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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Modélisation pharmacocinétique de la réponse tumorale à la thérapie photodynamique simultanément avec l'imagerie TEP

Boubacar, Paté January 2008 (has links)
L'objectif de ce travail consiste à étudier la réponse tumorale à la thérapie photodynamique (TPD), notamment en examinant les mécanismes d'action de 2 photosensibilisateurs utilisés pour cette TPD, à savoir l'Aluminium phtalocyanine tétrasulfonée (AlPcS[indice inférieur 4]), et le Zinc phtalocyanine disulfonée (ZnPcS[indice inférieur 2]). L'étude aborde le problème à travers la modélisation pharmacocinétique décrivant la captation tumorale du [18F]-fluorodésoxyglucose durant la thérapie phtodynamique sur les tumeurs, avec comme objectif de mettre en évidence les phénomènes métaboliques transitoires durant le traitement. La tomographie d'émission par positons, qui est un outil d'imagerie puissant et non invasif permettant d'étudier in vivo les processus biologiques et moléculaires au niveau oncologique, a été combinée à la TPD pour l'évaluation en temps réel de la réponse tumorale. Des travaux antérieurs, mis en oeuvre à travers un protocole qui comporte deux tumeurs dont l'une sera traitée tandis que l'autre a servi de contrôle, ont mis en évidence le potentiel énorme de cette combinaison. En effet, la faisabilité d'utiliser l'imagerie TEP en temps réel avec des infusions continues de FDG a été démontrée afin d'étudier la réponse métabolique tumorale durant la thérapie photodynamique chez un modèle de rongeur. La pertinence de la méthode a notamment été mise en évidence dans l'étude des changements métaboliques transitoires survenant aux niveaux tumoral et systémique pendant et tout de suite après la TPD, particulièrement pour la caractérisation des mécanismes d'action de différents PS. Une simple observation visuelle a permis de noter des différences significatives entre les profils de captation du FDG, dépendamment du PS utilisé. Ces différences offrent une façon rapide de distinguer entre un mécanisme de destruction directe ou indirecte des cellules tumorales et ce, en temps réel. Toutefois, cette approche basée sur des observations et des approximations comporte malheureusement un grand handicap. Elle ne permet pas, en toute rigueur, de prévoir les comportements tumoraux. Ce mémoire propose une approche plus formelle pour étudier les mécanismes d'action des PS à travers une modélisation pharmacocinétique de la réponse tumorale. C'est le modèle pharmacocinétique standard du FDG, modèle compartimental, qui a servi de base à notre étude. En effet, nous avons, dans une première approche, introduit la notion de perturbation pour caractériser l'effet du traitement sur le comportement normal d'une tumeur. Mais cette notion de perturbation a mis en évidence le fait que la courbe sanguine est aussi affectée. En tenant compte de cette réalité, il a fallu recourir à l'analyse factorielle pour pouvoir extraire la courbe sanguine qui servira de fonction d'entrée au modèle. Nous avons supposé que cette perturbation portait sur les constantes de transfert entre les compartiments. Cela a permis de relier l'effet du traitement aux paramètres et surtout a démontré l'inutilité probable de la durée prolongée de l'illumination. Une deuxième approche a consisté à modéliser la tumeur traitée comme un ensemble de deux populations cellulaires. Cela a permis d'abord de prendre en compte la tumeur contrôle du protocole comme une référence, mais surtout d'introduire la notion de survie cellulaire après le traitement.
22

Thermal Chemistry of Benzyl Azide to Phenyl Isocyanide on Cu(111):Evidence for a Surface Imine Intermediate

Cheng, Cheng-Hung 03 August 2010 (has links)
Abstract The Copper Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) is a paradigm of ¡§click¡¨ chemistry which has been applied in different fields. To understand the interaction between organic azides and a copper surface, we use benzyl azide (Bn¡ÐN£\¡ÐN£]¡ÝN£^) as an adsorbate on Cu(111) under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The thermal reaction process was explored by a combination of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The TPD profiles show a multilayer desorption peak at 190K, two peaks for N2 , and H2 from 270K to 390K. At 345K, peak of desorption product (m/z=103) represents phenyl cyanide (PhCN) or phenyl isocyanide (PhNC). RAIR and XP spectra demonstrate that at 190K benzyl azide on Cu(111) readily adopt the imine intermediate formalism involving N£\¡ÐN£] scission and phenyl group shift from carbon to nitrogen. The mechanism is analogous to the organic reaction of Schmidt rearrangement. To heat the surface to 250K, the CH2 group of the imine intermediate undergoes C¡ÐH bond scission to produce a surface isocyanide intermediate, (M=C=N¡ÐPh). Therefore the final desorption product is phenyl isocyanide at ~350K. Intriguingly, the thermal chemistry of benzyl azide involves both imine and isocyanide intermediacy, despite the fact that azido species usually generate nitrene or imido complexes under thermal conditions.
23

Adsorption and Reactions of Diiodoalkanes on Cu(111)

Yang, Jih-Hao 24 July 2002 (has links)
none
24

Thermal Chemistry of Adsorbed Molecules Containing Azido and Cyano Groups on a Copper Surface

Yu, Pao-tao 23 July 2009 (has links)
In the organometallic chemistry, the imido complexes are an interesting species because it of their rich reactivity. Imido has two forms, where M=N-R form is nucleophilic and M¡ÝN-R form is elctrophilic. The thermo- or photochemical- decomposition of metal azido complexes is known to result in the formation of the corresponding metal nitride(M¡ÝN) or imido complexes. These reactions are oxidative cleavage type. As far as we know, imido species have not been generated on metal surfaces; therefore, we attempt to use the azidotrimethylsilane((CH3)3Si-N3 ; TMSN3) as precursors to produce imido species(TMSN=Cu) by N2 extrusion mechanism on Cu(111). The process was explored by a combination of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to obtain the optimized geometries for the various surface intermediates. The computed IR spectra facilitated the vibrational mode assignments. TPD spectra show that TMSN=Cu was hydrogenated to the TMSNH2 amine product around 520 K. We propose that the hydrogen source is adsorbed methyl groups, invoking the cleavage of the Si-C bond. TMSCH2N3 molecule was also investigated. In this case, N2 and H2 molecules were found to desorb around 260 K and 320K. A novel TMSC¡ÝN product was observed around 280K. We suggest it is a result of the metathesis reaction from ethylidyne (TMSC¡ÝCu) and nitride(N¡ÝCu) species. The TMSC¡ÝCu species are produced by double £\-hydride elimination of TMSCH2-Cu groups. The N¡ÝCu may be generated by the thermaldecomposition of copper azide(N=N=N-Cu). RAIRS reveal that there are three kinds of azido vibrations,where the higher frequency is assigned to the N=N=N-Cu species. This product is verified by the TPD of adsorbed TMSC¡ÝN molecule. Intriguingly, the thermal chemistry of TMSC¡ÝN molecule indicates that the isomeric molecule TMSN¡ÝC could be formed around 210 K, evidenced by a notable change in the RAIRS. The higher frequency £hC¡ÝN of TMSC¡ÝN transforms into a lower frequency £hC¡ÝN for TMSN¡ÝC. The coverage-dependent studies of RAIRS and XPS performed at 160 K surface temperature show that the isomerization may be intermolecular. The back-£k bonded TMSN¡ÝC molecule is desorbed around 410 K. XPS and RAIRS at 800 K show that isocyanide could polymerize to polyisocyanide, with an imine structure, and the characteristic C¡ÝN stretching mode disappeared.
25

Decomposition Mechanism of Lignin Models on Pt(111) : Combining Single Crystal Experiments and First-Principles Calculations

Ould Hamou, Cherif Aghiles 18 January 2019 (has links)
The world energy and product consumption keep increasing steadily over the years as the world population keeps growing and more countries become industrialized. As the world reserves deplete it becomes a necessity to find an alternative way to meet the population’s demand. Biomass conversion seems to be the future of a clean and sustainable world. Lignin is the second most abundant polymer in the biomass. Given the unique structure and chemical properties of lignin, a wide variety of bulk and fine chemicals can be obtained and be used for goods and biofuels production. Catalysis, with its selective bond cleavage and lower energy activation, is considered as a potential key solution in the process of lignin conversion into valuable chemicals. To gain insights into that catalytic system, we performed surface science experiments (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Temperature Programmed Desorption and Reflection Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy) under Ultra-High Vacuum conditions (UHV). Due to lignin’s physical properties limitation under UHV conditions, lignin models with the same chemical structure such as phenol, anisole, 2-phenoxyethanol and veratrol were used to gain a better understanding of the reactivity of lignin itself. Dosing anisole and 2-phenoxyethanol on Pt(111) surprisingly gave benzene, carbon monoxide and hydrogen as the main desorbing products of decomposition. With the help of Density Functional Theory (DFT), we successfully explain the unexpected selectivity. In the present work, we show in particular that phenoxy PhO stands as a key intermediate. Although the UHV conditions do not allow the hydrogenation of phenoxy into phenol, i.e. the catalytic product, they reveal the key role of both hydrogen and carbonaceous species. Under UHV conditions, anisole and 2-phenoxyethanol are extensively dehydrogenated: it results in the formation of carbonaceous fragments, which can actually perform the deoxygenation of phenoxy into benzene. The reactivity of veratrol on Pt(111) hindered the formation of benzene and only gave carbon monoxide and hydrogen as the main desorbing products of decomposition. Although carbonaceous fragments were formed on the surface, the deoxygenation of the two oxygenated arm moieties does not occur without the total decomposition of the aromatic ring, hence the formation of coke. This detailed work opens the door to a rational design of metal-based catalysts and a route towards lignin valorization.
26

Élimination sélective d'un mélange d'hydrocarbures imbrûlés Diesel par adsorption sur des matériaux zéolithiques / Selective removal of unburnt hydrocarbons from Diesel engine by adsorption on zeolitic materials

Westermann, Alexandre 09 December 2013 (has links)
Actuellement, environ 80% de la pollution par les hydrocarbures (HC) imbrûlés est émise durant la période de démarrage à froid des moteurs (période dite de "cold-start"), d'une durée approximative de 120 s. Pour les véhicules Diesel, une méthode particulièrement prometteuse pourrait consister à piéger les HC sur un adsorbant à des températures inférieures à 200-250 °C, pour les oxyder ensuite à plus haute température grâce à un catalyseur d'oxydation conventionnel. Cependant, peu d'études dans la littérature traitent de l'adsorption/désorption d'un mélange complexe d'HC, notamment en présence d'inhibiteurs. Dans cette étude, nous avons cherché à évaluer dans quelle mesure les propriétés structurales et chimiques d'adsorbants zéolithiques pouvaient affecter les caractéristiques d'adsorption et désorption d'un mélange modèle d'HC (propène, toluène, décane) en absence/présence d'inhibiteurs (NOx, H2O, COx..). Dans ce but, 3 séries de tests ont été menées pour mesurer les influences respectives: (i) de la composition du mélange d'HC (binaire/ternaire) ainsi que la présence d'eau sur la zéolithe HY de structure faujasite (pour différents rapports Si/Al); (ii) de l'incorporation d'un cation métallique (Cu, Pt, Ce, Cs) pour la zéolithe HY (rapport Si/Al = 5); (iii) de la topologie et de la porosité de zéolithes protonées (structures FAU, BEA, MOR, MFI, FER, LTA). Les propriétés texturales, structurales et chimiques des zéolithes étudiées ont été systématiquement caractérisées par porosimétrie à l'azote, DRX, FTIR/ATR, DRS-UV-Vis, FTIR du CO, NO et de la pyridine adsorbée. D'une manière générale, les courbes de percée obtenues avec différentes compositions indiquent que la diffusion de chaque HC est fortement affectée par la présence d'autres composés présents simultanément dans le réseau poreux. Pour les zéolithes Y protonées, les faibles rapports Si/Al favorisent la sélectivité pour l'adsorption des insaturés alors que les zéolithes plus hydrophobes (Si/Al élevés) adsorbent préférentiellement le décane. Parmi les différents inhibiteurs testés (CO, NOx, H2O), seul l'eau impacte fortement les capacités d'adsorption aux faibles rapports Si/Al, en raison d'une compétition avec les HC sur les sites acides. L'incorporation d'espèces métalliques dans la zéolithe HY-5 améliore la sélectivité d'adsorption pour les insaturés, notamment les plus légers (propène). Les expériences de TPSR sous atmosphère réactive ont montré que la présence de nouveaux sites acides de Lewis Cu+ et/ou Cu2+ en position d'échange améliore fortement la réduction des NOx par les HC pré-adsorbés. La zéolithe modifiée au Pt a un comportement typique d'un catalyseur d'oxydation, l'intégralité des composés carbonés (HC, CO,...) étant totalement convertie en CO2 à partir de 300°C. L'étude des caractéristiques d'adsorption/désorption des HC pour différentes structures zéolithiques a permis de montrer que la topologie ainsi que la force des sites acides sont également des paramètres déterminants pour le piégeage des HC. L'ensemble de ces résultats permet d'envisager l'utilisation de certaines des formulations testées pour une application "cold-start" / Currently, about 80% of the pollution from unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) is emitted during the cold-start period, for an approximate duration of 120 s. For Diesel vehicles, a promising approach might be to trap the HC onto an adsorbent below 200-250 °C, and then to oxidize them at higher temperatures over a conventional oxidation catalyst. However, few publications in the literature deal with the adsorption / desorption of a complex mixture of HC, especially in the presence of inhibitors. In this study, we tried to assess in which extent structural and chemical properties of zeolite adsorbents could affect the adsorption and desorption characteristics of a model mixture of HC (propene, toluene, decane) in the absence/presence of inhibitors (NOx, H2O, COx ..). For this purpose, three sets of tests were performed in order to measure the respective influences of: (i) the composition of the HC mixture (ternary/binary) and the presence of water on the HY zeolite (with the faujasite structure) for several Si/Al ratios; (ii) the incorporation of a metallic cation (Cu, Pt, Ce, Cs) in the HY zeolite (Si/Al = 5); (iii) the topology and porosity of protonated zeolite (FAU, BEA, MOR, MFI, FER, LTA structures). The textural, structural and chemical properties of the studied zeolites were systematically characterized by nitrogen porosimetry, XRD, FTIR / ATR, DRS-UV-Vis, FTIR of CO, NO and adsorbed pyridine. In general, the breakthrough curves obtained with different compositions indicate that the distribution of each HC is strongly affected by the presence of other compounds present simultaneously in the porous network. For protonated Y zeolites, low Si/Al ratios promote selectively the adsorption of unsaturated HC while the more hydrophobic zeolites (for higher Si/Al ratios) preferentially adsorb decane. Among the various tested inhibitors (CO, NOx, H2O), only water has a strong influence on the adsorption capacities at low Si/Al ratios, due to a competitive adsorption with HC on acid sites. The incorporation of metallic species in the HY-5 zeolite enhances the selectivity for the adsorption of unsaturated hydrocarbons and especially the light ones (propene). TPSR experiments under reactive atmosphere showed that the presence of new Lewis acid sites Cu+ and/or Cu2+ on an exchange site strongly improves the NOx reduction by pre-adsorbed HC. The impregnated Pt-zeolite has a typical behaviour of an oxidation catalyst, all of the carboneous compounds (HC, CO,...) being completely converted to CO2 from 300 °C. The study of adsorption/desorption characteristics of HC among different zeolitic structures show that the topology and the strength of acid sites are also critical for the HC trapping. All these results allow to consider using some of these tested formulations for a "cold-start" application
27

Hur många säljare ryms i ett säljteam? : En kvantitativ studie av sambandet mellan sammansättningen av extroverta individer och prestation inom mäklarteam

Salomonsson, Julia, Sjölin Sigebrant, Lukas January 2020 (has links)
No description available.
28

Analysis and Modelling of Soil CO2 Emissions Within Temperate Coniferous and Deciduous Forests

Ma, Yueqian 01 1900 (has links)
Climate change and extreme weather events have impacted global forest ecosystems’ ability to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide. In this study, the temporal and spatial dynamics of soil CO2 efflux or soil respiration (Rs) was measured in a temperate coniferous (TP74) and a deciduous forest (TPD) over a six-year period (2014 to 2019). Analysis of Rs trends showed a strong positive correlation with soil temperature (Ts) and soil moisture (SM) at TPD and TP74 causing large pulses of Rs. The average annual temperature sensitivity (Q10) was found to be 2.06 for TPD and 1.87 for TP74. Coherence analysis for both sites from 2017 to 2019 showed that in extreme weather events, TP74’s carbon pool was less stable than that of TPD. Dynamics of Rs at both forest sites was further analyzed using thirteen different Rs models (e.g. Ts only, SM only, Ts and SM models, neural network) to evaluate their performance in simulating observed patterns of soil CO2 effluxes. As compared to other models, the Gaussian – Gamma model consistently reproduced observed dynamics of Rs where on average 70% of variability in Rs was explained. This study showed that Ts and SM are key determinants of Rs in both forests. Models that incorporate the influence of SM on Rs and were able to better simulate Rs dynamics as compared to Ts only models. Results also suggest that coherence analysis can be utilized to understand temporal variations in Rs. The knowledge of environmental drivers of Rs can be used to determine the impact of climate change and extreme weather events on Rs and assist in developing ecosystem models. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)
29

Interactions of Additives on Surfaces via Temperature Programmed Desorption

Seeley, Marisa A. January 2017 (has links)
No description available.
30

CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES USING AN ALUMINUM/RARE EARTH SULFIDE BILAYER CATHODE

DRAVIAM, PHILIP R. 13 July 2005 (has links)
No description available.

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