In an effort to mitigate damage caused by earthquakes to the built environment, civil engineers have been commissioned to research, design, and build increasingly robust and resilient structural systems. Innovative means to accomplish this task have emerged, such as integrating Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) into structural systems. SMAs are a unique class of materials that have the ability to spontaneously recover strain of up to 8%. With proper placement in a structural system, SMAs can act as superelastic "structural fuses", absorbing large deformations, dissipating energy, and recentering the structure after a loading event. Though few applications have made it into practice, the potential for widespread use has never been better due to improvements in material behavior and reductions in cost. In this research, three different SMA-based structural applications are developed and tested. The first is a tension/compression damper that utilizes nickel-titanium (NiTi) Belleville washers. The second is a partially restrained beam-column connection utilizing NiTi bars. The third is an articulated quadrilateral bracing system utilizing NiTi wire bundles in parallel with c-shape dampers. Each system was uniquely designed to allow a structure to undergo large drift demands and dissipate energy while retaining strength and recentering ability. This exploratory work highlights the potential for SMA-based structural applications to enhance seismic structural performance and community resilience.

Additive manufacturing (AM), also called 3D-printing, are technologies where parts are formed from the bottom up by adding material layer-by-layer on top of each other. Electron Beam Melting (EBM) is an AM technique capable of manufacturing fully solid metallic parts, using a high-intensity electron beam to melt powder particles in layers to form finished components. Compared to conventional machining, EBM offers enhanced efficiency for production of customized and patient specific parts such as e.g. dental prosthetics. However, dental prosthetics are challenging to produce by EBM, as their small sizes mean that mechanical and surface properties may be altered as part sizes decreases. The aim of this thesis is to gain new insights that could lead to optimization for production of small sized components in the EBM. The work is focused to understand the process-property relationships for small size components production. To improve the surface resolution and part detailing, a smaller sized powder was used for production and compared to parts made with standard sized powder. The surface-, chemical and mechanical properties were evaluated for parts produced with both types of powders. The results indicate that the surface roughness may be influenced by powder and build layer thickness size, whereas the mechanical properties showed no influence of the layer-wise production. However, the mechanical properties are dependent on part size. The outermost surface of the parts consists of a surface oxide dominated by TiO2, formed as a result of reaction between the surface and residual gases in the EBM build chamber. The surface oxide thickness is comparable to that of a conventionally machined surface, but is dependent on build height. This work concludes that the surface resolution and component detailing can be improved by various measures. Provided that proper process themes are used, the EBM manufactured material is homogenous with properties comparable to conventional produced titanium. It has also been shown that the material properties will be altered for small components. The results point towards different ways of optimizing manufacturing of dental prosthetics by EBM, which will make dental prosthetics available for an increased number of patients.

Modification of the surface chemistry of materials used as implants in biomedical applications affords the ability to control cell adhesion, prevent inflammation and enhance integration with the host. Titanium and its alloys are strong and lightweight thereby making them desirable for applications such as hip and knee replacements, dental implants, and cardiac pacemaker implants. However, the lifetime of these implants is often limited by poor incorporation into the surrounding bone which results in loosening and wear. In order to overcome these limitations we have studied the modification of titanium substrates with a self-assembled monolayer that can be used to perform surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of a monomer to afford polymer brushes that effectively prevent the adhesion of cells. In addition, the polymer brushes afford the ability to tether a peptide sequence. Specific peptides containing adhesion sequences have been tethered to the polymer brushes. The resulting surfaces promote cell adhesion and osteoblast differentiation, thereby increasing bone tissue formation around the implant resulting in better incorporation of the implant.

Orientador: Juno Gallego / Resumo: O desgaste abrasivo é uma das causas de falhas em equipamentos e responsável por prejuízos nos processos industriais. Uma técnica capaz de minimizar os efeitos deste fenômeno é a aplicação de revestimentos duros nas superfícies críticas. Recentemente foram desenvolvidos revestimentos contendo carbonetos de titânio formados pela fusão de misturas contendo cavacos das ligas ASTM F67 e ASTM F136 sobre peças de aço-carbono ASTM A-36. Após a aplicação do processo de soldagem GTAW obteve-se significativa fração volumétrica de TiC grosseiro com elevada dureza. No presente trabalho foi investigada a refusão dessas soldas pelo processo de soldagem a Laser Nd:YAG pulsado. A microestrutura das amostras foi analisada por difração de raios-X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microdureza Vickers. A caracterização microestrutural mostrou que houve refinamento dos carbonetos de titânio (TiC) na matriz ferrítica refundida com o Laser, cujo principal efeito foi um endurecimento do metal de solda. A caracterização mecânica demonstrou um aumento na microdureza da superfície do material. Este comportamento favorece o uso da refusão a Laser para a melhoria da qualidade das superfícies que demandam maior resistência ao desgaste abrasivo. / Mestre

Dans le procédé de refusion à l’arc sous vide, la structure et la dynamique de l’arc électrique conditionnent les distributions spatiales d’énergie et de courant au sommet du lingot refondu. Ces distributions impactent fortement les champs de température et de vitesse du métal liquide, qui gouvernent les conditions de solidification du lingot et donc la qualité finale du produit. Une étude par mesures optiques, de la dynamique de l’arc aux longues échelles de temps lors de refusions industrielles d’alliages de titane a été entreprise. Cette analyse a été effectuée par une méthode qualitative, à l’aide d’enregistrements vidéo, et par une nouvelle méthode de diagnostic quantitative développée spécifiquement dans ce travail, à base de photodiodes. L’analyse de la dynamique de l’arc confirme la présence d’un mouvement d’ensemble de l’arc électrique lors de refusions d’alliages de titane et montre une forte corrélation entre la dynamique observée et l’intensité du brassage électromagnétique imposé. Nos résultats ont de plus permis de prédire la dynamique probable de l’arc dans des conditions non étudiées et de proposer de possibles origines à la dynamique observée. Enfin, une première approche de modélisation de cette dynamique dans le logiciel de simulation RAVEL est proposée afin d’étudier son impact sur la solidification du lingot. Ce travail présente également une modélisation détaillée des rayonnements thermiques émis au sommet du lingot, basée sur la méthode des radiosités / In the vacuum arc remelting process, the structure and dynamics of the electric arc are responsible for the spatial distributions of energy and current at the top of the remelted ingot. Those distributions strongly impact the ingot temperature field and the liquid metal velocity field, which govern the ingot solidification conditions, hence the final product quality. A study based on the optical measurement of the electric arc dynamics at a long time-scale during vacuum arc remelting of titanium alloys was undertaken. This analysis was performed either qualitatively using melt video recordings, or quantitatively by a new specifically developed diagnostic technique based on the use of photodiodes. The analysis of the electric arc dynamics confirmed the presence of an ensemble arc motion during vacuum arc remelting of titanium alloys and showed a strong correlation between the observed dynamics and the magnitude of the imposed electromagnetic stirring. Furthermore, our results allow to predict the arc dynamics in non-studied conditions and to propose possible origins for the observed behaviors. Finally, a first simulation of the influence of the arc behavior is proposed in order to study its impact on the ingot solidification. This work comprises also a detailed modelling of the thermal radiation at the ingot top, based on the radiosity method

Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse à l’évolution de la microstructure sous irradiation d’alliages de titane, en vue de leur potentielle utilisation dans le domaine du nucléaire. Une étude paramétrique (température, dose et flux d’irradiation) a donc été menée, à l’aide de simulations d’irradiations neutroniques par des irradiations aux ions (plateforme JANNuS – Saclay), sur les alliages T40 et TA6V, et de caractérisations microstructurales qualitatives et quantitatives post irradiation (MET, analyse d’image, SAT). Ainsi, différents défauts d’irradiation ont été identifiés. En particulier, la présence de boucles à composante <c> dans l’alliage T40 et de précipités riches en vanadium dans l’alliage TA6V a clairement pu être mise en évidence dès la température de 300°C. La microstructure résultante est fortement dépendante des paramètres d’irradiation et de l’alliage de titane considéré. Un effet important de la température (entre 300°C et 430°C) a été noté sur les boucles de dislocations de type <a> pour l’alliage T40 et sur les précipités pour l’alliage TA6V. Les doses et les flux considérés à 300°C ne modifient pas la distribution des défauts des deux alliages. A 430°C, l’augmentation de la dose modifie peu le paysage des boucles de dislocations de type <a> pour l’alliage TA6V contrairement à l’alliage T40. Les précipités, quant à eux ne semblent pas affectés par l’augmentation de la dose. Une analyse des mécanismes mis en jeu est proposée. Enfin, des essais de nano-indentation ont permis une première description du lien microstructure / propriétés mécaniques. A 430°C, l'alliage T40 ne semble pas être impacté mécaniquement par l’évolution de la microstructure avec la dose d’irradiation contrairement à l'alliage TA6V / This PhD work deals with microstructural evolution of titanium alloys under irradiation, due to their potential use in the nuclear field. Parametric study (temperature, dose and irradiation flux) was conducted, using ion irradiations (JANNuS – Saclay platform) to simulate neutron irradiation damage. Two titanium alloys (CP Ti grade 2 and Ti-6Al-4V) were considered and qualitative and quantitative post irradiation microstructural characterizations were done (TEM, image analysis, APT). Thus, various irradiation defects were identified. In particular, presence of <c>-component loops was highlighted in CP Ti grade 2 and vanadium-rich precipitates in Ti-6Al-4V from the temperature of 300°C. Resulting microstructure is hardly depending on irradiation parameters and considered titanium alloys. Important effect of temperature (between 300°C and 430°C) was noted on <a>-type dislocation loops in CP Ti grade 2 and precipitates in Ti-6Al-4V. At 300°C, dose and flux have no effect on the defect distribution of the two titanium alloys. At 430°C, the increase of dose has a little consequence on the <a>-type dislocation loops in Ti-6Al-4V, contrary to the ones observed in CP Ti grade 2. Precipitates, observed in Ti-6Al-4V, do not seem to be affected by the increase of the dose. Analysis of involved mechanisms is proposed. Finally, nano-indentation tests have allowed to get first description of the link between microstructure and mechanical properties. At 430°C, CP Ti grade 2 do not seem to be affected mechanically by the microstructural evolution with the irradiation dose, contrary to Ti-6Al-4V

Nespornou vyhodou počítačem podporované výroby (CAM) je výrazná časová úspora při přípravě obráběcího programu. Asociativita je jedním z řešení, její místo v rámci přípravy výrobku se nachází mezi hlavní konstrukcí a technologií podniku. Pro studium asociativity byl použity CAD/CAM modely kompresoru, který díky své komplexní geomtrii posloužil jaky dobrý příklad. Tato práce se podtrhuje omezené možnosti asociativity, především pokud jde o realizaci obráběcího programu pro součást tvořenou více prvky. Dále v této studii budou prezentovány jisté možnosti zlepšení procesu. Studie asociativity v této práci je zaměřena především na obrábění, tedy její aplikace jsou využívány zejména ve oborech jako je automobilový průmysl, letectví, kosmický průmysl či stavebnictví. Kompresor studovaný v této práci je vyroben ze slitiny titanu Ti-6Al-4V a jedná se o součást využívanou v kosmickém průmyslu. Jelikož se jsou jeho rozměry velmi malé, jsou pro jeho obrábění nezbytné velmi přesné nástroje a vysoké řezné rychlosti. Tato práce představuje odlišné strategie obrábění navrhnuté pro výrobu kompresoru, společně s analýzou výsledků. Po počáteční přípravě výroby následují dvě hlavní etpy : editace programu v CATII V5 a jeho ověření v NCSimul8.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:15:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5592.pdf: 31266949 bytes, checksum: 2b640b435377cc433450c874294869e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-14 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / In recent decades the study of &#946;-Titanium alloys are attracting the interest to the biomaterials science community in general, since have improved properties as compared with current commercial biomedical alloys which present problems of both mechanical and chemical compatibility. In this sense, the determination and optimization of the mechanical properties, in particular of the elastic modulus, through of control the phases present that are of great importance. In this study was determined the dynamic elastic modulus (E), their relative variation ( &#916;E/E) and internal friction (Q-1) as function of temperature by mechanical spectroscopy technique, being that the information provided by these parameters, associated with complementary characterization techniques and theoretical parameters of the literature provided relevant information on the phases stability in some alloys of the Ti-Nb-Zr and Ti- Nb-systems. Thus, complex anelastic relaxation processes were observed which through cyclic heat treatment and aging was possible to dissociate into their component of phase transformations, which highlighted in the temperature range between 300 K and 700 K the sequence &#946; &#8594; &#946; + &#969; &#8594; &#946; + &#969; + &#945; &#8594; &#946; + &#945;, and once these transformations are developed, in a joint manner are also present relaxation processes that include interactions of elements containing alloys with interstitial atoms. At low temperature (130 K-300 K), a process of relaxation was observed, which may be related to processes such as &#946; &#8594; &#969; (athermic) transformation and/or H-O interactions. However by the behavior of the elastic modulus this process may be linked in part to the reverse martensitic transformation &#946;&#8594;&#945;" being possible to identify Ms and Af temperatures. In addition was characterized a low modulus of elasticity, yielding values between 67 and 54 GPa, which are related to the greater stability of the &#946; phase, being these suitable values regarding the mechanical compatibility as compared with commercial alloys used as biomaterials. / Nas últimas décadas, o estudo de ligas de titânio do tipo &#946; tem despertado o interesse da comunidade científica na área de biomateriais por apresentarem propriedades superiores se comparadas com as atuais ligas biomédicas comerciais, uma vez que, estas últimas apresentam problemas de compatibilidade tanto mecânica como química. Neste sentido, a determinação e otimização das propriedades mecânicas, principalmente através do controle das fases presentes são de grande importância, em especial objetivando obter o módulo de elasticidade próximo ao do osso humano (10-30 GPa). Assim, neste trabalho foram determinados, o módulo de elasticidade dinâmico (E), sua variação relativa (&#916;E/E) e o atrito interno (Q-1) em função da temperatura, por meio da técnica de espectroscopia mecânica. A informação proporcionada por estas grandezas, associada a técnicas de caraterização complementares e a parâmetros teóricos da literatura, forneceram informações relevantes sobre a estabilidade das fases em algumas ligas de Ti-&#946; dos sistemas Ti-Nb-Zr e Ti-Nb-Fe. Desta forma, processos de relaxação anelástica complexos foram observados, sendo que, através de tratamentos cíclicos e de envelhecimento foi possível dissociá-los em suas componentes de transformações de fase. Nestes espectros foi evidenciada, na faixa de temperatura entre 300 K e 700 K, a sequência de transformações &#946;&#8594;&#946;+&#969;&#8594;&#946;+&#969;+&#945;&#8594;&#946;+&#945; e, uma vez que, estas transformações se desenvolvem, de maneira conjunta, estão presentes processos de relaxação que incluem interações dos elementos que contém as ligas com átomos intersticiais. Em baixa temperatura (130 K a 300 K) foi observado um processo de relaxação, que pode estar relacionado a transformações &#946;&#8594;&#969; (atérmica) e/ou interações H-O, no entanto, devido ao comportamento do módulo de elasticidade este processo pode estar associado em parte à transformação martensitíca reversa &#946;&#8594;&#945; , sendo possível identificar as temperaturas Ms e Af. Por outro lado, foi caracterizado um baixo módulo de elasticidade, obtendo-se valores entre 67 e 54 GPa, que estão relacionados com a maior estabilidade da fase &#946;. Estes valores são adequados quanto a compatibilidade mecânica se comparados com as ligas comerciais empregadas como biomateriais.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:16:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5978.pdf: 11727715 bytes, checksum: 7ecd56710aed6f64b6e687a355a259bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-24 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The growing demand for increasingly resistant and biocompatible with the human body implantable materials, has led to an increase in demand for new metallic biomaterials. Some materials, such as titanium and its alloys, especially the Ti-6Al-4V, are widely used in the manufacture of orthopedic implants due to their excellent biocompatibility, high corrosion resistance and low density. However, the characteristics of these materials are not considered optimal, mainly because they have a high value of the elastic modulus when compared to the human bone. Include, that in the last decade studies have revealed diseases associated with elements such as Al and V, present in the alloy Ti-6Al-4V. Thus, it have looked for alternatives to the alloys used as biomaterials, still having one common element titanium, but having no toxic elements such as &#120573; type titanium alloys, formed by non-toxic elements such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Mo and Sn has shown that lower values of modulus, greater fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance, exhibiting excellent biocompatibility. Accordingly, the alloys formed by Ti-Ta become promising candidates as biomaterials, since it has been observed that the content of Ta affects the value of the elastic modulus. For some compositions of this alloy, lower modulus values of this alloys that are currently used in biomedical applications were observed. However, the alloys formed by Ti-Ta still have properties that have been little studied. Thereby, the objectives of this master s project consist in getting the alloy Ti-40Ta and its characterization by means of the technique of mechanical spectroscopy, as of its elements that compose the alloy. The technique of mechanical spectroscopy to be non-destructive, it is widely used for providing the anelastic spectrum (oscillation frequency and internal friction as a function of temperature) is considered sensitive to phase transitions and dynamic processes, which are essential for understanding the structural changes occurring in these materials. This study was determined the dynamic elastic modulus for the pure Ti and Ta elements, and the Ti-40Ta through flexural vibrations. The elastic modulus found for the alloy at room temperature was (71 ± 5) GPa, which is in accordance with results available in the literature. The value of modulus of the alloy is lower when compared to the commercial biomedical alloys and is closer to that of human bone, which makes the alloy Ti-40Ta a potential candidate to be used in biomedical applications. / A crescente demanda por materiais implantáveis cada vez mais resistentes e biocompatíveis com o organismo humano, tem levado a um aumento na procura por novos biomateriais metálicos. Alguns materiais, como o titânio e suas ligas, com destaque para a liga Ti-6Al-4V, são largamente utilizados na fabricação de implantes ortopédicos devido as suas excelentes características como biocompatibilidade, alta resistência à corrosão e baixa densidade. Entretanto, as características desses materiais ainda não são consideradas ideais, principalmente porque apresentam um alto valor do módulo de elasticidade quando comparado com o osso humano. Cabe mencionar, que na última década estudos revelaram doenças associadas a elementos como o Al e V, presentes na liga Ti-6Al-4V. Desta forma, busca-se alternativas às ligas empregadas como biomateriais, ainda contendo como elemento principal o titânio, mas que não possuam elementos tóxicos. Estudos recentes mostram que as ligas de titânio tipo &#120573;, formadas por elementos não tóxicos como Nb, Ta, Zr, Mo e Sn, tem apresentado valores mais baixos módulo de elasticidade, maior resistência à fadiga e maior resistência à corrosão, além de exibir uma excelente biocompatibilidade. Neste sentido, as ligas formadas por Ti-Ta tornaram-se candidatas promissoras como biomateriais, uma vez que, foi observado que o teor de Ta afeta o valor do módulo de elasticidade. Para algumas composições, desta liga, foram observados valores de módulo inferiores as ligas de Ti que atualmente são empregadas em aplicações biomédicas. No entanto, as ligas formadas por Ti-Ta ainda possuem propriedades pouco estudadas. Deste modo, os objetivos deste projeto de mestrado consistem na obtenção da liga Ti-40Ta e na sua caracterização por meio da técnica de espectroscopia mecânica, bem como a de cada elemento que compõem a liga. A técnica de espectroscopia mecânica, por ser não destrutiva, é amplamente usada por fornecer o espectro anelástico (frequência de oscilação e atrito interno em função da temperatura), sendo considerada sensível a transições de fase e a processos dinâmicos, que são essenciais para compreender as alterações estruturais que ocorrem nestes materiais. Neste estudo, determinou-se o módulo de elasticidade dinâmico para os elementos puros, Ti e Ta, e para a liga Ti-40Ta por meio das vibrações flexurais. O módulo de elasticidade encontrado para a liga, em temperatura ambiente, foi de (71 ± 5) GPa, estando em concordância com os resultados disponíveis na literatura. O valor de módulo da liga é menor quando comparado ao das ligas biomédicas comerciais e está mais próximo a do osso humano, o que a torna a liga Ti-40Ta uma potencial candidata a ser empregada em aplicações biomédicas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP