International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / Understanding the horsepower demands that electrical and hydraulic systems place on an aircraft engine is critical since this directly effects engine performance. The current methods of measuring horsepower have been mainly limited to lower rpm engines and are not suitable for higher rpm jet engines. L-3 Telemetry East has developed instrumentation for the F-22 instrumentation group that is capable of measuring horsepower loads on engine shafts that are rotating at up to 18000RPM. This paper describes the operation of this system.

During the takeoff for a trampoline skill the trampolinist should produce sufficient vertical velocity and angular momentum to permit the required skill to be completed in the aerial phase without excessive horizontal travel. The aim of this study was to investigate the optimum technique to produce forward somersault rotation. A seven-segment, subject-specific torque-driven computer simulation model of the takeoff in trampolining was developed in conjunction with a model of the reaction forces exerted on the trampolinist by the trampoline suspension system. The ankle, knee, hip, and shoulder joints were torque-driven, with the metatarsal-phalangeal and elbow joints angle-driven. Kinematic data of trampolining performances were obtained using a Vicon motion capture system. Segmental inertia parameters were calculated from anthropometric measurements. Viscoelastic parameters governing the trampoline were determined by matching an angle-driven model to the performance data. The torque-driven model was matched to the performance data by scaling joint torque parameters from the literature, and varying the activation parameters of the torque generators using a simulated annealing algorithm technique. The torque-driven model with the scaled isometric strength was evaluated by matching the performance data. The evaluation produced close agreement between the simulations and the performance, with an average difference of 4.4% across three forward rotating skills. The model was considered able to accurately represent the motion of a trampolinist in contact with a trampoline and was subsequently used to investigate optimal performance. Optimisations for maximum jump height for different somersaulting skills and maximum rotation potential produced increases in jump height of up to 14% and increases of rotation potential up to 15%. The optimised technique for rotation potential showed greater shoulder flexion during the recoil of the trampoline and for jump height showed greater plantar flexion and later and quicker knee extension before takeoff. Future applications of the model can include investigations into the sensitivity of the model to changes in initial conditions, and activation, strength, and trampoline parameters.

Spintronics is the study of mutual dependence of magnetization and electron transport, which forms a complementary picture in ferromagnetic (FM) materials. Recently, spintronics based on antiferromagnetic (AF) materials has been suggested. However, a systematic study is not yet available, and a complementary picture of the AF dynamics with electron transport is highly desired. By developing a microscopic theory, we predict the occurrence of spintronic phenomena both in bulk AF texture and on the interface of AF with normal metals. For the bulk, we find that the electron dynamics becomes adiabatic when the local staggered field is varying slowly over space and time, by which the spin-motive force and the reactive spin-transfer torque (STT) are derived as reciprocal effects. While the former generates a pure spin voltage across the texture, the latter can be used to drive AF domain wall and trigger spin wave excitation with lower current densities compared to FM materials. For the interface, by calculating how electrons scatter off a normal metal -antiferromagnet heterostructure, we derive the pumped spin and staggered spin currents in terms of the staggered order parameter, the magnetization, and their rates of change; the reactions of an incident spin current on the antiferromagnet is derived as STTs. These effects are applicable to both compensated and uncompensated interfaces with a similar order of magnitude. In contrast to FM materials, the direction of spin pumping is controlled by the circular polarization of driving microwave; and conversely, the chirality of AF spin wave is tunable by the direction of spin accumulation. / text

In recent years, due to a need to reduce emissions, the automotive industry has focused on increasing vehicle efficiency. One of the areas being examined for potential improvement is the automatic transmission; specifically, the torque converter clutch damper. The better the performance of the damper, the more time the torque converter can be kept in the optimum locked position, thus increasing vehicle efficiency. Currently a large number of vehicle manufacturers use transmission technology sourced from external OEMs; due to a lack of available performance data or validated simulations, sometimes vehicle manufacturers are not able to fully understand the behaviour of the damper. If damper performance (or interactions with other components) cannot be fully assessed during the design development phase, key issues may become known too late in the development process. Thus a deeper understanding of the processes of experimentally characterising and simulating torque converter dampers is required. This thesis describes the development of an arc spring torque converter damper simulation, including the gathering of the experimental data required to validate the simulation. The simulation is used to draw conclusions on the impact of excitation signal form on damper behaviour, leading to new knowledge on the signals required to experimentally characterise a damper. In this thesis a methodology for (and implementation of) the characterisation of torque converter dampers is detailed. It was found that existing available technologies (e.g. fired engines, electric dynamometers) were either too inflexible or prohibitively expensive; thus a novel high frequency mechanical pulsation generator was developed. This solution was developed from a 4 cylinder motored diesel engine; the cylinders are filled with compressed air and the crankshaft driven using an electric dynamometer. Simulation and experimental data has confirmed that mean torque can be controlled using the input dynamometer, with the compressed air producing fluctuations of up to 900Nm amplitude. However, it was found that the frequency of the output pulsations varied from a fired engine; this is due to reactions between the pulsation generator and the stiffness and inertias of other components on the rig. A review of the performance of the novel pulsation generation concept against other damper excitation methods was also conducted. It was determined that fired engines and electric motors are more suitable for durability testing; the flexibility of the electric motors and the low running costs of the pulsation generator suit damper performance tests. The second phase of this project was to develop a simulation of a two-stage arc spring turbine damper. This damper consists of three inertias, separated by two spring sets; the outer spring set has 3 individual arc springs, while the inner spring set has 5 nested pairs. The principle of conservation of angular momentum is applied to each of the three inertias in order to calculate their individual accelerations. This method is also applied when calculating the acceleration and movement of the springs; the arc springs are discretised into mass and (massless) spring segments. Two features not previously seen in literature are included in the simulation; hardstops and nested springs. The physical hardstops limit the movement of the spring sets (relative movements of the inertias). In this study, the nested springs were simulated as a pair of parallel springs, rather than as a single stiffer arc spring; this is due to the friction that occurs between the springs (the inner race of the larger spring forms the housing for the inner spring). These two features highlight the need for hardware examination before simulation development; disassembling the hardware also allows the location of hardstops (and other features) to be measured rather than relying on the test data. Once a damper simulation was designed, a methodology for simulation parameterisation was required; parameterisation is the process of improving simulation performance through iterations of estimated parameters. The simulated damper was excited using sampled experimental data; to maximise parameterisation process efficiency, each time a parameter change was made, a set of key test points were selected in order to assess simulation performance change. It is not recommended that single test points be examined individually; parameter changes may improve simulation performance at one test point but have an adverse reaction at another. A clear causal relationship between simulation timestep and accuracy (as well as simulation run time) was found; a link between the number of discretised segments and simulation accuracy (and run time) was also confirmed. It was determined that 8 segments was optimal for the inner springs and 18 outer segments offered the best balance between computing power and simulation time. A variety of methods for analysing damper (and simulation) performance are presented in this thesis; it was found that for the 2.5 bar torque curve experimental data set the simulation performs excellently, with on average less than 5% error. Overall torque error is less than 10% across the tested speed range (900 to 2800rpm), with mean torque differences between simulated and tested order magnitudes of less than 5Nm. It has been determined that hysteresis loops are not an accurate predictor of real-world damper performance; while they can approximate general trends, they do not cover the normal operating condition. In the final phase of this thesis, the validated simulation has been used to investigate excitation signal, areas of poor damper performance and the link between speed and damper stiffness. By subjecting the simulation to a variety of sinusoidal input signals, it was established that if a sinusoidal signal approximates the 3 most dominant frequencies in a real signal, the damper will behave in a representative manner. Additional orders that have lower frequencies than the dominant order will have a greater impact on the attenuation behaviour of the damper; the effect of additional orders on attenuation behaviour is also linked to their magnitude (relative to the dominant order). A methodology for efficient damper mapping is proposed; the key aim is to produce a dataset that will minimise the length of the parameterisation process while capturing key damper behaviours. It was found that the magnitude of the torque oscillations used to excite the damper is linked to parameter adjustment impact, though this relationship is not linear for all parameters; an approximate level of 300Nm should be used for excitation. Parameters such as spring stiffness and plate inertias are more likely to have a substantial impact on damper performance at frequencies below 70Hz; friction tuning factors are impacted more by magnitude changes at frequencies above 150Hz. It has been demonstrated that while speed can have an effect on magnification ratio, this effect is far less significant at mean torques above the knee point and when sinusoidal input magnitude is kept at or above 300Nm. It was concluded that neither engine speed nor precise excitation magnitude must be replicated in order to predict approximate performance. During the investigation into areas of poor damper performance, it was confirmed that the trend of increasing magnification ratio with lower frequencies ( < 30Hz) seen in experimental data continued. Simulation testing above 140Hz revealed that there is not a linear relationship between increased frequency and increased magnification ratio; these areas of magnification ratio spikes are likely due to system resonances. It has been confirmed that while fluctuation magnitude does impact magnification ratio, fluctuation frequency has the most significant (dominant) impact. Finally, the effect of speed on apparent damper stiffness was investigated for both hysteresis loop testing and across a range of outer spring vibration angles; it was confirmed that increasing speed does result in non-homogeneous compression of the springs. It was established that while speed can have an effect on spring stiffness, this effect will vary significantly depending on the movement range (vibration angle) of the spring. / The largest increase in spring stiffness with speed is seen when segments of the spring become inactive (cease to move), hence why the effect of speed is more substantial at vibration angle of < 10°. The simulation was used to confirm the theories linking speed and stiffness found in the literature; higher speeds increase frictional forces, slowing damper segments, resulting in reduced movement. The findings of this thesis are relevant to damper simulation and testing engineers; by expanding knowledge of damper behavioural responses to high frequency excitation signals, as well as demonstrating an effective method for producing validated damper simulations, it is hoped that the vehicle design process will be more efficient and damper modifications more effective.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação Física, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, 2018. / OBJETIVOS: Fornecer valores normativos da força isocinética dos extensores do joelho em mulheres idosas e verificar a implicação funcional da classificação proposta. Além disso, desenvolver e validar uma equação para a predição de valores de referência da força isocinética. MÉTODOS: Foi avaliado um total de 500 mulheres idosas com idade entre 60 e 84 anos (67,51 ± 5,70 anos). A força dos extensores do joelho foi avaliada pelo pico de torque (PT) isocinético absoluto e relativo à massa corporal, utilizando o dinamômetro isocinético Biodex System na velocidade de 60°/s. O desempenho funcional foi avaliado pelo teste de sentar e levantar cinco vezes (Five Times Sit to Stand- FTSTS) e Timed Up & Go (TUG). As participantes foram categorizadas em cinco faixas etárias (60-64; 65-69; 70-74; 75-79; 80-84), e os percentis 20, 40, 60 e 80 foram identificados e empregados como pontos de corte para fins de classificação da força isocinética. A comparação do desempenho funcional entre os níveis de classificação foi efetuada por meio dos testes ANOVA one-way e Qui-quadrado. Adicionalmente, foi investigada a acurácia das equações de Neder et al. (1999) e Gross et al. (1989). A equação de referência, proposta pelo presente estudo, foi desenvolvida por meio de regressão linear múltipla do tipo backward. Para as comparações das médias do PT mensurados com os preditos pelas equações de referência, foi utilizado o teste t-Student pareado. O percentual do predito foi calculado para cada equação (PT medido / PT de referência * 100). Foi ainda utilizado o método de Bland-Altman, para avaliar a concordância entre os valores observados e esperados, de acordo com as equações de referência. RESULTADOS: Como esperado, a força isocinética dos extensores do joelho diminui significativamente com o avanço da idade. Idosas classificadas nos estratos inferiores de força isocinética exibiram desempenho reduzido nos testes funcionais (p<0,05). As equações de Neder et al. (1999) e Gross et al. (1989) superestimaram significativamente os valores de PT (ambos p<0,001) e apresentaram viés médio de 6,79 Nm e 6,75 Nm, respectivamente. Relativamente a essas equações, a equação desenvolvida pelo presente estudo PT (Nm): 39,72- [1,24 x idade (anos)] + [0,44 x massa corporal (kg)] + [69,70 x estatura (m)] apresentou erro médio significativamente menor (aproximadamente 40%). CONCLUSÕES: O desempenho funcional se mostrou reduzido entre as idosas classificadas nos estratos inferiores de força do quadríceps, indicando potencial aplicação desses valores em ambientes clínicos e de pesquisa. Além disso, as equações de referência (Neder et al. e Gross et al.) não são adequadas para mulheres idosas; a equação desenvolvida no presente estudo apresentou erro médio consideravelmente menor e, portanto, com valores de referência mais adequados. / OBJECTIVES: To provide normative values of knee extensors isokinetic strength for older women and verify the functional implication of the proposed classification. We also aimed at developing and validating an equation to individually predict reference values of isokinetic strength. METHODS: A total of 500 women with age ranging from 60 to 84 years (67.51± 5.70 years) took part in this project. Knee extensors strength was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex system) at the speed of 60º/s; peak torque (PT) was expressed in absolute values and relative to body weight. The Timed Up and Go and the 5 times Sit-to-Stand test were used for functional performance evaluation. Participants were categorized into age groups of five years range (60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79, 80-84) and the 20th, 40th, 60th, and 80th percentiles were used as cutting points to classify the isokinetic strength. We used the one-way ANOVA and Chi-Square tests to compare the functional performance between the classification levels. Additionally, the accuracy of the equations developed by Neder et al. (1999) and Gross et al. (1989) were investigated. The reference equation was developed using backward multiple linear regression. Paired Student’s t test was used to compare measured PT with those predicted by the reference equations. The percentage of the predicted was calculated for each equation (measured PT/reference PT*100). The Bland-Altman method evaluated the agreement between the values observed and expected according to the reference equations. RESULTS: As expected, the knee extensors isokinetic strength significantly decreased with age. Volunteers classified in the lower isokinetic strength strata showed reduced performance in the functional tests (both p<0.05). The equations described by Neder et al. (1999) and Gross et al. (1989) significantly overestimated measured PT values (both p<0.001), with mean bias of 6.79 Nm and 6.75 Nm, respectively. Regarding these equations, the equation developed in this study PT (Nm): 39.72 – [1.24 x age (years)] + [0.44 x body mass (kg)] + [69.70 x stature (m)] presented significantly lower mean error (approximately 40%). CONCLUSIONS: Reduced physical function was observed among individuals classified in the lower percentile groups, indicating a potential application in preventive and therapeutic settings. Furthermore, available reference equations (Neder et al. and Gross et al.) are not suitable for older women; the equation developed in the present study provided considerably lower average error and thus with more suitable reference values in this population.

Ferromagnetism (FM) and superconductivity (SC) are traditionally thought of as competing states of matter, since the opposite-spin electron pairing mechanism required for conventional SC is rendered impossible by FM spin alignment. However, recently discovered heavy-fermion compounds UGe2 and URhGe are examples where SC and FM are cooperative, and rather than antagonistic the presence of FM is actually necessary for the occurrence of the SC phase. A cooperative state of FM and SC is a topic of interest because it presents a possible solution to one of the two main problems with present superconductors: technology inhibiting limits on the highest temperature and highest magnetic field to which the SC phase can exist. Although both UGe2 and URhGe cease to be superconductors before even reaching 1 K, unlike the various `high temperature' superconductors currently known that easily surpass 100 K, it is their magnetic properties that are interesting, the inherent FM ordering allowing them to exceed conventional limits on the maximum magnetic field that SC can withstand. For example, URhGe remains superconducting above 35 T and the upper limit is so high that it is still experimentally undetermined. How exactly the FM SC phase arises in these compounds is as yet unknown. The necessary opposite-spin pairing mechanism is theoretically provided by magnetic fluctuations in an easily polarizable system right on the edge of a magnetic phase transition, and indeed SC emerges in UGe2 and URhGe around a first-order quantum critical point (QCP) where the temperature of the transition to an FM phase is reduced to absolute zero, by application of pressure in the case of UGe2 and by application of a magnetic field for URhGe. The aim of the research detailed in this thesis is to probe the FM phase transition and the associated QCP related to the emergence of SC in these compounds, to gather more information about the precise nature of the phases either side of the transition and exactly what changes occur in the system crossing the QCP. Specifically, the main objective is to characterise the magnetic fluctuations at the phase boundary and determine whether, by current FM SC theory, these fluctuations could be responsible for SC or if instead other, modified, unconventional theories are required to explain the unconventional electron pairing. The probes of choice for this PhD were Hall effect and magnetoresistance measurements of UGe2, and capacitive torque magnetometry and simultaneous magnetoresistance measurements of URhGe. The main result of the UGe2 project is an observed order-of-magnitude change in the Hall coefficient crossing the FM transition as a function of temperature and a dramatic change, similar in magnitude but also accompanied by a sign reversal, crossing the QCP as a function of pressure. Furthermore, the sign reversal at the critical pressure persists up to roughly 12 K, far beyond the 7 K critical end point of the phase transition, suggesting that in fact three different phases converge at the QCP where fluctuations between them presumably lead to the emergence of SC. Further investigation of the Fermi surface, either by deeper analysis of the Hall effect results or by other experimental methods, will be required to complete the main objective and determine exactly what the differences are between these newly identified phases. The main result of the URhGe project is actually the successful development of the capacitive torque magnetometry technique itself and the proof of operation for simultaneous measurement of all the individual components of both the magnetization and differential susceptibility tensors in a high magnetic field, which is currently not possible by any other technique. Completing the main objective was hampered by the extremely high susceptibility components encountered in the vicinity of the QCP, which in itself could be considered evidence for the theoretical relationship between strong FM fluctuations and the emergence of SC in URhGe. A number of results incidental to the main aim of the URhGe project are also summarised in this thesis, including the characterisation of quantum oscillations frequencies not previously reported in scientific literature and a variety of subtle features in resistivity measurements, which could, in conjunction with evidence from the susceptibility measurements, suggest the presence of another superconducting state such as surface or domain wall SC.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:08:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissert_pablo[1].pdf: 1688246 bytes, checksum: 16cd4a62758a7c0c45e09ce4145004ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-22 / Como alternativa aos métodos consolidados na indústria e consensados em normas técnicas, esta dissertação propõe o uso de um registrador oscilográfico atualmente disponível no mercado, com relativa alta taxa de amostragem de sinais, para oscilografar grandezas elétricas de alimentação de motor, com posteriores cálculos e estimativas de potência entregue pelo motor à carga, obtendo-se assim uma metodologia de levantamento de características de conjugado de motores elétricos sem retirada da máquina da planta operacional, dispensando laboratórios e oficinas. Como resultado, tem-se então uma metodologia de resultados com boa precisão, de baixo custo, não destrutiva, não interferente na produção obtida pelo motor em operação e passível de utilização por indústrias que não disponham de documentação técnica completa de motores em operação, ou que necessitem de comprovar a documentação disponível. / As an alternative to the procedures used in the industry and described in technical standards, available oscillografic recorder is proposed to be used, with relative high sampling rate, to record electrical voltage and current of a motor, with posterior calculations and estimates of power supplied form the motor to the load, obtaining methodology of survey of torque characteristics of electric motors without withdrawal of the machine from the operational plant, without the needing for laboratories and workshops. As a result, good precision methodology is achieved, of low cost, not destructive, that does not interfere in the production obtained by the motor and it is fitter for industries that do not have available the motor technical documentation, or that need to validate the available documentation.

Orientador: Fernando de Azevedo Silva / Banca: Mauro Hugo Pedro Peres / Banca: Victor Orlando Gamarra Rosado / Banca: Cecília Amélia de Carvalho Zavaglia / Banca: Leonardo Kyo Kabayama / Resumo: A utilização de parafusos na união de elementos de estruturas e equipamentos mecânicos é amplamente utilizada devido a sua versatilidade, possibilidade de desmontagem e seu baixo custo. As falhas por fadiga merecem atenção especial, pois é o principal método de falha dos parafusos utilizados em uniões de componentes. A vida em fadiga de uma junta aparafusada possui a influência de diversos fatores construtivos e operacionais. Neste estudo foram analisados alguns destes fatores, como diferença na rigidez dos parafusos com rosca parcial e total, e sua influência no fator de junta e na vida em fadiga da união. Outra variável estudada é o material das arruelas, que quando são incompatíveis com o material do parafuso ocasionam uma drástica redução na vida em fadiga da junta. A pré-carga resultante do torque de montagem associada com a carga externa alternada também possui grande influência sobre a vida em fadiga das uniões, sendo a redução da vida mais significativa quando a carga externa máxima é superior a 85% da pré-carga. Neste trabalho também foram desenvolvidos dois arquivos de simulação das juntas, utilizando o método dos elementos finitos por meio do software ANSYS Workbench, sendo uma simulação contendo as placas da junta e um parafuso simplificado, com o objetivo de calcular a carga residual de compressão entre as placas após a aplicação da pré-carga e carga externa máxima. Esta carga residual foi utilizada nas condições de contorno do modelo da segunda simulação. O segundo arquivo de simulação contém os parafusos, porcas e arruelas com medidas reais, sendo o objetivo obter a vida em fadiga destes parafusos. As simulações numéricas foram validadas por meio de ensaios mecânicos / Abstract: The use of bolts in the union of elements of structures and mechanical equipment is very used due to its versatility, possibility of disassembly and low cost. The fatigue failures given particular attention because it is the principal method of failure of the bolts used in unions of components. The fatigue life of a bolted joint has the influence of various factors constructive and operational. This study analyzed some of these factors, such as the difference in stiffness of the fully and partially threaded bolts, and its influence on joint stiffness factor and fatigue life of the joint. Another variable studied is the material of washers that when are incompatible with the bolt material cause a drastic reduction in fatigue life of the joint. The preload resulting of the tightening torque combined with the alternating external load also has great influence on the fatigue life of the joints, the reduction of fatigue life is most significant when the maximum external load is higher than 85% of the preload. In this work were also developed two simulation models of the joints using the finite element method using the ANSYS Workbench software, and one simulation containing plates of joint and a simplified bolt, in order to calculate the residual load compression between the plates after applying the preload and maximum external load. The residual load will be used in the boundary conditions of the model of the second simulation. The second simulation model contains bolts, nuts and washers with actual measurements, the objective being to obtain the fatigue life of these bolts. The numerical simulations were validated with mechanical tests / Doutor

Atualmente são utilizados diversos equipamentos e implementos para treinamento de força. Os flexores do cotovelo apresentam enorme variedade de exercícios, cada qual apresentando diferentes características de torque externo. Na maioria dos casos, a escolha dessa característica aparenta não seguir nenhum critério pré-estabelecido para sua determinação, sendo que a variação desse torque externo é fator causador de grande influência na adaptação do músculo ao treinamento imposto. Com isso, a escolha de um exercício demanda conhecimento dos objetivos de treino, além do conhecimento das características musculares, no que diz respeito à possibilidade de produção de força e torque musculares. Esse estudo objetivou verificar o comportamento do torque muscular de flexão do cotovelo de indivíduos ativos e sedentários, comparando-os com a característica de torque externo de quatro exercícios usuais de flexão do cotovelo (Rosca Direta, Rosca Scott, Rosca Banco Inclinado e Rosca Polia). Além disso, visou-se comparar a capacidade de produção de torque entre as três posições da articulação rádio-ulnar. Assim, foi avaliado o torque concêntrico máximo de flexão do cotovelo, numa velocidade de 45º/s, num dinamômetro isocinético. A amostra contou com 20 universitários jovens e saudáveis, divididos nos dois grupos. As relações torque-ângulo encontradas para o grupo de ativos não apresentaram pico de torque e, sim, um platô que se prolonga por grande parte da relação. As relações torqueângulo encontradas para o grupo de sedentários apresentam um pico definido, ocorrendo, em média, entre 32º e 43º de flexão do cotovelo, porém com grande variabilidade. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as posições da articulação rádioulnar com relação à: ângulo de pico, taxa de acréscimo, taxa de decréscimo, torque final (sedentários) e torque absoluto. Apenas o grupo de ativos apresentou diferenças significativas entre as posições com relação ao torque final. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos com relação à: taxa de acréscimo e torque final. Houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos com relação à taxa de decréscimo, em todas as posições da articulação rádio-ulnar. Nenhum dos exercícios avaliados parece apresentar uma característica de torque externo condizente com quaisquer relações torque-ângulo encontradas nesse estudo. Assim, foi sugerida uma polia assimétrica, com raio variando de acordo com as taxas de variação média de torque encontradas na amostra, produzindo, assim, um torque externo que acompanha as características de produção de torque muscular. Nesse estudo, foi possível concluir que existe grande variabilidade com relação às variáveis inerentes às características de produção máxima de torque flexor do cotovelo. Assim, é possível que se faça inferências com relação à adaptação funcional obtida com o treinamento, o qual levaria a musculatura a apresentar um pico de torque mais bem definido e próximo aos 90º de flexão do cotovelo. Por outro lado, o sedentarismo faria com que o ângulo de maior produção de torque muscular se aproxime da extensão do cotovelo, numa característica de produção de força condizente com o trecho ascendente da relação forçacomprimento, atuando num ciclo alongamento-encurtamento. / Nowadays there are many types of equipment used to strength training. Especially the elbow flexors present great variety of exercises, each one with different resistance moment characteristics. In the majority of the cases, this characteristic of resistance moment does not seem to follow any criterion for its determination and its variation is a causing factor of great influence in the muscle adaptation to the imposed training. Thus, the exercise choice demands to know the objectives of the training and muscle characteristics, in respect to the possibility of muscle force and moment production. This aim of this study was to verify the elbow flexor muscle moment profile of actives and sedentary subjects, comparing it with resistance moment characteristics of four usual exercises of elbow flexion (Barbell Biceps Curl, Scott Biceps Curl, Lying Dumbbell Curl and Standing Cable Curl). Moreover, it was aimed to compare the moment production capacity between three forearm positions. Thus, it was measured maximal concentric elbow flexion moment, at 45º/s, on an isokinetic dynamometer. The sample was composed by 20 young and healthy students, divided in two groups. The moment-angle relationship founded in the active group did not show a moment peak, but a plateau that prolongs for great part of the relationship. The moment-angle relationship founded in the sedentary group showed a defined peak, occurring, on average, between 32º and 43º of elbow flexion, however with great variability. It was not founded statistic differences between forearm positions in relation to: moment peak angle, moment increase rate, moment decrease rate, final moment (sedentary) and absolute moment. Only the active group shown statistic differences between positions in relation to final moment. It was not founded statistic differences between groups in relation to: moment increase rate and final moment. There was statistic difference between groups in relation to moment decrease rate, in all forearm positions. None of the evaluated exercises seems to show an external moment characteristic suitable with any moment-angle relationship founded on this study. Thus, it was suggested an asymmetrical pulley, whose radius variation fit well with increase and decrease rates founded at this sample, producing, in this way, an external moment suitable with the capacity of muscle moment production. In this study, it was possible to conclude that occur great variability in respect to the variables inherent to the characteristics of maximal elbow moment flexion production. Thus, it was possible to infer in relation to functional adaptation gotten with the training, which would lead the muscle to present a most defined moment peak and closer to 90º of elbow flexion. Nevertheless, the sedentary would lead the moment peak angle closer to elbow extension, which force production characteristic would be suitable with the ascending limb of force-length relationship, undergoing a stretch-shortening cycle.

The variable reluctance motor (VRM) is known for its structural simplicity, lower cost and capability of higher specific outputs compared with the AC induction motor. These favourable attributes arise from the way the torque is generated. An asymmetric half bridge would commonly be used as the controller for the VRM. It is also a relatively simple circuit because unlike the requirement with an AC induction motor, the imput current for a VRM would only need to be able to travel in one direction.