In this work was studying literature related to object orientated programming tools for hardware design, capabilities for modeling and synthesis of high-level models of abstraction. It was founded-out the operating principles of high-speed bus and created prototype of such bus in TLM level. It was created methodology for transformation of high-speed bus prototype to RTL level. This methodology was used for transformation of high-speed bus prototype to RTL level. Transformed module was synthesized to gate level. Simulation speed of high-speed bus model in TLM was compared with simulation speed of model in behavioral level. It was demonstrated universality and reuse capabilities of TLM models.

This study aims to refine the current cartographic standards and specifications used by the Australian Defence Force to produce the 1:50 000 scale Topographic Line Map (TLM) so that TLMs can be read with both normal chromatic vision and with achromatic NVG vision. The proliferation and integration of Night Vision Goggles (NVG) into the Australian Army has increased the operating capacity of forces at night. The Australian Army has incorporated NVG into standard operating procedures and training to the effect that Australian military personnel do not operate, at night, without NVG. The increased use of NVG in the Australian Army has required existing systems to be modified or redesigned to be effective within the limitations of NVG. The inability to read TLMs effectively with NVG is an identified problem within the Australian Army. This research has investigated the problems associated with using NVG and the information, which cannot be read on TLMs with NVG. This information was compared to a survey of features on a TLM that are critical for successful military operations. The combined information determined which features on a TLM were to be refined to enable effective reading with NVG. The scope of this research limited refinements to current or previous cartographic standards and specifications used by the Australian Army to produce TLMs. Refinements were limited to symbology, size, and colour and three critical information features of contours, watercourses and vegetation. The problems of cartographic design for a dual vision system (chromatic/achromatic) were investigated and it was determined that the common factor of value contrast exhibits the greatest effect on the refinement process. Prototype TLMs were produced and tested with normal and NVG vision to determine the best cartographic portrayal of the critical information features, without compromising the Figure/ground relationship, balance and cognitive meanings of the TLM. A final product was produced from the prototype experiment results providing a TLM for use with both normal and NVG vision. The refined TLM has changed contours from brown to black without changes to symbology or size and watercourses from 0.1mm width to 0.2mm width without changing colour or symbology. Vegetation was retained at the current standard and specification.

Η ραγδαία αύξηση της πολυπλοκότητας των συστημάτων σε ολοκληρωμένα κυκλώματα (System-on-Chip, SoC), η πίεση του χρόνου για την είσοδό τους στην αγορά, καθώς και το υψηλό κόστος της διαδικασίας σχεδίασης και παραγωγής τους, έχει οδηγήσει τη βιομηχανία ανάπτυξης συστημάτων SoC στην κατεύθυνση της επαναχρησιμοποίησης «πυρήνων πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας» (intellectual property cores), αλλά και στην αύξηση της αφαιρετικότητας της σχεδίασης, από το επίπεδο καταχωρητών (Register Transfer Level, RTL) στο επίπεδο του συστήματος (Electronic System Level Design, ESL). Η αύξηση αυτή της αφαιρετικότητας επιτυγχάνεται σήμερα, κατεξοχήν, με τη μεθοδολογία μοντελοποίησης συστημάτων SystemC TLM. Η μέθοδος αυτή μοντελοποιεί, κυρίως, την επικοινωνία μεταξύ των δομικών στοιχείων του συστήματος, δημιουργώντας ένα μοντέλο του συστήματος εύκολο στην κατασκευή, ταχείας εξομοίωσης και έτοιμο από τα πρώτα στάδια της σχεδίασης. Τα SystemC TLM μοντέλα ενός SoC δίνουν έτσι τη δυνατότητα να γίνει ανάλυση της απόδοσης του, αρχιτεκτονική του εξερεύνηση, επιβεβαίωση της λειτουργίας του καθώς επίσης και ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού που θα τρέχει πάνω σε αυτό, νωρίς στη διαδικασία σχεδίασης Στα πλαίσια αυτής της εργασίας αναπτύχθηκε ένα SystemC TLM μοντέλο του ελεγκτή CAN (CAN Controller). Ο ελεγκτής αυτός χρησιμοποιείται για την επικοινωνία μικροελεγκτών μέσω ενός σειριακού διαύλου (CAN Bus). Τα πλεονεκτήματα ενός δικτύου CAN είναι πολλά όπως, χαμηλή πολυπλοκότητα, μεγάλες ταχύτητες επικοινωνίας (έως 1Mbps), καλό μηχανισμό διαχείρισης σφαλμάτων, κ.α. Ο ελεγκτής που χρησιμοποιήθηκε ως αναφορά για την ανάπτυξη του μοντέλου αλλά και για συγκριτικά tests, είναι αυτός που έχει αναπτυχθεί από την Ευρωπαϊκή Υπηρεσία Διαστήματος (ESA) στα πλαίσια του προγράμματος HurriCANe. / The rapidly increasing complexity of systems in integrated circuits (System-on-Chip, SoC), time-to-market pressure, as well as the high cost of the development process, has led the SoC industry to the reuse of intellectual property cores and the increase of the design abstraction, from the Register Transfer Level (RTL) to the system level (Electronic System Level Design, ESL). This increase in abstraction is succeeded today, predominantly, with SystemC TLM modeling systems methodology. This method is, basically, modeling the communication between the components of a system, creating this way an, easy to make, with fast simulation and ready from the first stages of the design flow, model. So, the SystemC TLM model of a SoC gives the ability to commit performance analysis, architectural exploration, functional verification as well as embedded software development, early in the design process. Part of this work is the development of a SystemC TLM model of the CAN Controller. The controller is used for the communication of microcontroller via a serial bus (CAN Bus). The advantages of a CAN network are many, like low complexity, high speed communication (up to 1Mbps), good error management mechanism, etc. The CAN controller used as a reference model for the development process and for the comparative tests , is the one developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) under the program HurriCANe.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Florianópolis, 2011 / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-26T07:26:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 297690.pdf: 6636038 bytes, checksum: d24dc90195cf96478a5f32b9f785ba7d (MD5) / A presente tese versa sobre a avaliação do ambiente eletromagnético em estabelecimentos assistenciais de saúde (EAS), no intuito de promover uma adequada gestão da compatibilidade eletromagnética (EMC) em áreas clínicas de grande inserção tecnológica (ex. hospitais). O trabalho foca em uma abordagem coordenada entre diferentes técnicas de investigação científica, dentre as quais se destacam as técnicas de medição, de simulação numérica e de otimização. Na parte de medição, são apresentados e discutidos em detalhes os métodos e protocolos utilizados para o levantamento e a caracterização completa da propagação de ondas em hospitais. Estas medições são voltadas para três objetivos diferentes, tais como diagnosticar o panorama eletromagnético estabelecido em ambientes clínicos, mensurar as emissões eletromagnéticas originadas individualmente para cada equipamento eletromédico em operação nestes ambientes e, por fim, caracterizar os parâmetros constitutivos das estruturas arquitetônicas que compõem estes ambientes. A partir destas informações elementares é desenvolvida uma modelagem numérica efetiva da propagação de ondas e dos acoplamentos eletromagnéticos estabelecidos no EAS. Na parte de simulação computacional, a ferramenta numérica empregada nesta pesquisa é baseada no método da modelagem por linhas de transmissão (TLM). Todos os processos de modelagem numérica para os equipamentos médicos, para as fontes eletromagnéticas externas, e para as estruturas arquitetônicas presentes no EAS, são sistematicamente apresentados e discutidos. Finalmente, os modelos desenvolvidos são inseridos em uma série de processos de otimização voltados à gestão da EMC em hospitais. O método da Krigagem é aplicado para desenvolver processos de otimização espacial, enquanto o método dos Algoritmos Genéticos é utilizado para desenvolver processos de otimização geométrica. Os resultados obtidos permitem obter a sinergia entre todos os métodos aplicados, de modo a potencializar as suas principais vantagens e suprimir as suas limitações. / The current thesis deals with the assessment of electromagnetic environments in health care facilities (HCF), in order to promote an adequate management program for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in clinical areas with a large number of technologies (e.g. hospitals). This work surveys a coordinated approach using different techniques of scientific investigation, such as measurement techniques, numerical simulation, and optimization process. Regarding measurement techniques, it is presented a deep overview about the methods and protocols employed to provide a complete evaluation of wave propagation in hospitals. As a rule, these measurements are related to three main goals, such as to diagnose the electromagnetic profile established in clinical environments, to measure electromagnetic emissions originated from each electrometrical equipment within this area, and also to characterize the constitutive parameters of architectural structures composing the building. Based on that information, it is developed an effective numerical modeling of wave propagation and electromagnetic couplings established in the HCF. As far as computational simulation is concerned, the numerical tool engaged in this research is based on the Transmission Line Modeling Method (TLM). The complete development of numerical modeling for medical equipment, external electromagnetic sources, and also the architectural structures in the EAS, are systematically presented and discussed. Finally, all numerical models developed in this work are employed in a number of optimization processes regarding EMC management in hospitals. The Kriging method is mainly applied to develop spatial optimization process, whereas the Genetic Algorithms method is used to develop geometric optimization assessments. The achieved results allow to obtain synergy between all methods applied, in order to explore the potential of most important advantages and suppress its limitations.

La problématique de cette thèse est l’amélioration de la fiabilité des systèmes électroniques encapsulés, concernant l’herméticité et les perturbations causées par les infiltrations d’humidité. Le travail consiste en l’étude d’un capteur pour mesurer in situ le taux d’humidité dans les cavités des systèmes encapsulés. Comparativement aux actuelles techniques d’évaluation de l’herméticité, l’intérêt du dispositif réside dans la généralisation du test à chaque cavité, le contrôle de l’atmosphère de la cavité sur une longue période d’utilisation, et la correction automatique de la dérive occasionnée (packaging intelligent). Deux structures en Si poreux (SP) ont été étudiées pour réaliser des capteurs, et ont d’abord été caractérisées d’un point de vue morphologique. Les deux couches ont la même porosité de 45 %. Les mesures de sorption d’azote appliquées aux théories BET et BJH ont montré que SP1 et SP2 présentaient respectivement des surfaces spécifiques de 330 et 223 m²/g, et des diamètres poreux moyens de 4,3 et 5.5 nm. Une nouvelle méthode de caractérisation basée sur le traitement d’image de surface de Si poreux est présentée. La méthode permet d’estimer les distributions de taille de pore (DTP), porosité, surface spécifique et fraction volumique d’oxyde. Elle est validée par la cohérence des résultats obtenus, comparés à ceux donnés par les théories de sorption. Outre le caractère complet de l’analyse, les avantages de cette méthode sont sa simplicité de mise en œuvre, sa non restriction à une gamme de taille de pores, et l’absence d’hypothèse mathématique sur l’estimation de la DTP. Les tests électriques ont montré que SP1 présentait une résistance supérieure à SP2 et que le capteur basé sur SP1 présentait une plus grande sensibilité vis-à-vis de la prise d’humidité : -90 % entre 0 et 80 % d’humidité relative. La spécificité du transport électrique dans les structures étudiées a été mise en évidence expérimentalement, conduisant à l’hypothèse d’une barrière de potentiels à l’interface Si - Si poreux. La plus grande résistance présentée par SP1 a été explicitée par sa plus grande fraction volumique d’oxyde, ainsi que les effets plus prononcés de confinement quantique et de déplétion de surface. L’utilité d’un capteur d’humidité in situ en Si poreux pour l’herméticité des systems in package a été démontrée par les résultats expérimentaux d’un prototype. / This work deals with the improvement of reliability of packaged electronic devices, concerning the hermeticity and the disturbances caused by moisture infiltration. As an analysis method of sealing quality of Systems in Package (SiP), a study of humidity sensors for in situ moisture level evaluation of SiP microcavities is presented. Compared to others analysis methods, the interest of the present one is its global utility for all manufactured chips, the capability to monitor the cavities atmosphere over a long period, and the possibility of automatic drifts correction. Two porous silicon (PS) based structures have been studied to make sensors. First we performed morphological analyses of PS layers. Both have a porosity of 45 %. Nitrogen sorption measurements applied to BET and BJH theories showed that PS1 and PS2 respectively present specific areas of 330 and 223 m²/g and mean pore diameters of 4.3 and 5.5 nm. A new analysis method based on processing of PS surface images is presented. It allows the estimation of pore size distribution (PSD), porosity, specific area, and volumic oxide ratio. The method has been validated by the closeness between its results and sorption theories results. In addition to the method’s completeness, it presents several advantages such as easy-to-use application, no restriction on PSD range, and no computing hypothesis on PSD evaluation. Electrical measurements showed that PS1 resistance is higher than PS2 resistance, and that sensitivity of PS1 based sensors exposed to moisture variation is superior: -90 % from 0 to 80 % relative humidity. Specificity of carriers transport in PS structures has been experimentally underlined; leading to the hypothesis of a potential barrier between PS and non porous Si. Higher resistance has been explained by the higher volumic oxide ratio of PS1, and the more developed quantum confinement and depletion surface effects. Utility of such in situ PS moisture sensor for SiP hermeticity has been demonstrated by preliminary experimental results.

Cette thèse vise à développer des méthodologies originales et appropriées pour modéliser la propagation des ondes EM dans des tunnels de forme quelconque et à proposer des méthodologies pour optimiser les spécifications, la conception et le positionnement des antennes en tunnel. Nous avons proposé une méthode originale d’analyse modale full-wave pour traiter le cas de la propagation des ondes EM dans des structures de grandes dimensions électriques ou en milieux confinés de forme quelconque tels que les tunnels. Cette méthode consiste en une approche modale qui s’appuie sur l’algorithme 2,5D TLM et l’algorithme Matrix Pencil pour la discrimination des modes dans des structures à pertes dans lesquelles la densité modale est élevée et les modes se superposent. Nous avons considéré de nouvelles conditions aux limites appelées SIBC (Surface Impedance Boundary Condition) pour les guides d’ondes diélectriques à pertes. Afin de pouvoir analyser les cas généraux et plusieurs configurations de tunnel réalistes, nous avons proposé une nouvelle nomenclature des modes. En effet, la nomenclature des modes existante n’est plus applicable en raison des effets de dépolarisation des modes dans certains cas réalistes. Une nouvelle méthodologie pour la détermination des spécifications et des positions des antennes en milieux confinés ou guidés a ensuite été développée. Cette méthodologie repose sur la combinaison d’une analyse modale et de techniques d’optimisation afin d’ajuster le poids des différents modes dans le tunnel. Cette approche est utilisée dans le cas des antennes adaptatives mais elle n’a jamais été appliquée au cas de la propagation multi modes en tunnel. / This thesis aims to develop original and appropriate methodologies to model the propagation of EM waves in tunnels of any shape and to propose methodologies to optimize the specification, design and positioning of the antenna in the tunnel. We proposed a novel method for full-wave modal analysis to treat the case of EM wave propagation in structures of large electric dimensions or confined environments of any shape such as tunnels. This method is a modal approach which is based on the 2.5D TLM algorithm and Matrix Pencil algorithm for the discrimination of modes in lossy structures in which the modal density is high and the modes overlap. We considered new boundary conditions called SIBC (Surface Impedance Boundary Condition) for dielectric waveguides with losses. To analyze the general case and several realistic tunnel configurations, we proposed a new classification of modes. Indeed, the classification of existing methods is no longer applicable due to depolarization effects in some realistic cases. A new methodology for determining the specifications and positions of antennas in confined or guided structures was then developed. This methodology is based on a combination of modal analysis and optimization techniques to adjust the weights of the different modes in the tunnel. This approach is used in the case of adaptive antennas, but it has never been applied to the case of multipath propagation modes in the tunnel.

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<p> The thesis presents an efficient self-adjoint approach to the S-parameter sensitivity analysis based on full-wave electromagnetic (EM) time-domain simulations with two commonly used numerical techniques: the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and the transmission-line matrix (TLM) method. Without any additional simulations, we extract the response gradient with respect to all the design variables making use of the full-wave solution already generated by the system analysis. It allows the computation of the S-parameter derivatives as an independent post-process with negligible overhead. The sole requirement is the ability of the solver to export the field solution at user-defined points. Most in-house and commercial solvers have this ability, which makes our approach readily applicable to practical design problems.</p> <p> In the TLM-based self-adjoint techniques, we propose an algorithm to convert the electrical and magnetic field solutions into TLM voltages. The TLM-based discrete adjoint variable method (AVM) is originally developed to use incident and reflected voltages as the state variables. Our conversion algorithm makes the TLM-AVM method applicable to all time-domain commercial solvers, FDTD simulators included, with comparable accuracy and less memory overhead. Our approach is illustrated through waveguide examples using a TLM-based commercial simulator.</p> <p> Currently, our TLM-based self-adjoint approach is limited to loss-free homogeneous problems. However, our FDTD-based self-adjoint approach is valid for lossy inhomogeneous cases as well. The FDTD-based self-adjoint technique needs only the E-field values as the state variables. In order to make it also applicable to a TLM-based solver, whose mesh grid is displaced from the FDTD grid, we interpolate the E-field solution from the TLM mesh to that on the FDTD mesh. Our FDTD-based approach is validated through the response derivatives computation with respect to both shape and constitutive parameters in waveguide and antenna structures. The response derivatives can be used not only to guide a gradient-based optimizer, but also to provide a sufficient good initial guess for the solution of nonlinear inverse problems.</p> <p> Suggestions for further research are provided.</p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Ce travail vise la modélisation au niveau système, en langage SystemC-AMS, et la simulation d'un émetteur-récepteur au standard Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). L'objectif est d'analyser la relation entre les performances, en termes de BER et la consommation d'énergie du transceiver. Le temps de simulation d’un tel système, à partir de cas d’étude (use case) réaliste, est un facteur clé pour le développement d’une telle plateforme. De plus, afin d’obtenir des résultats de simulation le plus précis possible, les modèles « haut niveau » doivent être raffinés à partir de modèles plus bas niveau où de mesure. L'approche dite Meet-in-the-Middle, associée à la méthode de modélisation équivalente en Bande Base (BBE, BaseBand Equivalent), a été choisie pour atteindre les deux conditions requises, à savoir temps de simulation « faible » et précision des résultats. Une simulation globale d'un système de BLE est obtenue en intégrant le modèle de l'émetteur-récepteur dans une plateforme existante développée en SystemC-TLM. La simulation est basée sur un système de communication de deux dispositifs BLE, en utilisant différents scénarios (différents cas d'utilisation de BLE). Dans un premier temps nous avons modélisé et validé chaque bloc d’un transceiver BT. Devant le temps de simulation prohibitif, les blocs RF sont réécrits en utilisant la méthodologie BB, puis raffinés afin de prendre en compte les non-linéarités qui vont impacter le couple consommation, BER. Chaque circuit (chaque modèle) est vérifié séparément, puis une première simulation système (point à point entre un émetteur et un récepteur) est effectuée / This work aims at system-level modelling a defined transceiver for Bluetooth Low energy (BLE) system using SystemC-AMS. The goal is to analyze the relationship between the transceiver performance and the accurate energy consumption. This requires the transceiver model contains system-level simulation speed and the low-level design block power consumption and other RF specifications. The Meet-in-the-Middle approach and the Baseband Equivalent method are chosen to achieve the two requirements above. A global simulation of a complete BLE system is achieved by integrating the transceiver model into a SystemC-TLM described BLE system model which contains the higher-than-PHY levels. The simulation is based on a two BLE devices communication system and is run with different BLE use cases. The transceiver Bit-Error-Rate and the energy estimation are obtained at the end of the simulation. First, we modelled and validated each block of a BT transceiver. In front of the prohibitive simulation time, the RF blocks are rewritten by using the BBE methodology, and then refined in order to take into account the non-linearities, which are going to impact the couple consumption, BER. Each circuit (each model) is separately verified, and then a first BLE system simulation (point-to-point between a transmitter and a receiver) has been executed. Finally, the BER is finally estimated. This platform fulfills our expectations, the simulation time is suitable and the results have been validated with the circuit measurement offered by Riviera Waves Company. Finally, two versions of the same transceiver architecture are modelled, simulated and compared