A quimiorresistência de tumores constitui um dos maiores obstáculos que levam comumente ao fracasso da terapia. Os mecanismos relevantes que contribuem para a resistência celular incluem: bombas de efluxo; alterações na interação entre a droga e o seu alvo e mudanças nas respostas celulares, em particular uma habilidade aumentada de reparar os danos induzidos no DNA e defeitos nas vias apoptóticas. A capacidade de reparar os danos no DNA e a evasão da apoptose são de grande importância, uma vez que a maioria dos quimioterápicos tem sua ação baseada na indução de citotoxicidade pela capacidade de gerar lesões no DNA. Desta forma, uma importante estratégia para melhorar a quimioterapia é o desenvolvimento de abordagens mais seletivas e mecanismos que contornem a resistência tumoral. Neste trabalho, através de um estudo sobre os genes e suas respectivas vias envolvidas no reparo, capacidade de sobrevivência e sinalização de danos induzidos pela nimustina (ACNU) - um agente cloroetilante comumente utilizado em tratamentos quimioterápicos de tumores sólidos - identificamos genes potencialmente alvos para uma terapia adjuvante. Demonstramos que células de glioma p53mt tem menor capacidade de reparo de ICLs induzidos por esta droga do que células p53wt. Também, que a via de NHEJ (\'\'Non Homologous End Joining\'\') não é uma via preferencial de reparo dessas lesões, mas que a via de NER (\'\'Nucleotide Excision Repair\'\') (ou especificamente os produtos gênicos XPA, XPC e XPF) é bastante importante. Curiosamente, na ausência de XPA, NHEJ assume uma participação no reparo dessas lesões, provavelmente devido a um aumento no número de DSBs e saturação das outras vias de reparo. Da mesma forma, verificamos que a DNA polimerase POLH (XPV), envolvida em TLS (\'\'Translesion Synthesis\'\'), também participa na tolerância dessas lesões. Neste contexto, encontramos evidências de que a polimerase TLS (especificamente POLH e POLK) apresentam-se superexpressas em amostras de gliomas, podendo desta forma concorrerem tanto para a tumorigênese quanto para a resistência observada nestes tipos tumorais. Por fim, realizamos o silenciamento gênico através da teconologia de RNAi, que reprimem os genes pela eliminação do transcrito mRNA correspondente, prevenindo a síntese protéica. Os genes-alvo escolhidos para o silenciamento foram, desta forma, XPC, XPF, POLH e POLK. O silenciamento gênico de XPC, XPF e POLH demonstraram-se capazes de sensibilizar significativamente células de glioma, permitindo-nos sugerir estas proteínas como elementos importantes na quimioresistência de gliomas ao ACNU e colocando a inibição dessas moléculas como uma estratégia importante na sensibilização de gliomas ao ACNU e potencialmente a outros agentes quimioterápicos com o mesmo mecanismo de ação. / The chemoresistance of tumors is one of the most important obstacles that commonly lead to the failure of therapy. The main mechanisms that contribute to cellular resistance include efflux pumps; changes in the interaction between the drug and its target and changes in cellular responses, in particular an increased ability to repair induced DNA damages and defects in apoptotic pathways. The ability to repair DNA damage and evasion of apoptosis are of great importance, since most chemotherapy has its action based on the induction of cytotoxicity by the ability to generate DNA lesions. Thus, an important strategy for improving chemotherapy is the development of more selective mechanisms that circumvent tumor resistance approaches. In this work, through a study of genes and pathways involved in the repair, survival and damage signaling induced by nimustine (ACNU) - a cloroethylating agent commonly used in treatments of solid tumors - we aimed to identify target genes for a potentially adjuvant therapy. We demonstrated that glioma cells p53mt have less ability to repair ICLs induced by this drug then p53wt cells. Also, that the NHEJ (\'\'Non Homologous End Joining\'\') pathway is not the main route of repair of these lesions, but that the NER (\'\'Nucleotide Excision Repair\'\') pathway (or specifically the gene products XPA, XPC and XPF) is very important. Interestingly, in the absence of XPA, NHEJ takes place in the repair of those lesions, probably due to an increase in the number of DSBs and saturation of other repair pathways. Likewise, we found that DNA polimerase involved in TLS (\'\'Translesion Synthesis\'\') POLH (XPV) also participates in tolerance of such lesions. We also found evidence that TLS polimerases (specifically POLH and POLK) are overexpressed in gliomas samples and could play a role in the tumorigenesis and in the resistance observed in these tumor types. Finally, we performed gene silencing through RNAi teconology, which repress genes by eliminating the corresponding mRNA transcript, preventing protein synthesis. The target genes selected for silencing were XPC, XPF, POLH and POLK. The knockdown of XPC, XPF and POLH proved to significantly sensitize glioma cells, suggesting these proteins as important elements in the chemoresistance of gliomas and highlighting the inhibition of these molecules as an important strategy in the sensitization of gliomas to ACNU and probably to other chemotherapeutic agents with the same mechanisms of action.

A quimiorresistência de tumores constitui um dos maiores obstáculos que levam comumente ao fracasso da terapia. Os mecanismos relevantes que contribuem para a resistência celular incluem: bombas de efluxo; alterações na interação entre a droga e o seu alvo e mudanças nas respostas celulares, em particular uma habilidade aumentada de reparar os danos induzidos no DNA e defeitos nas vias apoptóticas. A capacidade de reparar os danos no DNA e a evasão da apoptose são de grande importância, uma vez que a maioria dos quimioterápicos tem sua ação baseada na indução de citotoxicidade pela capacidade de gerar lesões no DNA. Desta forma, uma importante estratégia para melhorar a quimioterapia é o desenvolvimento de abordagens mais seletivas e mecanismos que contornem a resistência tumoral. Neste trabalho, através de um estudo sobre os genes e suas respectivas vias envolvidas no reparo, capacidade de sobrevivência e sinalização de danos induzidos pela nimustina (ACNU) - um agente cloroetilante comumente utilizado em tratamentos quimioterápicos de tumores sólidos - identificamos genes potencialmente alvos para uma terapia adjuvante. Demonstramos que células de glioma p53mt tem menor capacidade de reparo de ICLs induzidos por esta droga do que células p53wt. Também, que a via de NHEJ (\'\'Non Homologous End Joining\'\') não é uma via preferencial de reparo dessas lesões, mas que a via de NER (\'\'Nucleotide Excision Repair\'\') (ou especificamente os produtos gênicos XPA, XPC e XPF) é bastante importante. Curiosamente, na ausência de XPA, NHEJ assume uma participação no reparo dessas lesões, provavelmente devido a um aumento no número de DSBs e saturação das outras vias de reparo. Da mesma forma, verificamos que a DNA polimerase POLH (XPV), envolvida em TLS (\'\'Translesion Synthesis\'\'), também participa na tolerância dessas lesões. Neste contexto, encontramos evidências de que a polimerase TLS (especificamente POLH e POLK) apresentam-se superexpressas em amostras de gliomas, podendo desta forma concorrerem tanto para a tumorigênese quanto para a resistência observada nestes tipos tumorais. Por fim, realizamos o silenciamento gênico através da teconologia de RNAi, que reprimem os genes pela eliminação do transcrito mRNA correspondente, prevenindo a síntese protéica. Os genes-alvo escolhidos para o silenciamento foram, desta forma, XPC, XPF, POLH e POLK. O silenciamento gênico de XPC, XPF e POLH demonstraram-se capazes de sensibilizar significativamente células de glioma, permitindo-nos sugerir estas proteínas como elementos importantes na quimioresistência de gliomas ao ACNU e colocando a inibição dessas moléculas como uma estratégia importante na sensibilização de gliomas ao ACNU e potencialmente a outros agentes quimioterápicos com o mesmo mecanismo de ação. / The chemoresistance of tumors is one of the most important obstacles that commonly lead to the failure of therapy. The main mechanisms that contribute to cellular resistance include efflux pumps; changes in the interaction between the drug and its target and changes in cellular responses, in particular an increased ability to repair induced DNA damages and defects in apoptotic pathways. The ability to repair DNA damage and evasion of apoptosis are of great importance, since most chemotherapy has its action based on the induction of cytotoxicity by the ability to generate DNA lesions. Thus, an important strategy for improving chemotherapy is the development of more selective mechanisms that circumvent tumor resistance approaches. In this work, through a study of genes and pathways involved in the repair, survival and damage signaling induced by nimustine (ACNU) - a cloroethylating agent commonly used in treatments of solid tumors - we aimed to identify target genes for a potentially adjuvant therapy. We demonstrated that glioma cells p53mt have less ability to repair ICLs induced by this drug then p53wt cells. Also, that the NHEJ (\'\'Non Homologous End Joining\'\') pathway is not the main route of repair of these lesions, but that the NER (\'\'Nucleotide Excision Repair\'\') pathway (or specifically the gene products XPA, XPC and XPF) is very important. Interestingly, in the absence of XPA, NHEJ takes place in the repair of those lesions, probably due to an increase in the number of DSBs and saturation of other repair pathways. Likewise, we found that DNA polimerase involved in TLS (\'\'Translesion Synthesis\'\') POLH (XPV) also participates in tolerance of such lesions. We also found evidence that TLS polimerases (specifically POLH and POLK) are overexpressed in gliomas samples and could play a role in the tumorigenesis and in the resistance observed in these tumor types. Finally, we performed gene silencing through RNAi teconology, which repress genes by eliminating the corresponding mRNA transcript, preventing protein synthesis. The target genes selected for silencing were XPC, XPF, POLH and POLK. The knockdown of XPC, XPF and POLH proved to significantly sensitize glioma cells, suggesting these proteins as important elements in the chemoresistance of gliomas and highlighting the inhibition of these molecules as an important strategy in the sensitization of gliomas to ACNU and probably to other chemotherapeutic agents with the same mechanisms of action.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la sécurité des protocoles d’authentification et de dérivations de clefs dans le cas où une troisième entité intermédiaire, partiellement de confiance, est requise pour différentes raisons pratiques. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes focalisés sur le protocole AKA, dont les différentes versions sont utilisées pour établir un canal sécurisé sur la voix radio au sein des réseaux mobiles 3G et 4G. Nous avons d’abord fait état des faiblesses de sécurité et celles concernant le respect de la vie privée des clients mobiles durant l’établissement d’un tel canal sécurisé. Différentes solutions pratiques ont été proposé afin d’assurer les propriétés de sécurité et de vie privée requises par le 3GPP au sein des réseaux 3G, 4G. Dans un second temps, nous avons analysé le protocole Keyless SSL utilisé au sein des CDNs afin d’établir le canal sécurisé requis pour les communications HTTPS. Nous avons proposé un modèle de sécurité calculatoire recoupant l’ensemble des besoins de sécurité et ainsi pointé les différentes faiblesses de sécurité de la proposition Keyless SSL. Par conséquent, une variante basée sur TLS 1.2 a été proposé. / In this thesis, we study the security of authentication and key exchange protocols when they are proxied through a semi-trusted third party is required. We begin by focusing on the security of the UMTS/LTE AKA protocol, when the different versions of this protocol are used to establish a secure channel across a radio access link in 3G and 4G mobile networks. We first describe some security and privacy weaknesses during the execution of the EPS- and UMTS-AKA protocols. Then, several practical solutions are proposed, guaranteeing better security and privacy for this protocol in both 3G and 4G scenarios. Secondly, we focus on computer networks, more precisely on the use of the Keyless SSL in proxying over HTTPS. A security model including the different various, specific security requirements from the web delivery context has been established. We also identify and discuss various weaknesses in the structure of Keyless SSL. Finally, we propose an improvement of Keyless SSL over TLS 1.2, and describe how Keyless SSL could work securely for the new TLS 1.3 protocol version.

De senaste åren har implementeringen av building information modeling(BIM) i anläggningsbranschen trappats upp efter att den svenska regeringen under 2015 beslutat att Trafikverket i större utsträckning ska nyttja de digitala möjligheterna med BIM. Trafikverket i form av både beställare och förvaltare av det statliga vägnätet, är en stor aktör i den svenska anläggningsbranschen och konstaterar att kravställningen mot övriga branschen är centralt för att driva utvecklingen och användandet av konceptet BIM. En sådan övergång från ett ritningsbaserat till ett objektbaserat arbetssätt kommer att påverka hela den svenska anläggningsbranschen. Målbilden är att ur ett livscykelperspektiv kunna hantera all information om anläggningen med hjälp av 3D-data. Ska de uppnå det målet krävs det i något skede att den befintliga anläggningen modelleras upp i konceptet BIM En metod som används världen över för 3D-dokumentation av komplexa objekt och miljöer är tekniken terrester laserskanning. Resultatet av en skanning är omfattande med låg mätosäkerhet, vilket lämpar sig väl med framställandet av 3D-modeller. Studien primära syfte är att utifrån resultatet från en skanning undersöka vilka skillnader det finns mellan 3D-modeller beroende på val av mätmetod. Först gjordes en nulägesanalys i form av en litteraturstudie för att kunna erhålla ett aktuellt resultat och placera studien i rätt kontext. Därefter framställdes två 3D-modeller av samma objekt, med hjälp av två olika mätmetoder som sedan jämfördes för att kunna identifiera vilka skillnader mellan modellerna. Resultatet visar att valet av mätmetod påverkade resultatet på 3D-modellen där terrester laserskanning som mätmetod kunde bidra med att förbättra kvalitén på 3D-modellen. Däremot fanns det även områden där mätmetoderna kunde komplettera varandra för ett ännu bättre resultat. / In recent years, the implementation of building information modeling (BIM) in the Swedish civil engineering industry has increased. This is due to directives from the government stating that the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket), in greater occurrence, will benefit from the digital possibilities with the BIM concept. Trafikverket is the government agency responsible for the long-term planning and management of public roads, construction in the infrastructure such as tunnels and bridges, and has great influence in the Swedish civil engineering industry. They claim that the key to enhance the use and development of BIM is to raise their demands towards the rest of the industry. Transitioning from a drawing-based to an object-based approach will affect the entire industry. The idea is to be able to handle all the information in 3D-data and the BIM concept throughout the entire life cycle of the construction. To reach that ambition, the already-built constructions need to be represented as 3D-models in terms of being a part of the BIM concept. Terrestrial laser scanning is a method of measurement that is being used worldwide for 3D-documentation of complex objects and environments. The result of a scan is comprehensive with low uncertainty of measurement; therefore the method is well suited to assist in the creation of 3D-models. The primary aim of the study is to examine the differences between 3D-models, depending on the measurement method that was used to create them. An analysis of the current situation in these fields-of-study was made by a literature study to place this thesis in its proper context. Although the two 3D-models were the same exact object, they were created using two different methods of measurement. The models were compared to identify the differences between them. The study unveils that the choice of measurement method influences the results of the 3D-model, where the terrestrial laser scanning method could help to improve the quality of the final product. On the other hand, there were areas where the two methods of measurement could complement each other for even better results.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-01-02T19:51:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorenna Dantas Lara - 2016.pdf: 3662954 bytes, checksum: 83564e362afcf091425a1c51a03c1047 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-03T09:57:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorenna Dantas Lara - 2016.pdf: 3662954 bytes, checksum: 83564e362afcf091425a1c51a03c1047 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-03T09:57:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorenna Dantas Lara - 2016.pdf: 3662954 bytes, checksum: 83564e362afcf091425a1c51a03c1047 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-29 / The need for transparency in government acts has been highly requested by the population that claims for an end to corruption in Brazil. The Brazilian public administration has been adopting regulatory practices, as well as transparency measures, to encourage social control since the Constitution of 1988. Public Transparency - which now takes place mainly through electronic portals exclusively focused on content for advertising management actions to public resources has been thoroughly studied and measured by many instances. This research aimed at devising, through thorough literature review of academic publishing in the area, an assessment model which featured elements of democracy, accountability, and transparency. The model was called TLS, for it takes theoretical, legal and social aspects into account in its assessments., A checklist parting from eight original models was obtained, with 109 assessment items divided into four dimensions, namely: content and overview; active transparency; usability and functionality and passive transparency. The model created was applied on the Goiás Transparente portal - the transparency portal of the Brazilan state of Goiás - and evaluated on a five-level scale, where the website has the third level of transparency. / A necessidade da transparência dos atos de governo vem sendo altamente requerida pela população que clama pelo fim da corrupção no Brasil. Desde a Constituição Federal de 1988, a administração pública vem adotando normativas e práticas de transparência para incentivar o controle social. A transparência pública – que hoje ocorre principalmente por meio de portais eletrônicos com conteúdo exclusivamente voltado para a publicidade das ações gestoras dos recursos públicos – vem sendo estudada e mensurada por vários atores. A partir de revisão literária em trabalhos científicos, legislação e manifestações da sociedade civil, buscou-se nesta pesquisa criar um modelo de avaliação que incorporasse elementos de democracia, accountability e transparência. O modelo foi denominada TLS por trazer a síntese de aspectos teóricos, legais e sociais em sua avaliação. A partir de oito modelos originais, chegou-se a um checklist com 109 itens avaliativos divididos em quatro dimensões, a saber: conteúdo e visão geral; transparência ativa; usabilidade e funcionalidade e transparência passiva. O modelo criada foi aplicada no portal Goiás Transparente – o portal de transparência do Estado de Goiás – e avaliou-se numa escala de cinco níveis, que o site possui o terceiro nível de transparência dentre os parametrizados.

TLS is a vital protocol used to secure communication over networks and it provides an end- to-end encrypted channel between two directly communicating parties. In certain situations it is not possible, or desirable, to establish direct connections from a client to a server, as for example when connecting to a server located on a secure network behind a gateway. In these cases chained connections are required. Mutual authentication and end-to-end encryption are important capabilities in a high assur- ance environment. These are provided by TLS, but there are no known solutions for chained connections. This thesis explores multiple methods that provides the functionality for chained connec- tions using TLS in a high assurance environment with trusted servers and a public key in- frastructure. A number of methods are formally described and analysed according to multi- ple criteria reflecting both functionality and security requirements. Furthermore, the most promising method is implemented and tested in order to verify that the method is viable in a real-life environment. The proposed solution modifies the TLS protocol through the use of an extension which allows for the distinction between direct and chained connections. The extension which also allows for specifying the structure of chained connections is used in the implementation of a method that creates chained connections by layering TLS connections inside each other. Testing demonstrates that the overhead of the method is negligible and that the method is a viable solution for creating chained connections with mutual authentication using TLS.

Denna studie undersöker reflektorlös mätning av vägmitt med totalstation samt skapande av markmodeller av vägar genom terrester laserskanning (TLS) och unmanned aerial system (UAS). Målet är att utvärdera metoder som undviker traditionell mätning på väg med handhållen prisma eftersom detta innebär att den som mäter måste befinna sig på vägen, vilket medför risker för trafikrelaterade olyckor samt kostnader för skyddsåtgärder. Studieområdet är en asfaltsbelagd parkeringsyta med vita markeringar liknande väglinjer. Genom TLS och fotogrammetrisk bearbetning av UAS-bilder skapades punktmoln och sedan markmodeller över en 60x10 m yta. Toleransen för markmodeller av asfaltsytor beskrivs i SIS-TS 21144:2016, som anger att den maximalt tillåtna medelavvikelsen i höjd är 0,02 m. Markmodellerna från både TLS och UAS-fotogrammetri uppfyllde kraven och erhöll medelavvikelser på -0,001 m respektive 0,005 m. Reflektorlös mätning som utförs från marknivå och ned mot terrängen med totalstation eller TLS resulterar i stora infallsvinklar, vilket i sin tur orsakar en förlängd träffbild. Pga. stråldivergens ökar dessutom träffbildens storlek med avstånd. En ytterligare faktor som påverkar reflektorlös mätning är mätobjektets reflektans. Asfalt har en reflektans på knappt 20 %, medan reflektansen hos de vitmålade markeringarna är tre gånger så hög. När det gäller TLS minskar dessutom punkttätheten, som påverkar vilka detaljer som kan identifieras, i samband med ökande avstånd. Toleranserna för inmätning av kontrollpunkter har i denna studie satts till 0,05 m i plan och 0,02 m i höjd. Resultaten visar att reflektorlös totalstationsmätning mot väglinjer uppnår RMS under toleransgränsen på upp till 55 m från instrumentet. I plan syns en trend som visar att avvikelserna ökar i samband med avstånd/infallsvinkel. I höjd syns inte en lika tydlig trend men vid ett avstånd på 57,5 m ökar avvikelserna drastiskt i både plan och höjd, vilket får betraktas som ett överskridande av den maximala räckvidden. Med dessa mätmetoder behöver hänsyn tas till bl.a. fri sikt, vägens utformning och skick, faktorer i omgivningen, trafikbelastning samt det rådande vädret. För både punktmoln och bilder behöver dessutom georeferering göras och lämplig upplösning bestämmas. Slutsatsen är dock att samtliga metoder kompletterar varandra och kan användas för insamling, kontroll, inpassning och komplettering av markmodeller och undviker samtidigt riskerna som medföljer handhållen prismamätning på väg. / This study evaluates the potential of reflectorless total station (TS) measurements when surveying road centerlines and the creation of digital terrain models (DTM) of road surfaces based on terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and unmanned aerial system (UAS). The aim is to evaluate methods that avoid traditional surveying using a handheld prism since this means that the surveyor must be on the road, which creates risks of traffic related accidents as well as costs for protective measures. The study area is an asphalt-covered surface with white markings resembling roadlines. Through TLS and photogrammetric processing of UAS-images, pointclouds and subsequently DTM:s were created over a 60x10 m surface. The tolerance for DTM:s of asphalt-covered surfaces is specified in SIS-TS 21144:2016, which states a maximum average vertical deviation of 0,02 m. The DTM:s from the TLS and UAS-photogrammetry both fulfilled the requirements and obtained a quality of -0,001 m and 0,005 m respectively. Reflectorless measurements performed from ground level and down toward the terrain with TS or TLS result in large angles of inclination, which in turn causes an extended footprint of the laser beam. Because of beam divergence the footprint expands further with longer distances. Another factor that affects reflectorless measurements is the reflectance of the surface. Asphalt has a reflectance of barely 20 % while the reflectance of the white painted markings is three times as high. Additionaly when it comes to TLS, the point cloud density, which affects what details can be identified, diminishes with increasing distance. The tolerances for surveying of control points has in this study been set to 0,05 m horizontally and 0,02 m vertically. The results show that the reflectorless measurements of roadlines with TS achieves RMS below the tolerance limit up to 55 m from the instrument. The horizontal coordinates show a trend that the deviations increase with distance/angle of inclination. Vertically such a trend is not quite as clear, but at a distance of 57,5 m both the horizontal and vertical deviations increase drastically, which may be considered as exceeding the maximum range. With these methods adherences to some limitations need to be taken into consideration, such as line of sight, the road’s shape and condition, environmental factors, traffic and the weather. Furthermore, for both point clouds and images georeferencing needs to be done and a suitable resolution determined. The conclusion however, is that all methods complement each other and can be used for collecting, checking, fitting and completing DTM:s while avoiding the risks that traditional surveying methods using handheld prism creates.

Soil erosion is a complex geomorphological process with varying influences of different impacts at different spatio-temporal scales. To date, measurement of soil erosion is predominantly realisable at specific scales, thereby detecting separate processes, e.g. interrill erosion contrary to rill erosion. It is difficult to survey soil surface changes at larger areal coverage such as field scale with high spatial resolution. Either net changes at the system outlet or remaining traces after the erosional event are usually measured. Thus, either quasi-point measurements are extrapolated to the corresponding area without knowing the actual sediment source as well as sediment storage behaviour on the plot or erosion rates are estimated disrupting the area of investigation during the data acquisition impeding multi-temporal assessment. Furthermore, established methods of soil erosion detection and quantification are typically only reliable for large event magnitudes, very labour and time intense, or inflexible. To better observe soil erosion processes at field scale and under natural conditions, the development of a method is necessary, which identifies and quantifies sediment sources and sinks at the hillslope with high spatial resolution and captures single precipitation events as well as allows for longer observation periods. Therefore, an approach is introduced, which measures soil surface changes for multi-spatio-temporal scales without disturbing the area of interest. Recent advances regarding techniques to capture high resolution topography (HiRT) data led to several promising tools for soil erosion measurement with corresponding advantages but also disadvantages. The necessity exists to evaluate those methods because they have been rarely utilised in soil surface studies. On the one hand, there is terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), which comprises high error reliability and retrieves 3D information directly. And on the other hand, there is unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology in combination with structure from motion (SfM) algorithms resulting in UAV photogrammetry, which is very flexible in the field and depicts a beneficial perspective. Evaluation of the TLS feasibility reveals that this method implies a systematic error that is distance-related and temporal constant for the investigated device and can be corrected transferring calibration values retrieved from an estimated lookup table. However, TLS still reaches its application limits quickly due to an unfavourable (almost horizontal) scanning view at the soil surface resulting in a fast decrease of point density and increase of noise with increasing distance from the device. UAV photogrammetry allows for a better perspective (birds-eye view) onto the area of interest, but possesses more complex error behaviour, especially in regard to the systematic error of a DEM dome, which depends on the method for 3D reconstruction from 2D images (i.e. options for additional implementation of observations) and on the image network configuration (i.e. parallel-axes and control point configuration). Therefore, a procedure is developed that enables flexible usage of different cameras and software tools without the need of additional information or specific camera orientations and yet avoiding this dome error. Furthermore, the accuracy potential of UAV photogrammetry describing rough soil surfaces is assessed because so far corresponding data is missing. Both HiRT methods are used for multi-temporal measurement of soil erosion processes resulting in surface changes of low magnitudes, i.e. rill and especially interrill erosion. Thus, a reference with high accuracy and stability is a requirement. A local reference system with sub-cm and at its best 1 mm accuracy is setup and confirmed by control surveys. TLS and UAV photogrammetry data registration with these targets ensures that errors due to referencing are of minimal impact. Analysis of the multi-temporal performance of both HiRT methods affirms TLS to be suitable for the detection of erosion forms of larger magnitudes because of a level of detection (LoD) of 1.5 cm. UAV photogrammetry enables the quantification of even lower magnitude changes (LoD of 1 cm) and a reliable observation of the change of surface roughness, which is important for runoff processes, at field plots due to high spatial resolution (1 cm²). Synergetic data fusion as a subsequent post-processing step is necessary to exploit the advantages of both HiRT methods and potentially further increase the LoD. The unprecedented high level of information entails the need for automatic geomorphic feature extraction due to the large amount of novel content. Therefore, a method is developed, which allows for accurate rill extraction and rill parameter calculation with high resolution enabling new perspectives onto rill erosion that has not been possible before due to labour and area access limits. Erosion volume and cross sections are calculated for each rill revealing a dominant rill deepening. Furthermore, rill shifting in dependence of the rill orientation towards the dominant wind direction is revealed. Two field plots are installed at erosion prone positions in the Mediterranean (1,000 m²) and in the European loess belt (600 m²) to ensure the detection of surface changes, permitting the evaluation of the feasibility, potential and limits of TLS and UAV photogrammetry in soil erosion studies. Observations are made regarding sediment connectivity at the hillslope scale. Both HiRT methods enable the identification of local sediment sources and sinks, but still exhibiting some degree of uncertainty due to the comparable high LoD in regard to laminar accumulation and interrill erosion processes. At both field sites wheel tracks and erosion rills increase hydrological and sedimentological connectivity. However, at the Mediterranean field plot especially dis-connectivity is obvious. At the European loess belt case study a triggering event could be captured, which led to high erosion rates due to high soil moisture contents and yet further erosion increase due to rill amplification after rill incision. Estimated soil erosion rates range between 2.6 tha-1 and 121.5 tha-1 for single precipitation events and illustrate a large variability due to very different site specifications, although both case studies are located in fragile landscapes. However, the susceptibility to soil erosion has different primary causes, i.e. torrential precipitation at the Mediterranean site and high soil erodibility at the European loess belt site. The future capability of the HiRT methods is their potential to be applicable at yet larger scales. Hence, investigations of the importance of gullys for sediment connectivity between hillslopes and channels are possible as well as the possible explanation of different erosion rates observed at hillslope and at catchment scales because local sediment sink and sources can be quantified. In addition, HiRT data can be a great tool for calibrating, validating and enhancing soil erosion models due to the unprecedented level of detail and the flexible multi-spatio-temporal application.

Every day there are internet users all over the world who sends a total sum of millions of emails and instant messages and a majority of these are sent and transmitted without any form of encryption. When we send an unencrypted message it can be monitored, analyzed and even stored by organiza-tions and individuals. Therefore using encrypted communication is vital for not having our privacy violated. One of the problems that needs to be solved is to allow two persons to communicate in (near) real time through text over internet in a secure and easy way for the user, while at the same time allowing the user to have a good experience and maintaining confidentiality. The chat client should be able to communicate with other platforms than only itself and must therefore use and fol-low an existing protocol for instant messaging. To receive a true end-to-end encryption, all data needs to be encrypted and decrypted locally on the user's computer before it is sent out on the inter-net. SSL / TLS can be used as a protective layer, but it must be complemented by an extra and sepa-rate layer of encryption since SSL / TLS is not an authentic end-to-end encryption. This is because of the SSL data is decrypted when they land on the server, while true end-to-end data is only de-crypted locally on the receivers computer. This thesis have resulted in a working chat client built on the XMPP protocol with support for using OTR encryption that offers true end-to-end encryption. / Varje dag finns det internetanvändare världen över som sammanlagt skickar miljontals email och direktmeddelanden vilka majoriteten skickas och överförs utan någon form utav kryptering. När vi skickar ett okrypterat meddelande kan det bli övervakat, analyserat och till och med lagrat utav or-ganisationer och individer. Därför är användande utav krypterad kommunikation avgörande för att inte vår integritet ska kränkas. Ett utav problemen som behöver lösas är att tillåta två personer att kommunicera i (nära) realtid genom text över internet på ett säkert och enkelt sätt för användaren. Detta samtidigt som användaren har en bra användarupplevelse och bibehåller konfidentialitet. Chattklienten ska kunna kommunicera med andra plattformar än sig själv och måste därmed an-vända sig utav och följa ett existerande protokoll för direktmeddelanden. För att få en riktig end-to-end kryptering måste all data krypteras och dekrypteras lokalt på användarens dator innan det skickas över internet. SSL / TLS kan användas som ett skyddande lager, men måste kompletteras av ett extra och separat lager av kryptering då SSL / TLS inte är äkta "end-to-end" kryptering. Detta är på grund utav att SSL data är dekrypterad när det kommer till servern, medan äkta "end-to-end" kryptering endast är dekrypterat lokalt på mottagarens dator. Denna avhandling resulterade i en fungerande chattklient byggt på XMPP protokollet med stöd för OTR kryptering som erbjuder äkta "end-to-end" kryptering.

<p>U okviru ove doktorske disertacije pažnja je sa jedne strane posvećena razradi NMR&nbsp;spektrometrijskih i veoma osetljivih hromatografskih (HPLC/DADi HPLC/TLS) metoda, a sa&nbsp;druge strane razradi jednostavnijih spektrofotometrijskih i voltametrijskih metoda za određivanje&nbsp;odabranih neonikotinoida. Kao posebno vredan doprinos, razrađena je metoda pripreme ekolo&scaron;ki&nbsp;pogodne bizmut-film elektrode na staklastom ugljeniku i na planarnoj ugljeničnoj elektrodi.&nbsp;Efikasnost elektrode je upoređena sa elektrodom modifikovanom filmom od žive. Za ispitivanje&nbsp;povr&scaron;ine radnih elektroda primenjena je i (SEM/EDS) metoda. Razrađene metode su testirane za&nbsp;određivanje neonikotinoida iz komercijalnih formulacija, kao i iz uzoraka krompira, kukuruza,&nbsp;paprike, meda i povr&scaron;inske vode.</p> / <p>The Ph. D. thesis is concerned with the development of NMR spectrometric and very&nbsp;sensitive chromatographic (HPLC/DAD and HPLC/TLS) methods, on the one&nbsp; hand, and simpler&nbsp;spectrophotometric and voltammetric methods on the other, for the &nbsp;determination of selected&nbsp;neonicotinoids. As an especially valuable contribution, a procedure has&nbsp; been developed for the&nbsp;preparation of an environment-friendly bismuth film electrode on glassycarbon and planar&nbsp;carbon electrode. The achieved efficiency of such electrode was compared with that of mercury&nbsp;film electrode. Surface morphology of the working electrodes was studied by the SEM/EDS&nbsp;method. The developed methods have been tested for the determination of the neonicotinoids from&nbsp;their commercial formulations, as well as from samples of potato,&nbsp; maize, pepper, honey, and&nbsp;surface water.</p>