<p>Denna rapport ger förslag på olika metoder att automatiskt justera flytläget på en statiskt förankrad boj, en överblick över de processer som styr ändringen av vattennivån och en statisktisk analys på vattennivåförändringarna vid Stockholm, Kungsholmsfort och Kungsvik.</p><p>Beroende på vattenivåns variation finns olika metoder för justering. Områden med små variationer av vattennivå lämpar det sig bäst utan någon som helst justering av flytläget. Områden med inte för stora tidvattensförändringar bör justeras med ett system bestående av vinsch, växellåda med en utväxling på 10 000:1, en 12 V DC motor, ett skötselfritt 12 V batteri, en luftlindad linjärgenerator och en trådtöjningsgivare. Områden med stora variationer i tidvatten behöver en avlastning för motorn i form av en fjäder och dämpare. De monteras horizontellt inuti bojen för att skyddas från den yttre miljön.</p><p>Den statistiska analysen påvisade de största vattennivåändringarna vid både Kungsviks och Kungsholmsforts mätstationer, båda uppvisade ett intervall på 1,6 m mellan minimum och maximum. Kungsvik var den station med de största dagliga variationerna, detta på grund av tidvattnets påverkan i området.</p> / <p>This thesis gives examples of different methods of automated adjustment of floatation level for a static moored buoy, an overview of the theories behind water level change and a statistical analysis of the water level changes for Stockholm, Kungsholmsfort and Kungsvik.</p><p>Depending on the range and frequency of the water level change different methods of adjustment are recommended. For areas with small changes in sea level the best choice would be no adjustment of the floatation level. Areas that are influenced by moderate tidal ranges should incorporate a system of regulation consisting of a winch, gearbox with a gear ratio of around 10,000:1, 12 V DC motor, 12 V maintenance free battery, air coiled linear generator and a strain gauge. For areas with large tidal ranges the previous system should be complimented with a horizontally mounted spring, inside the buoy, to lessen the loads on the motor.</p><p>The statistical analysis found the largest extremes in water level of the three sites to be at Kungsvik and Kungsholmsfort, both exhibiting a range of almost 1.6 m. Kungsvik was the station with the largest daily variations, this is because this is the only station influenced by tidal variations.</p>

The wave energy converter developed at Uppsala University consists of a linear generator at the seabed driven by the motion of a buoy on the water surface. The energy absorbed by the generator is negatively affected by variations of the mean sea level caused by tides, changes in barometric pressure, strong winds, and storm surges. The work presented in this doctoral thesis aims to investigate the losses in energy absorption for the present generation wave energy converter due to the effect of sea level variations, mainly caused by tides. This goal is achieved through the modeling of the interaction between the waves and the point absorber. An estimation of the economic cost that these losses imply is also made. Moreover, solutions on how to reduce the negative effect of sea level variations are discussed. To this end, two compensation systems which adjust the length of the connection line between the floater and the generator are designed, and the first prototype is built and tested near the Lysekil research site. The theoretical study assesses the energy loss at about 400 coastal points all over the world and for one generator design. The results highlight critical locations where the need for a compensation system appears compelling. The same hydro-mechanic model is applied to a specific site, the Wave Hub on the west coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom, where the energy loss is calculated to be about 53 %. The experimental work led to the construction of a buoy equipped with a screw jack together with its control, measurement and communication systems. The prototype, suitable for sea level variations of small range, is tested and its performance evaluated. A second prototype, suitable for high range variations, is also designed and is currently under construction. One main conclusion is that including the compensation systems in the design of the wave energy converter will increase the competitiveness of the technology from an economic point of view by decreasing its cost per kWh. The need for a cost-effective wave energy converter with increased survivability emphasizes the importance of the presented research and its future development.

L’instabilité elliptique peut apparaître dès qu’un écoulement présente des lignes de courant elliptiques, ce qui en fait une instabilité générique des fluides tournants. Si sa pertinence en aéronautique ne laisse plus de doute, sa prise en compte dans l’étude des écoulements géo- et astrophysiques pose de nombreuses questions qui constituent la motivation principale de ce travail théorique, numérique et expérimental. Après une introduction aux écoulements tournants, le chapitre 1 présente les trois forçages mécaniques présents aux échelles planétaires qui seront considérés dans ce travail : les marées, la précession et la libration. Un état de l’art sur les écoulements et les instabilités associés à ces forçages est alors décrit, formant le cadre de cette étude. Le chapitre 2 présente les premières simulations numériques de l’instabilité elliptique en géométrie ellipsoïdale. Ces simulations nous permettent de quantifier l’influence de différentes complexités géophysiques et d’obtenir des lois d’échelles caractérisant l’instabilité. L’interaction de l’instabilité elliptique avec les deux autres forçages mécaniques est ensuite considérée. La section 2.4 montre que la présence simultanée de marées et de libration est susceptible d’exciter une instabilité elliptique au sein des astres synchronisés. La section 2.5 développe et valide une théorie analytique sur l’interaction des marées et de la précession. Enfin, la section 2.6 démontre que l’instabilité elliptique peut se développer à partir d’écoulements convectifs ou stratifiés. Le chapitre 3 s’intéresse à la magnétohydrodynamique (MHD) de l’instabilité elliptique. De nouveaux résultats sur l’aspect inductif de l’instabilité sont obtenus et validés numériquement. La génération d’un effet dynamo associé à l’instabilité elliptique est également abordé. Une partie expérimentale liée à ce travail est ensuite décrite, basée sur un dispositif MHD. Après une étude de la dynamique non-linéaire de l’instabilité sous champ, le dispositif est modifié afin de mettre en place une dynamo synthétique. L’amplitude du champ magnétique imposé pouvant être assez assez grande pour restabiliser l’écoulement, ce dispositif permet d’étudier la saturation par l’écoulement d’une telle dynamo. Des premiers résultats en ce sens sont présentés. Le chapitre 4 utilise les résultats obtenus pour étudier la présence de l’instabilité elliptique au sein de planètes, lunes et étoiles connues. Le cas particulier de la Lune est d’abord considéré et un scénario, basé sur l’instabilité elliptique, est proposé puis évalué pour expliquer la dynamo lunaire primitive. Les astres telluriques sont ensuite considérés dans un cadre plus général, et une étude de stabilité adaptée à ce contexte montre que l’instabilité est possible sur la Terre primitive, Europe et trois exoplanètes (55CnCe, CoRoT-7b et GJ1214b). Enfin, la possible existence de l’instabilité au sein de certains systèmes extra-solaires à Jupiter chauds est considérée, montrant sa pertinence pour certains d’entre eux tel que celui de Tau-boo. / The elliptical instability is a generic instability which takes place in any rotating fluid whose streamlines are (even slightly) elliptically deformed. Its presence in an aeronautical context is well established, but its existence in geo- or astrophysical large scale flows raises many issues. This is the starting point of this theoretical, numerical and experimental work.After introducing basics of the rotating flows, chapter 1 presents the three natural planetary mechanical forcings considered in this work : tides, precession and libration. A state-of-the-art of the flows and instabilities associated with these forcings is then given, which constitutes the framework of this study.Chapter 2 presents the first numerical simulations of the elliptical instability in an ellipsoidal geometry, relevant for planets. These simulations allow to quantify the influence of different natural geophysical complexities, and to derive the scaling laws needed to bridge the gap between numerics and planetary applications. The interaction of the elliptical instability with the two other forcings is then considered. Section 2.4 shows that the simultaneous presence of tides and libration can excite an elliptical instability inside fluid layers of synchronized celestial bodies. In section 2.5, a theoretical analysis of the interaction between tides and precession is developed and validated. Finally, in section 2.6, we prove that the elliptical instability can still develop over convective or stratified flows.Chapter 3 focuses on the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) of the elliptical instability. New results on the magnetic induction by the elliptical instability are obtained and validated numerically. The possible dynamo capability of the instability is also tackled. The experimental part of this work, based on a MHD setup, is then described. Our measurements allow to study the non-linear dynamics of the instability under an external imposed magnetic field. The experimental setup is then modified in order to obtain a synthetic dynamo. The amplitude of the imposed magnetic field being large enough to restabilize the flow, this setup allows to study the saturation by the flow of such a dynamo. First results on this point are presented. Chapter 4 uses the obtained results to study the presence of the elliptical instability in known planets, moons, and stars. The particular case of the Moon is first considered and a scenario, based on the elliptical instability, is proposed and evaluated to explain the primitive lunar dynamo. Telluric bodies are then considered in a more general context, and a stability analysis adapted to this context shows that the instability can be expected in the Early Earth, Europa and three exoplanets (55CnCe, CoRoT-7b et GJ1214b). Finally, the possible development of the instability in extra-solar Hot-Jupiters systems is considered, showing its relevance for some of them, such as the system of Tau-boo.

L’étude des variations temporelles de gravité ont une longue tradition en Europe Centrale. Dans la station, J9, située à Strasbourg depuis les années 1970, les trois principaux types de gravimètre (ressort, supraconducteur (SG), absolu) ont été utilisés. Ces séries permettent l’examen des améliorations instrumentales à partir de la stabilité à long terme et de la dérive instrumentale. Nous montrons que le SG est l’instrument le plus performant pour l’étude des marées de longues périodes et de faibles amplitudes. Nous montrons les résultats obtenus par analyse de marée de ces petites ondes. Nous estimons la période de la Free Core Nutation et nous recherchons celle de la Free Inner Core Nutation (FICN), qui n'a pas encore été observée. Pour cela nous faisons une étude précise, afin de séparer les ondes de faible amplitude, au voisinage de périodes possibles de la FICN. / The study of temporal variations of gravity has a long tradition in Central Europe. Since the 1970s three main gravimeter types (spring, superconducting (SG) and absolute) have been set up at the J9 gravity station located in Strasbourg. These series allow us to review the instrumental improvements from the analyses of long term stability and instrumental drift. We show that the SG is the most powerful tool for thestudy of the low frequency and small amplitudes tides. We show the tidal analysis results for these tidal waves. We estimate the period of the Free Core Nutation and we seek the one of the Free Inner Core Nutation (FICN), which has not yet been observed. For this we make a careful study, in order to separate the low-amplitude waves in the vicinity of possible periods of FICN. / La deformación elasto-gravitacional de la Tierra y las correspondientes variaciones temporales de la gravedad asociadas, registradas en la superficie terrestre mediante los gravímetros, son debidas a distintos fenómenos geofísicos con diferentes períodos y amplitudes, incluyendo entre otros a las denominadas mareas terrestres, que son el fenómeno que genera los efectos más fuertes (dichas mareas terrestres son los movimientos inducidos en la Tierra sólida y los cambios en su potencial gravitatorio derivados de las fuerzas de marea generadas por los cuerpos celestes).El objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en mostrar la importancia tanto de la longitud de las series de datos de gravedad, como de la calidad de dichas series para mejorar nuestro conocimiento sobre la dinámica de la Tierra a través de los análisis de las mareas terrestres. [...]

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 George Moraes De Luiz.pdf: 5186035 bytes, checksum: 3b435105f641786fe4bc92c797215ff4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research looks into the co-inhabitance of the population native to the Pantanal region in the center-west region of Brazil, state of Mato Grosso, with the cycle of full tide of the swamps surrounding the rural areas of three cities. We have selected the water cycle as our subject because they dictate the course all forms of life in the Pantanal. The basis of our discussion is formed by an interdisciplinary perspective, which allows for theoretical and methodological approximations with different areas of the social sciences and human sciences, notably the theoretical and epistemological notions of the Actor-Network theory. This has provided us with the understanding of the swamps as heterogeneous networks, establishing a debate with authors of the field of Environmental Education. We have assigned ourselves the task of writing a thesis in which both style and content question the "canons" of the academy, thus opening ourselves to reflections upon new manners of doing social research. In this challenge, we have given a poetic note to the text, valuing the traditional knowledge of the Pantanal region without losing sight of scientific knowledge. This thesis is the result of experiences lived by the researcher as an inhabitant of the Pantanal region, as wells as a result of formal and informal conversations with 42 people who are directly associated with the activities conducted in the swamps, among whom those who live on the river banks. Anchored in the notions of Everyday Conversation, with semi-structured script and field annotations, we have systematized the information by the means of fluctuating readings, generating themes which comprise the corpus of the thesis in the form descriptive narratives. The focus of our analysis is on the manner in which traditional populations predict, prepare themselves for, and live with the cycle of full tide, prioritizing the association between humans and non-humans as a possibility for survival in a flooded territory. The co-inhabitance of people with the full tides is described here in three different themes: birth-giving, housing, and means of transportation. This way of life, intertwined with nature, is commonly described in classic literature as the culture and tradition of the Pantanal populations. However, what we indicate here is that new actors, such as the construction of river dams, park roads and industrial plants, interfere in the Pantanal, altering the cycle of full tide. Due to this interference, it becomes unviable to understand the ways of life of the local populations as crystallized, which makes us argue in favor of the processuality of relations between people and nature, while rethinking the very notion of what the swamps come to be after constant socio-environmental interventions / O foco desta pesquisa é a convivência da população pantaneira com o ciclo de cheia nos pantanais mato-grossenses da região rural dos municípios de Barão de Melgaço, Poconé e Nossa Senhora do Livramento. Elegemos o ciclo das águas como fio condutor deste trabalho por ele ditar o ritmo de todas as formas de vida no Pantanal. Para sustentar nossa discussão, adotamos uma postura interdisciplinar, o que permite aproximações teórico-metodológicas com diferentes áreas das ciências sociais e humanas, notadamente os pressupostos teórico-epistemológicos da teoria ator-rede, o que permitiu compreender os pantanais como redes heterogêneas, em diálogo com autores da educação ambiental. Demo-nos a tarefa de escrever uma tese cujo estilo e conteúdo questionam os cânones da academia, abrindo-nos, assim, para reflexões sobre novas formas de fazer pesquisa social. Nesse desafio, demos tons poéticos ao texto, valorizando o saber tradicional pantaneiro sem abrir mão do conhecimento científico. Esta tese resulta das experiências vivenciadas pelo pesquisador enquanto morador da região pantaneira de Poconé, assim como da convivência e de conversas formais e informais com 42 pessoas ligadas diretamente às atividades nos pantanais, com destaque para os(as) pantaneiros(as) e ribeirinhos(as). Ancorados nas noções de conversas no cotidiano, com roteiro semiestruturado e anotações de diário de campo, sistematizamos as informações por meio de leituras flutuantes, gerando temas que compuseram o corpus da tese em forma de narrativas descritivas. O enfoque de nossa análise está na maneira como os povos tradicionais preveem, se preparam e convivem com o ciclo de cheias, privilegiando a associação entre humanos e não humanos como possibilidade de sobrevivência em um território de inundação. A convivência das pessoas com as cheias está descrita a partir de três temas: os partos, as moradias e os meios de transportes. Comumente, esse modo de vida que se atrela aos elementos da natureza é descrito pela literatura clássica como cultura e tradição pantaneira. Entretanto, sinalizamos aqui que novos atores, como a construção de diques, estradas-parque, aterros e usinas, interferem nos pantanais, alterando o ciclo de cheias. Considerando esse pressuposto, apontamos a inviabilidade de compreender os modos de vida pantaneiros de forma cristalizada, argumentando a favor da processualidade das relações entre os povos pantaneiros com a natureza, e repensando a própria noção do que vêm a ser os pantanais após constantes intervenções socioambientais

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:23:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabricio Batista Borges.pdf: 1546340 bytes, checksum: 1d8be2583a092a34d256d749548325ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-04 / Meteor wind measurements obtained from São João do Cariri B and Cachoeira Paulista SP, Brazil, obtained during the period from August 2004 to July 2006 were used to examine Variations in atmospheric tides and winds in the mesopause region of the equatorial and low Latitudes in the southern hemisphere. The results for the mean wind were compared with the HWM 93 and HWM 07 models (Horizontal neutral wind model) and the results of Atmospheric tides with GSWM 02 model (Global Scale Wave Model). From the analysis of These data it was observed that the mean wind, as well as diurnal fluctuations, showed Temporal and in altitude variations for both the zonal and to the south for both the localities investigated. Mean zonal winds for the region of the S. J. do Cariri show a structure that is characterized by a semi annual oscillation, with a flow westward most of the time, in accordance with HWM 07 model. The mean zonal wind at C. Paulista is eastward in the most time and presents a semi annual variation in the 80 90 km altitude range and an annual variation in the altitudes above, in which some aspects are in accordance with HWM 93 and 07 models. The amplitudes of the mean meridional winds were weaker than zonal and present An annual variation for both sites, which are in accordance with HWM 93 model, however the HWM 07 do not reproduce the observed behavior. The meridional diurnal tide amplitudes Showed semi annual variation with maximum of the up to 65 m/s during February April and August September. The vertical wavelength estimated reached values between 21.2 and 27.5 Km at S. J. do Cariri, smaller than the GSWM 02, whereas to C. Paulista the vertical Wavelength were determined between 24 and 31.9 km, near of the GSWM 02 model, but More than the diurnal tide meridional wavelength for Cariri. / Medidas de vento meteóricos obtidos em São João do Cairi-PB e Cachoeira Paulista-SP Brasil, realizadas durante o período compreendido entre agosto de 2004 a julho de 2006, foram usadas para investigar as variações nas marés atmosféricas e nos ventos meteóricos na região da mesopausa equatorial e de baixas latitudes do hemisfério sul. Os resultados obtidos para os ventos médios foram comparados com os modelos HWM 93 e HWM 07 (Horizontal Neutral Wind Model) e os resultados das marés atmosféricas com GSWM 02 (Global Scale Wave Model). A partir da análise destes dados, foi possível observar que os ventos médios, Assim como as oscilações diurnas, apresentaram variação temporal e em função da altura, tanto para a componente zonal como para a meridional para ambas as localidades investigadas. Os ventos médios na direção zonal para região de S. J. do Cariri mostram uma estrutura que é Caracterizada por uma oscilação semi anual, apresentando um escoamento para oeste na maior Parte do tempo, semelhante com o modelo HWM 07. Já o vento médio zonal verificado na Região de C. Paulista é predominante para leste com variação semi anual entre 80 e 90 km e Anual nas altitudes acima, semelhante em alguns aspectos com os modelos HWM 93 e 07. O Escoamento médio na direção meridional apresenta amplitudes menores do que as do zonal e Oscilação anual para ambas as localidades, a qual é semelhante com o modelo HWM 93, Porém o modelo HWM 07 não reproduz o comportamento observado. As amplitudes da maré Diurna para a componente meridional mostraram variação semi anual com máximos de até 65 m/s em fevereiro abril e agosto setembro. Comprimentos de onda vertical para a componente meridional foram estimados entre 21,2 e 27,5 km para S. J. do Cariri, menores do que as observadas pelo modelo GSWM 02, enquanto que para C. Paulista os comprimentos de onda assumiram valores entre 24 e 31,9 km, próximos aos previstos, porém maiores do que os de Cariri.

Natural and local anthropogenic changes in estuaries (e.g., sea-level rise, navigation channel construction and loss of wetlands) interact with each other and produce non-linear effects. There is also a growing recognition that tides in estuaries are not stationary. These factors together are changing the estuarine water level regime, however the implications for extreme water levels remain largely unknown. Changes over the past century in many estuaries, such as channel deepening and streamlining for navigation have significantly altered the hydrodynamics of long waves, often resulting in amplified tides (a ~85% increase in Wilmington, NC since 1900) and storm surge in estuaries. This research focuses on establishing analytical and numerical models that simulate a wide range of systems and flow conditions that combine multiple flood sources: astronomical tide, storm surge, and high river flow. To investigate the effects of estuarine bathymetry conditions (e.g., channel depth, convergence length), hurricane conditions (e.g., pressure and wind field), river discharge, and surge characteristics (e.g., time scale and amplitude and relative phase) on tide and storm surge propagation, I develop an idealized analytical model and two numerical models using Delft-3D. The Cape Fear River Estuary, NC (CFRE), and St Johns River Estuary, FL (SJRE) are used as case studies to investigate flood dynamics. The analytical approach has been compared and verified with idealized numerical models. I use data recovery, data analysis, and idealized numerical modeling of the CFRE to investigate the effects of bathymetric changes (e.g., dredging and channel modification) on tidal and storm surge characteristics over the past 130 years. Data analysis and modeling results suggest that long-term changes in tides can be used along with the tidal analysis tools to investigate changes in storm surge. Analysis indicate that tidal range in Wilmington, NC (Rkm 47) has doubled to 1.55m since the 1880s, while a much smaller increase of 0.07m observed close to the ocean in Southport (Rkm 6) since the 1920s. Further, model results suggest that the majority of long term changes in tides of this system have been caused by deepening the system from 7m to 15.5m due to dredging, rather than by changes in the coastal tides. Numerical modeling using idealized, parametric tropical cyclones suggests that the amplitude of the worst-case, CAT-5 storm surge has increased by 40-60% since the nineteenth century. Storm surges are meteorologically forced shallow water waves with time scales that overlap those of the tidal bands. Using data, I show that the surge wave can be decomposed into two sinusoidal waves. Therefore, I analytically model surge via a 3-constituent analytical tide model, where the third constituent is the dominant semi-diurnal tide and friction is linearized via Chebyshev polynomials. A constant discharge is considered to approximate fluvial effects The analytical model is used to study how surge amplitude, surge time scale, and surge-tide relative phase affect the spatial pattern of amplitude growth and decay, and how depth changes caused by channel deepening influence the magnitude of a storm surge. I use non-dimensional numbers to investigate how channel depth, surge time scale and amplitude, surge asymmetry, and relative timing of surge to tides alter the damping or amplification of surge along the estuary. The non-dimensional numbers suggest that increasing depth has similar effects as decreasing the drag coefficient. Similarly, larger time scale has an equivalent effect on tide and surge as increasing depth due to channel deepening. Analytical model results show that the extent of the surge amplification is dependent on the geometry of the estuary (e.g., depth and convergence length) and characteristics of the surge wave. Both models show that much of the alterations of water levels in estuaries is due to channel deepening for navigation purposes and that the largest temporal change occur for surges with a high surge to D2 amplitude ratio and a short time scale. Model results farther indicate that surge amplitude decays more slowly (larger e-folding) in a deeper channel for all surge time scales (12hr-72hr). Another main finding is that, due to nonlinear friction, the location of maximum change in surge wave moves landward as the channel is deepened. Thus, changes in flood risk due to channel deepening are likely spatially variable even within a single estuary. Next, I use the verified analytical model and numerical models to investigate the effects of river flow on surge wave propagation, and spatial and temporal variability of compound flooding along an estuary. To model the historic SJRE, I digitize nautical charts of SJRE to develop a numerical model. Both the numerical and analytical models are used to investigate the contribution of tide, surge, and river flow to the peak water level for historic and modern system configurations. Numerical modeling results for hurricane Irma (2017) show that maximum flood water levels have shifted landward over time and changed the relative importance of the various contributing factors in the SJRE. Deepening the shipping channel from 5.5m to 15m has reduced the impacts of river flow on peak water level, but increased the effects of tide and surge. Sensitivity studies also show that peak water level decreases landward for all river flow scenarios as channel depth increases. Model results show that the timing of peak river flow relative to the time of maximum surge causes very large changes in the amplitude of total water level, and in river flow effects at upstream locations for modern configuration than for the historic model. Changes in surge amplitudes can be interpreted by the non-dimensional friction number, which shows that depth (h), surge time scale (T=1/w), and convergence length-scale (Le) affect the damping/amplification of both tides and surge waves. Overall, this study demonstrates that a system scale alteration in local storm surge dynamics over the past century is likely to have occurred in many systems and should be considered for system management. The results of this research give the scientists and engineer a better understanding of tide, river flow, and surge interactions, and thereby contribute to an understanding of how to predict storm surges and help mitigate their destructive impacts. Future system design studies also need to consider long-term and changes of construction and development activities on storm surge risk in a broader context than has historically been the case.

Throughout the Holocene, appreciable changes in bathymetry are hypothesized to have resulted in large changes to tidal datums in coastal and estuarine areas. An understanding of tidal change is an important contribution to the knowledge of relative historical sea-level change and future coastal planning. To test this hypothesis, the Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) model was used, with representative bathymetric grids based on glacial isostatic adjustment models and semi-empirical sea level rise predictions, in order to model the time-varying tidal behavior of the Delaware Bay. Model runs were conducted at various time slices between 10,000 years before present and 300 years into the future on high resolution grids that allowed for inundation moving forward in time. Open boundary tidal forcing was held constant in time to highlight the effect of the changing regional bathymetry. With each change in sea level, the shape of the Delaware Bay was considerably altered, leading to changes in the tides. Resonance and shallow water dissipation appeared to be the primary mechanisms behind these changes. Results showed that tidal ranges have nearly doubled in the upper Delaware Bay over the past 3000 years, while decreasing in the lower bay by 8%. Tidal range change represents a possible correction to past sea level rise estimates from the geologic record. Scenarios incorporating future sea level predictions primarily showed a small decrease in tidal range, potentially impacting future water levels and tidal sediment transport. Trends modeled were consistent with field measurements of relative change over similar time periods. / Graduation date: 2012

Mars est entourée d'une atmosphère ténue, composée à 95% de dioxyde de carbone (CO2). Au cours d'une année martienne, des transferts de masse (jusqu'à 30% du CO2 atmosphérique) entre l'atmosphère et les calottes polaires produisent des variations temporelles à très grande longueur d'onde du champ de gravité, notamment des harmoniques zonaux de son développement en harmoniques sphériques (de fait les coefficients ”composites” de degré 2 et 3). D'un autre côté, le potentiel gravitationnel du Soleil induit des déformations, dites de marée, du volume martien. Ces déformations produisent un potentiel perturbateur en tout point extérieur à la planète, proportionnel à son nombre de Love de degré 2 k2. k2 traduit la réponse élastique de la planète au potentiel solaire et permet de caractériser physiquement le noyau de Mars (sa nature, solide ou liquide, et son rayon). Une manière de quantifier les transferts de la masse atmosphérique et l'état du noyau est de déterminer les perturbations inhérentes sur le mouvement d'un satellite artificiel. Le cycle saisonnier du CO2 et l'état du noyau impliquent aussi des variations de la rotation de Mars. Une autre manière de quantifier les transferts de la masse atmosphérique et l'état du noyau est donc d'observer leurs effets sur la rotation. Des simulations d'observations de trajectographie de satellites (comme celles de Mars Global Surveyor, MGS, Odyssey, MODY) et/ou de la position d'un réseau de stations à la surface de Mars (comme dans l'expérience NEIGE) nous ont permis de voir s'il est possible de restituer précisément les variations des harmoniques zonaux de gravité de bas degré et/ou la rotation. Avec les observations réelles de trajectographie des missions américaines MGS et MODY, on a restitué les variations des harmoniques zonaux de gravité de bas degré et k2.

Denna rapport ger förslag på olika metoder att automatiskt justera flytläget på en statiskt förankrad boj, en överblick över de processer som styr ändringen av vattennivån och en statisktisk analys på vattennivåförändringarna vid Stockholm, Kungsholmsfort och Kungsvik. Beroende på vattenivåns variation finns olika metoder för justering. Områden med små variationer av vattennivå lämpar det sig bäst utan någon som helst justering av flytläget. Områden med inte för stora tidvattensförändringar bör justeras med ett system bestående av vinsch, växellåda med en utväxling på 10 000:1, en 12 V DC motor, ett skötselfritt 12 V batteri, en luftlindad linjärgenerator och en trådtöjningsgivare. Områden med stora variationer i tidvatten behöver en avlastning för motorn i form av en fjäder och dämpare. De monteras horizontellt inuti bojen för att skyddas från den yttre miljön. Den statistiska analysen påvisade de största vattennivåändringarna vid både Kungsviks och Kungsholmsforts mätstationer, båda uppvisade ett intervall på 1,6 m mellan minimum och maximum. Kungsvik var den station med de största dagliga variationerna, detta på grund av tidvattnets påverkan i området. / This thesis gives examples of different methods of automated adjustment of floatation level for a static moored buoy, an overview of the theories behind water level change and a statistical analysis of the water level changes for Stockholm, Kungsholmsfort and Kungsvik. Depending on the range and frequency of the water level change different methods of adjustment are recommended. For areas with small changes in sea level the best choice would be no adjustment of the floatation level. Areas that are influenced by moderate tidal ranges should incorporate a system of regulation consisting of a winch, gearbox with a gear ratio of around 10,000:1, 12 V DC motor, 12 V maintenance free battery, air coiled linear generator and a strain gauge. For areas with large tidal ranges the previous system should be complimented with a horizontally mounted spring, inside the buoy, to lessen the loads on the motor. The statistical analysis found the largest extremes in water level of the three sites to be at Kungsvik and Kungsholmsfort, both exhibiting a range of almost 1.6 m. Kungsvik was the station with the largest daily variations, this is because this is the only station influenced by tidal variations.