RésuméLes kinésines sont des moteurs moléculaires impliqués dans le transport intracellulaire de nombreux cargos au sein de la cellule. Bien que la motilité des kinésines soit bien comprise, les mécanismes moléculaires à la base du recrutement des cargos le sont beaucoup moins.La kinésine1 joue divers rôles dans les cellules neuronales, où elle contribue à l’organisation spatiale et temporelle de nombreux composants cellulaires. Elle jouerait un rôle dans différentes pathologies neurologiques, comme la maladie d’Alzheimer. Comprendre comment la kinésine1 reconnaît et interagit avec ses cargos est important pour déterminer son rôle, ainsi que celui de ses cargos, au niveau du fonctionnement des cellules normales et pathologiques. La kinésine1 est un hétérotétramère constitué de deux chaînes lourdes (KHC) et de deux chaînes légères (KLC) toutes deux étant capables de recruter des protéines cargos. L’une des premières protéines cargos à avoir été identifiée est JIP1 (JNK-interacting protein 1) qui est, entre autres: (i) une protéine d’échafaudage pour la voie de signalisation des MAP kinases et (ii) une protéine adaptatrice pour le transport de la protéine précurseur de l’amyloïde (APP) responsable de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Dans les deux cas, JIP1 régule des processus critiques au niveau de la cellule, ce qui en fait une protéine intéressante à étudier. Des premières études ont permis de mieux comprendre comment JIP1 est recrutée et transportée par la kinésine1. Cependant, le détail de l’interaction entre KLC et JIP1 n’est pas encore complètement décrit et donc compris.Objectifs : Mon travail de doctorat vise à caractériser au niveau moléculaire l’interaction entre KLC et JIP1. Pour ce faire, j’avais pour objectifs : 1) de caractériser les domaines d’interaction des deux protéines seules, 2) d’étudier la formation du complexe en solution par des approches biophysiques et 3) de déterminer la structure 3D du complexe par cristallographie.Résultats : Dans un premier temps, j’ai caractérisé le domaine TPR de KLC seul en contribuant entre autres au développement d’une boite à outils moléculaires. J’ai aussi participé à la détermination de deux structures cristallographiques du domaine TPR de KLC1/2 permettant de mettre en évidence la plasticité structurale de la 1ère hélice de ce domaine (Nguyen et al, soumis). Dans un second temps, j’ai mis en place les conditions d’expression et de purification du domaine PTB de JIP1 et mener la caractérisation structurale de ce domaine en solution. Bien que ce domaine de JIP1 ne soit pas nécessaire pour l’interaction avec KLC, j’ai pu étudier l’impact de sa présence au niveau du recrutement par KLC. Finalement, j’ai caractérisé le recrutement de JIP1 par KLC en confirmant tout d’abord un certain nombre d’information sur l’interaction entre le domaine TPR de KLC et la région C-terminale (Cter) de JIP1 au niveau moléculaire. Les nombreux essais de cristallisation que j’ai menés n’ont pas permis d’obtenir des cristaux du complexe KLC:JIP1. J’ai cependant pu cartographier de façon précise la zone d’interaction de JIP1-Cter avec le domaine TPR de KLC en employant les différents outils de KLC disponibles pour déterminer par calorimétrie leur affinité avec JIP1-Cter (Nguyen et al., en préparation).Conclusion : Ainsi, mon travail de doctorat a permis de mieux comprendre 1) la versatilité structurale du domaine TPR de KLC, 2) l’impact du domaine PTB de JIP1 pour son recrutement par KLC et 3) le mode d’interaction de JIP1 par KLC. Sur la base de ces données, je discuterai les bases structurales du mode d’interaction de KLC avec JIP1 et le comparerai à celui de KLC avec les cargos à motif WD, comme SKIP et Alcadéine-α. / AbstractKinesins are molecular motors involved in the intracellular transport of many cargos within the cell. Although the motility of kinesins is well understood, the molecular mechanisms underlying cargo recruitment are much less so.Kinesin1 plays various roles in neuronal cells, where it contributes to the spatial and temporal organization of many cellular components. It would play a role in various neurological pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease. Understanding how kinesin1 recognizes and interacts with its cargos is important to decorticate its role, as well as that of its cargos, in normal and pathological cells. Kinesin1 is a heterotetramer consisting of two heavy chains (KHC) and two light chains (KLC), both of which are capable of recruiting cargo proteins. One of the first cargo proteins to have been identified is JIP1 (JNK-interacting protein 1) which is: (i) a scaffold protein for the signaling pathway of MAP kinases and (ii) an adaptor protein for transporting amyloid precursor protein (APP) responsible for Alzheimer's disease. In both cases, JIP1 regulates critical processes at the cell level, making it an interesting protein to study. Early studies have led to a better understanding of how JIP1 is recruited and transported by kinesin1. However, the detail of the interaction between KLC and JIP1 is not yet fully described and therefore understood.Objectives: My doctoral work aims at characterizing at the molecular level the interaction between KLC and JIP1. To do this, I had the following objectives: 1) to characterize the interaction domains of the two proteins alone, 2) to study the formation of the complex in solution by biophysical approaches, and 3) to determine the 3D structure of the complex by crystallography.Results: Initially, I characterized the TPR domain of KLC alone, contributing among others to the development of a molecular toolbox. I also participated in the determination of two crystallographic structures of the TPR domain of KLC1/2 that highlights the structural plasticity of the first helix of this domain (Nguyen et al, submitted). In a second step, I set up the conditions for the expression and purification of the PTB domain of JIP1 and carry out the structural characterization of this domain in solution. Although this domain of JIP1 is not necessary for interaction with KLC, I studied the impact of its presence on recruitment by KLC. Finally, I characterized the recruitment of JIP1 by KLC by confirming a number of information on the interaction between the KLC-TPR and the C-terminal region (Cter) of JIP1 at the molecular level. The numerous crystallization tests that I carried out did not make it possible to obtain crystals of the KLC: JIP1 complex. However, I was able to precisely map the interaction zone of JIP1-Cter with the KLC-TPR domain using the various KLC tools available by determining by ITC their affinity with JIP1-Cter (Nguyen et al., In preparation ).Conclusion: Thus, my PhD work allowed to better understand 1) the structural versatility of the KLC-TPR domain, 2) the impact of the JIP1-PTB domain for its KLC recruitment, and 3) the interaction mode of JIP1 by KLC . On the basis of these data, I will discuss the structural basis of the mode of binding of KLC with JIP1 and compare it with that of KLC with WD-motif cargo, such as SKIP and Alcadein-α.

The tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motif contains 34 amino acids forming a helix-turn-helix structure. Different numbers of tandem TPR motifs assemble to form a TPR domain, thereby generating a polypeptide-binding interaction surface. The TPR domain provides a scaffold for mediating protein-protein interactions. Proteins that contain TPR domains exist in a broad range of organisms. These proteins have various functions. Cyclophilin 40 (Cyp40) and C-terminal Hsc70 interaction protein (CHIP) are two typical members of the family of TPR-containing proteins. Both proteins have the ability to bind the molecular chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90. In most cases, TPR domains act as a scaffold to link chaperone and substrate or multi-protein complexes. Recent evidence suggests that Hsp90 binding to TPR domains can change the overall protein conformation but the allosteric mechanism triggered by ligand binding to the TPR domain remained unknown. This study focuses on using biophysical methods on the two TPR domain containing proteins Cyp40 and CHIP. In particular, this study reveals how the binding of the molecular chaperones Hsp70/90 to the TPR domains of Cyp40 and CHIP influences protein conformation and function. Here we show how conformational changes of the TPR domains affect structure and activity of Cyp40 and CHIP. By using biophysical methods, including thermal denaturation assay (TDA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hydrogen deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), together with enzymatic assays, we showed that (1) heat shock proteins allosterically affect the enzyme activity of both Cyp40 and CHIP, (2) heat shock proteins bind to the TPR domains of both Cyp40 and CHIP; (3) the binding increases the thermostability of both proteins. Further, by mutating an essential lysine in the TPR1 domain of both proteins (K30 for CHIP, and K227 for Cyp40) to alanine, the thermostability was significantly affected. The SAXS data showed in addition of the SRMEEVD peptide reduced the flexibility of CHIP. HDX-MS experiments suggest that the dynamic alteration due to binding with the Hsp90 peptide or the mutations further reduce the flexibility of the catalytic domains of both proteins. The results imply that the allosteric effects on the enzymatic activity are consequences of dynamic changes of the TPR domains. Hsp70 was also found to bind less tightly to CHIP-K30A than to wild-type CHIP, and thus showed less inhibition of enzymatic activity. These results further confirmed the discovery, that the dynamics of TPR domains allosterically affect enzymatic activity.

The heat-shock response is one of the many complex physiological systems that organisms have developed in order to protect their cells against stress. This response is initiated by the binding of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) to the promoters of genes containing heat-shock elements (HSEs,) which results in the expression of several proteins, among them the proteo-protective inducible heat-shock protein (hsp70i). Due to HSF1s critical role in this process, an active area of research is trying to understand of how HSF1 executes its function. Considering the rapidity with which the field of cell biology is expanding, in particular the sub-field of nuclear compartmentalization, this study seeks to understand how nuclear structure affects the function of HSF1. Specifically, this study investigates the potential role for the interaction between HSF1 and the translocated promoter region protein (Tpr,) a structural component of the nuclear pore, an interaction initially identified by yeast two-hybrid analysis, in the transcription of hsp70i. Due to Tprs location and its putative function in nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking, this works seeks to answer to the question, Does Tpr play a role in the export of HSF1-driven mRNAs? In a similar vein, heat-shock transcription factor 2 (HSF2,) a less well-understood member of the heat-shock transcription factor family, also interacts with Tpr in the yeast two-hybrid assay. HSF2 has recently been shown to have an active role during mitosis, when the hsp70i gene is being bookmarked for potential expression that might be needed in early G1, when most genes are unable to be expressed. This body of work also seeks to answer the question of, Does the Tpr/HSF2 interaction have a role in positioning the gene in relation to the nuclear pore after mitosis? This study was performed using both novel and standard in vivo and in vitro molecular biology techniques. It ultimately aims to clarify the less understood, although much broader, subject of how does transcription occur in the three-dimensional space of the nucleus.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--Regis University, Denver, Colo., 2006. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Aug. 29, 2006). Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

The splicing of pre-mRNA transcripts is catalyzed by a huge and dynamic machinery called spliceosome. The spliceosomal complex consists of five small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particles and hundreds of non-snRNP proteins. Biogenesis of spliceosomal snRNPs is a multi-step process, the final steps of which take place in a specialized sub-nuclear compartment, the Cajal body. However, molecular details of snRNP targeting to the Cajal body remain mostly unclear. Our previous results revealed that SART3 protein is important for accumulation of U4, U5 and U6 snRNPs in Cajal bodies, but how SART3 binds snRNP particles is elusive. SART3 has been identified as a U6 snRNP interaction partner and U4/U6 di-snRNP assembly factor. Here, we show that SART3 interacts with U2 snRNP as well, and that it binds specifically immature U2 particles. Next, we provide evidence that SART3 associates with U2 snRNP via Sm proteins, which are components of the stable snRNP core and are present in four out of five major snRNPs (i.e. in U1, U2, U4 and U5). We propose that the interaction between SART3 and Sm proteins represents a general SART3-snRNP binding mechanism, how SART3 recognizes immature snRNPs and quality controls the snRNP assembly process in Cajal bodies.

This diploma thesis deals with the use of the TPR method (Total Physical Response) where the principle is a student who does not speak, only reacts nonverbally to verbal instructions given by a teacher e.g. by moving, drawing, colouring. This method is based on a similarity with learning the mother tongue. The work is divided into a theoretical part consisting of the theoretical background of the given method and the comparison with the process of learning the mother tongue, and a practical part which contains a research survey about the knowledge of using the TPR method at a particular primary school, it also contains general typology of TPR activities and specific examples and an analysis to each type of an activity.

Det som skiljer kursplanen för engelska från övriga kärnämnen är en avsaknad av kunskapskrav för årskurs 3. Kunskapskraven för engelskämnet återfinns inte förrän i årskurs 6. Vi har uppmärksammat att barn i allt lägre åldrar visar på en förståelse för det engelska språket och denna studie syftar till att bidra med fördjupad kunskap kring elevers ordförståelse i engelskämnet. Vår ambition är inte att finna det generella utan synliggöra några slumpmässigt utvalda elevers individuella ordförståelse. För att besvara studiens syfte har en lärandeaktivitet genomförts där observationer och semistrukturerade intervjuer synliggjort elevernas kunskaper. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för studien är Piagets kognitiva teori med inslag av Glasersfelds radikala konstruktivism. Insamlade data analyseras utifrån samma teoretiska perspektiv och resultatet bidrar med fördjupad kunskap om att förskoleklasselever besitter ordkunskaper i engelska om vanligt förekommande djur, frukter och färger. Dessa är områden som är välbekanta för eleverna och beskrivs i läroplanen där de ingår i det centrala innehållet för åk 1-3 (Skolverket, 2018c).

In organometallic study, activation of C-F bond is an interesting subject, especially in fluoro-substituted propyl groups, because of their different reactivityn from fluoro-substituted methyl and ethyl groups. In this thesis, fluorinated propyl groups were studied on a Cu(111) surface under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. We have examined the kinetics of the £]-elimination reaction in CF3CF2CH2-Cu, CHF2CF2CH2-Cu, and CF3CH2CH2-Cu. These species all decompose via £]-elimination to give CF3CF=CH2, CHF2CF=CH2, and CF3CH=CH2. The first two species undergo £]-fluoride elimination and the third one undergoes £]-hydride elimination. The difference in activation energies between the first two accounts for the charge separation (R-C£]+£_¡KF−£_¡KM+£_) in the transition state proposed by Gellman. The activation energies for £]-hydride elimination (CF3CH2CH2-Cu) and £]-fluoride elimination (CF3CF2CH2-Cu) was also compared. The activation energy for £]-fluoride elimination is found to be lower than that of £]-hydride elimination. In the studies of reaction pathways for perfluoropropyl groups (n-C3F7-Cu and i-C3F7-Cu) on Cu(111), we discovered novel chemistry in TPD. n-C3F7-Cu undergoes Cu-C homolytic cleavage (radical desorption) at 340 K, whereas i-C3F7-Cu eliminates the £]-fluorine at 365 K. By changing the Cu-C bond length in the i-C3F7-5Cu models their IR spectra was calculated. We discover that the IR of i-C3F7-5Cu with shorter Cu-C bond (1.728Å) is more similar to the experimental IR spectra. That demonstrates the bond strength of Cu-C bond of i-C3F7-Cu is too strong to undergo Cu-C homolytic cleavage at 340 K. Hence, £]-F decomposition becomes the favorite pathway to i-C3F7-Cu because there are more £]-F atoms available in this moiety.

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