestellt, welche die Beiträge der einzelnen Anregungen zu den beobachteten Wellenamplituden in der Mesosphäre und unteren Thermosphäre zeigen. Schließlich werden neue Kopplungsmechanismen zwischen den verschiedenen Anregungen entdeckt, wovon zuvor noch nicht berichtet wurde. Zusammenfassend ist diese Modellstudie die aufwändigste und umfassendste Analyse zu den Anregungsmechanismen der dritteltägigen Gezeiten und sie hilft eine entscheidende Lücke zum Verständnis der Wellenausbreitung in der mittleren Atmosphäre zu füllen.:Bibliographische Beschreibung Bibliographic Description Acronyms 1. Introduction 2. Terdiurnal Solar Tides 2.1. Review of the Climatology of Terdiurnal Tides 2.2. Forcing of Terdiurnal Tides 2.2.1. Theory of Forcing Mechanisms 2.2.2. Model Studies 2.3. Summary and Open Questions 3. The Middle and Upper Atmosphere Model (MUAM) 3.1. Overview 3.2. Numerical Properties 3.3. Dynamics 4. Climatology of the Terdiurnal Tide in MUAM 4.1. Amplitudes 4.2. Phases and Vertical Wavelengths 5. The Terdiurnal Forcing Mechanisms in MUAM 5.1. The Terdiurnal Forcing Terms – In-Situ Excitation 5.1.1. The Solar Forcing 5.1.2. The Gravity Wave Forcing 5.1.3. The Nonlinear Forcing 5.2. Nonlinear Tidal Interactions - Common Analysis Methods 5.2.1. The Wavelength Criterion 5.2.2. The Correlation Analysis 5.3. Propagating Terdiurnal Tides 5.3.1. The Removal of Excitation Mechanisms in a MUAM Simulation 5.3.2. Simulation Overview 5.3.3. Seasonal and Global Structure of the Terdiurnal Tide from Individual Forcing Mechanisms 5.3.4. Interactions Between Different Forcing Mechanisms 5.4. The Impact of Terdiurnal Forcing Terms on the Background Circulation 5.5. Summary of the Terdiurnal Forcing Mechanisms 6. Summary and Conclusion 7. Outlook References A. Appendix: MUAM Reference Simulation B. Appendix: MUAM Simulations with Removed Forcings Acknowledgements Curriculum Vitae Affirmation

Using a mechanistic global circulation model, we analysed the trends of solar tides in the middle atmosphere. Forced by monthly mean assimilation of reanalysis data in the lower atmosphere and monthly adjusted CO2 and ozone distributions, the simulations represent a time period from January 1980 to May 2019. The time series of monthly mean wind and temperature amplitudes of all tidal components have been extracted from these data. Trend analyses by linear regression show prevailing negative trends in July and October for all tides and for all latitudes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. In April and January, however, trends are positive or negative, depending on the tidal component. Furthermore, the data set has been examined on possible trend changes via a statistical trend algorithm. A large part of those break points for the zonal wind amplitudes were found from 1985 to 1988 and from 2012 to 2015 for the investigated months January and April. Therefore, a clear relation between changes in the atmospheric ozone concentration and trends of the amplitudes of solar tides is not evident for the presented variables. / Unter Verwendung eines mechanistischen globalen Zirkulationsmodells wurden Trends von solaren Gezeiten in der mittleren Atmosphäre analysiert. Die Simulationen, die in den unteren Atmosphärenschichten mit monatlich gemittelten Reanalysedaten angetrieben wurden sowie mit angepassten CO2 und Ozonverteilungen, decken einen Zeitraum von Januar 1980 bis Mai 2018 ab. Aus diesen Daten wurden Zeitreihen für Monatsmittel in den Amplituden des Windes und der Temperatur für alle vier Gezeiten herausgefiltert. Die über lineare Regression gewonnen Trends ergeben -global betrachtet in der Mesosphäre und unteren Thermosphäre - vorwiegend negativsignifikante Trends im Juli und Oktober. Im April und Januar können jedoch je nach Gezeit und Parameter positive wie auch negative Trends vorkommen. Weiterhin wurden die Datenreihen auf mögliche Trendänderungen mit Hilfe eines statistischen Algorithmus untersucht. Ein Großteil dieser Trend-Wendepunkte in den Zonalwindamplituden liegen für die untersuchten Monate Januar und April in den Jahren von 1985 bis 1988 und von 2012 bis 2015. Eine direkte Verbindung zwischen Änderungen in der atmosphärischen Ozonkonzentration und Trends in den Amplituden solarer Gezeiten lassen sich in den hier behandelten Größen daher nicht ableiten.

Thesis: Ph. D. in Mechanical and Oceanographic Engineering, Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2017. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 93-104). / The effects of waves, wind, and bathymetry on tidal and subtidal hydrodynamics at unstratified, shallow New River Inlet, NC, are evaluated using field observations and numerical simulations. Tidal flows are ebb-dominated (-1.5 to 0.6 m/s, positive is inland) inside the main (2 to 5 m deep) channel on the (1 to 2 m deep) ebb shoal, owing to inflow and outflow asymmetry at the inlet mouth. Ebb-dominance of the flows is reduced during large waves (> 1 m) owing to breaking-induced onshore momentum flux. Shoaling and breaking of large waves cause depression (setdown, offshore of the ebb shoal) and super-elevation (setup, on the shoal and in the inlet) of the mean water levels, resulting in changes to the cross-shoal pressure gradient, which can weaken onshore flows. At a 90-degree bend 800-m inland of the inlet mouth, centrifugal acceleration owing to curvature drives two-layered cross-channel flows (0.1 to 0.2 m/s) with surface flows going away from and bottom flows going toward the bend. The depth-averaged dynamics are tidally asymmetric. Subtidal cross-channel flows are correlated (r² > 0.5) with cross-channel wind speed, suggesting that winds are enhancing and degrading the local-curvature induced two-layer flow, and driving three-layer flow. / by Anna Wargula. / Ph. D. in Mechanical and Oceanographic Engineering

Thesis (S. M.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2009. / This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections. / Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-43). / Mechanisms for the tidal component of salt flux in the Hudson River estuary are investigated using a 3D numerical model. Variations with river discharge, fortnightly tidal forcing, and along channel variability are explored. Four river discharge conditions were considered: 1200 m3 s-1, 600 m3 s-1, 300 m3 s-1, 150 m3 s-1. Tide-induced residual salt flux was found to be variable along the channel, with locations of counter-gradient flux during both neap and spring tide. The magnitude of tidal salt flux scales with the river flow and has no clear dependence on the spring-neap tidal forcing. The diffusive fraction, ?, has a value of -0.25 to 0.46 in the lower estuary, increasing to -0.23 to 1 near the head of salt. The phase lag between tidal salinity and velocity is analyzed at three cross-sections with: large positive, negative, and weak tidal salt flux. The composite Froude number, G2, is calculated along the channel and indicates nearly ubiquitous supercritical flow for maximum flood and ebb during both neap and spring tides. Subcritical flow occurs during slack water and at geographically locked locations during neap floods. Application of two-layer, frictional hydraulic theory reveals how variations in channel width and depth generate tidal asymmetries in cross-sectional salinity, the key ingredient of tidal salt flux. / by Patricia Ann Engel. / S.M.

No description available.

Thanks to a range of discovery methods that are sensitive to different regions of parameter space, we now know of over 900 planets in over 700 planetary systems. This large population has allowed exoplanetary scientists to move away from a focus on simple discovery, and towards efforts to study the bigger pictures of planetary system formation and evolution. The interactions between planets and their host stars have proven to be varied in both mechanisms and scope. In particular, tidal interactions seem to affect both the physical and dynamical properties of planetary systems, but characterising the broader implications of this has proven challenging. In this thesis I present work that investigates different aspects of tidal interactions, in order to uncover the scope of their influence of planetary system evolution. I compare two different age calculation methods using a large sample of exoplanet and brown dwarf host stars, and find a tendency for stellar model fitting to supply older age estimates than gyrochronology, the evaluation of a star's age through its rotation (Barnes 2007). Investigating possible sources of this discrepancy suggests that angular momentum exchange through the action of tidal forces might be the cause. I then select two systems from my sample, and investigate the effect of tidal interactions on their planetary orbits and stellar spin using a forward integration scheme. By fitting the resulting evolutionary tracks to the observed eccentricity, semi-major axis and stellar rotation rate, and to the stellar age derived from isochronal fitting, I am able to place constraints on tidal dissipation in these systems. I find that the majority of evolutionary histories consistent with my results imply that the stars have been spun up through tidal interactions as the planets spiral towards their Roche limits. I also consider the influence of tidal interactions on the alignment between planetary orbits and stellar spin, presenting new measurements of the projected spin-orbit alignment angle, λ, for six hot Jupiters. I consider my results in the context of the full ensemble of measurements, and find that they support a previously identified trend in alignment angle with tidal timescale, implying that tidal realignment might be responsible for patterns observed in the λ distribution.