Upper Palaeolithic cave art research has tended to focus on the images themselves, rather than the physical and social circumstances of their production. This dissertation explores and develops new practice-based ways of investigating cave art. A method analysing features of the cave environment, such as light, space and accessibility, internal conditions etc., and how these relate to traces of human activity, is developed and applied to three decorated caves from Upper Palaeolithic in southern France: Marsoulas (Haute-Garonne), Chauvet (Ardèche) and Rouffignac (Périgord). New insights are suggested into the underlying practice of cave art and its significance in Upper Palaeolithic societies. / La recherche l’art rupestre Paléolithique supérieur a eu tendance à se focaliser sur les images elles-mêmes, plutôt que les circonstances physiques et sociales de leur production. Cette dissertation explore et développe des nouvelles formes d’investigation de l’art rupestre basées sur la pratique. Une méthode pour analyser des caractéristiques de l’environnement de la grotte, comme la lumière, l’espace et l’accessibilité, des conditions internes etc., et comment ceux-ci sont associés à des traces de l’activité humaine, est développée et appliquée à trois grottes de l’époque Paléolithique supérieur dans le sud de France: Marsoulas (Haute-Garonne), Chauvet (Ardèche) et Rouffignac (Périgord). Une nouvelle vision est suggérée pour la pratique sous-jacente de l’art rupestre et son importance dans les sociétés paléolithiques.

Th. univ.--Rennes 1, 1997. / En annexe, choix de textes en anglais. Bibliogr. p. 205-214. Résumé.

Les sédiments de surface du Golfe du Morbihan et de la Baie de Quiberon ont été analysés afin d’évaluer les éléments traces métalliques (ETMs), leur comportement, les processus qui contrôlent leur distribution spatiale, leur spéciation, leur réactivité et leur biodisponibilité. Les potentielles sources métalliques ont été recherchées à partir de l’analyse des sédiments des ports à proximité et des sédiments du bassin versant. Les analyses ont été faites sur la fraction inférieure à 63 µm des sédiments collectés en Avril 2013. Les concentrations totales et la spéciation des ETMs ont été obtenues à partir des attaques totales et sélectives, respectivement. L’enrichissement en Zn, Cu, Cd et Pb a été mis en évidence dans les sédiments de surface du Golfe du Morbihan. De même, la labilité et la biodisponibilité du Pb ont été montrées dans les sédiments de la Baie de Quiberon. Le comportement des ETMs dans les sédiments de la côte morbihannaise est principalement contrôlé par le gradient terre/mer. Cependant, les ports et les rivières constituent des sources d’ETMs, principalement de Cu et Zn. / Surface sediments in the Gulf of Morbihan and the Bay of Quiberon were analyzed in order to characterize the trace metals elements, their behavior, the processes that control their spatial distribution, their speciation, reactivity and bioavailability. Potential sources of metals were looked for, based on the analysis of nearby harbors and river basin’s sediments. The analyses were done on the fraction below 63 µm of the sediments collected in April 2013. MTEs total concentration and speciation were obtained from total and selective attacks, respectively.The enrichment of Zn, Cu, Cd et Pb was identified in the surface sediments of the Gulf of Morbihan. Pb lability and bioavailability were shown in the sediments of the Bay of Quiberon. The MTEs behavior of the Morbihan’s coast is mostly controlled by the land-sea gradient. However, harbors and rivers form sources of ETMs, principally of Cu and Zn.

A presente dissertação origina-se de uma questão clínica a propósito do consumo de drogas na toxicomania servir de lenitivo para a angústia. Em vista disso, procura-se percorrer as vicissitudes do conceito de angústia nas obras de Freud e Lacan concomitante ao desenvolvimento do que ambos os autores falaram a respeito da função psíquica do recurso tóxico. Questiona-se o protagonismo conferido à substância tóxica na contemporaneidade como determinante para a instauração da toxicomania. Procura-se investigar em que medida a herança da psicanálise com a neurologia poderia oferecer dificuldades ao pesquisador psicanalítico na construção de suas elaborações a propósito da toxicomania. Logo em seguida, desenvolve-se a noção freudiana da indissociabilidade entre sensação e associação de forma que a interferência da droga sobre as condições de sensibilidade ultrapassa em grande medida sua influência, apenas, sobre um corpo-organismo.Busca-se apresentar e tecer alguns questionamentos acerca de elaborações de autores psicanalíticos a propósito da toxicomania. Para, por conseguinte, introduzir uma primeira articulação para a hipótese a respeito da qual o elemento de toxidade inerente à prática da droga produz um efeito de rasura sobre uma escrita composta de traços, a escrita psíquica. Escrita essa passível de leitura através das formações do inconsciente, todavia, não sem se opor ou oferecer resistência a sua decifração, a ponto de tornar impossível uma interpretação definitiva ou inequívoca. / The dissertation hereby arises from a clinic question regarding the drug usage in toxicomania used as a lenitive to anguish. With this is mind, it is intended to show the vicissitues of the concept of anguish in the work of Freud and Lacan, concurrent to what the both authors developed about the psychic function of the toxic. It is also questioned the role given to the toxic in contemporary society as the determinant to the establishment of addiction. It seeks to investigate to which extent the neurological psychoanalytic heritage can offer difficulties to the psychoanalytic researcher in the construction of addiction knowledge. After that, it is developed the Freudian notion of inseparability between feeling and association, in which the drug effect goes significantly beyond its influence on the body-organism. It seeks to present and to formulate some questions about the elaborations on addiction made by some psychoanalytic authors. With this, it is introduced one first articulation to the hypothesis on which the toxic element of the drug usage produces an effect of deletion on the writing composed by traces, the psychic writing. This writing is readable through the unconcious formation, however, not without opposition or resistance to its decipherment, to a level of becoming impossible an definitive or unequivocal interpretation.

A presente dissertação origina-se de uma questão clínica a propósito do consumo de drogas na toxicomania servir de lenitivo para a angústia. Em vista disso, procura-se percorrer as vicissitudes do conceito de angústia nas obras de Freud e Lacan concomitante ao desenvolvimento do que ambos os autores falaram a respeito da função psíquica do recurso tóxico. Questiona-se o protagonismo conferido à substância tóxica na contemporaneidade como determinante para a instauração da toxicomania. Procura-se investigar em que medida a herança da psicanálise com a neurologia poderia oferecer dificuldades ao pesquisador psicanalítico na construção de suas elaborações a propósito da toxicomania. Logo em seguida, desenvolve-se a noção freudiana da indissociabilidade entre sensação e associação de forma que a interferência da droga sobre as condições de sensibilidade ultrapassa em grande medida sua influência, apenas, sobre um corpo-organismo.Busca-se apresentar e tecer alguns questionamentos acerca de elaborações de autores psicanalíticos a propósito da toxicomania. Para, por conseguinte, introduzir uma primeira articulação para a hipótese a respeito da qual o elemento de toxidade inerente à prática da droga produz um efeito de rasura sobre uma escrita composta de traços, a escrita psíquica. Escrita essa passível de leitura através das formações do inconsciente, todavia, não sem se opor ou oferecer resistência a sua decifração, a ponto de tornar impossível uma interpretação definitiva ou inequívoca. / The dissertation hereby arises from a clinic question regarding the drug usage in toxicomania used as a lenitive to anguish. With this is mind, it is intended to show the vicissitues of the concept of anguish in the work of Freud and Lacan, concurrent to what the both authors developed about the psychic function of the toxic. It is also questioned the role given to the toxic in contemporary society as the determinant to the establishment of addiction. It seeks to investigate to which extent the neurological psychoanalytic heritage can offer difficulties to the psychoanalytic researcher in the construction of addiction knowledge. After that, it is developed the Freudian notion of inseparability between feeling and association, in which the drug effect goes significantly beyond its influence on the body-organism. It seeks to present and to formulate some questions about the elaborations on addiction made by some psychoanalytic authors. With this, it is introduced one first articulation to the hypothesis on which the toxic element of the drug usage produces an effect of deletion on the writing composed by traces, the psychic writing. This writing is readable through the unconcious formation, however, not without opposition or resistance to its decipherment, to a level of becoming impossible an definitive or unequivocal interpretation.

Les fontes de fer sont des matériaux largement utilisés dans de nombreux domaines allant de l’industrie automobile au secteur de l’énergie en passant par la fabrication des tuyaux d’adduction d’eau. Du fait de la teneur en carbone élevée de ces alliages, du graphite et/ou des carbures de fer précipitent pendant la solidification. Les propriétés finales des pièces dépendent alors de la nature de la matrice, de la présence ou non de carbures et surtout de la forme du graphite. Celui-ci peut cristalliser sous la forme de lamelles, de sphères ou de particules de formes intermédiaires. Les éléments présents à l’état de traces dans le bain de fonte liquide influencent de manière considérable la croissance du graphite et conditionnent sa forme finale. Leur moyen d’action ainsi que le mécanisme de croissance du graphite sphéroïdal sont encore un sujet de débat et cette thèse a pour objectif de contribuer à la compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu. Les échantillons utilisés ont été élaborés selon le procédé de coulée par centrifugation, son influence sur les mécanismes étudiés est d’ailleurs au cœur de ce projet. Les différents essais et analyses réalisés prouvent que la structure des nodules observés dans les échantillons centrifugés est la même que dans le cas des pièces moulées en sable. De plus, les éléments traces montrent une action similaire lors de la solidification et pendant la croissance en phase solide durant le traitement thermique destiné à éliminer les carbures. Ces résultats suggèrent que le mécanisme de croissance du graphite sphéroïdal est le même lors de la croissance à partir du liquide ou en phase solide par décomposition des carbures. Une proposition est d’ailleurs faite pour expliquer le développement des nodules par une germination continue du graphite sur les plans de base conjuguée à une croissance selon les directions prismatiques. Un modèle mathématique associé à ce mécanisme est présenté et son application au procédé de centrifugation donne des résultats en accord avec les observations expérimentales.

A presente dissertação origina-se de uma questão clínica a propósito do consumo de drogas na toxicomania servir de lenitivo para a angústia. Em vista disso, procura-se percorrer as vicissitudes do conceito de angústia nas obras de Freud e Lacan concomitante ao desenvolvimento do que ambos os autores falaram a respeito da função psíquica do recurso tóxico. Questiona-se o protagonismo conferido à substância tóxica na contemporaneidade como determinante para a instauração da toxicomania. Procura-se investigar em que medida a herança da psicanálise com a neurologia poderia oferecer dificuldades ao pesquisador psicanalítico na construção de suas elaborações a propósito da toxicomania. Logo em seguida, desenvolve-se a noção freudiana da indissociabilidade entre sensação e associação de forma que a interferência da droga sobre as condições de sensibilidade ultrapassa em grande medida sua influência, apenas, sobre um corpo-organismo.Busca-se apresentar e tecer alguns questionamentos acerca de elaborações de autores psicanalíticos a propósito da toxicomania. Para, por conseguinte, introduzir uma primeira articulação para a hipótese a respeito da qual o elemento de toxidade inerente à prática da droga produz um efeito de rasura sobre uma escrita composta de traços, a escrita psíquica. Escrita essa passível de leitura através das formações do inconsciente, todavia, não sem se opor ou oferecer resistência a sua decifração, a ponto de tornar impossível uma interpretação definitiva ou inequívoca. / The dissertation hereby arises from a clinic question regarding the drug usage in toxicomania used as a lenitive to anguish. With this is mind, it is intended to show the vicissitues of the concept of anguish in the work of Freud and Lacan, concurrent to what the both authors developed about the psychic function of the toxic. It is also questioned the role given to the toxic in contemporary society as the determinant to the establishment of addiction. It seeks to investigate to which extent the neurological psychoanalytic heritage can offer difficulties to the psychoanalytic researcher in the construction of addiction knowledge. After that, it is developed the Freudian notion of inseparability between feeling and association, in which the drug effect goes significantly beyond its influence on the body-organism. It seeks to present and to formulate some questions about the elaborations on addiction made by some psychoanalytic authors. With this, it is introduced one first articulation to the hypothesis on which the toxic element of the drug usage produces an effect of deletion on the writing composed by traces, the psychic writing. This writing is readable through the unconcious formation, however, not without opposition or resistance to its decipherment, to a level of becoming impossible an definitive or unequivocal interpretation.

La progression de l'informatique dans nos vies s'accompagne de processus de production et de rétention massive de traces. Cette recherche avance l'hypothèse que l'être humain contemporain de l'informatique devenue diffuse fait dans son milieu technique l'épreuve d'un choc. Cette notion, entendue au sens que lui donna Walter Benjamin dans les années 1930, fait référence à la généralisation d'un décalage entre l'expérience vécue et l'expérience réelle. Sur le plan théorique et pratique, il s'agit de considérer la littérature comme une ressource pour donner demeure à ce qui reste inaperçu dans la fréquentation courante de l'informatique, afin de rendre l'expérience qui en est faite communicable. Qu'est ce que l'informatique fait à la littérature? Une pratique d'écriture contemporaine de l'informatique implique-t-elle nécessairement le recours aux nouvelles technologies ? L'analyse d'un corpus d'oeuvres hétérogène mettra en évidence différentes manières de concevoir les relations entre la littérature et l'informatique : l'informatique comme thème, l'informatique comme outil, et l'informatique comme matière ou matrice pour le texte littéraire. Face à l'éparpillement des données et la multiplication des sollicitations, des modalités de l'attention particulières sont à chercher. Il s'agira, compte tenu de ces différentes approches, de considérer certains principes formels de l'informatique (discrétisation, fragmentation, montage, agrégation, compilation, corrélation, etc.) et de les coupler à des principes d'écriture susceptibles de manifester le fait même de l'informatique. Cette tentative littéraire, attenante à la recherche, se présentera sous la forme de deux textes imprimés sur deux volumes distincts présentés en supplément de la thèse / The increased presence of information technology in our lives goes along with a process of massive production and retention of marks. This research puts forth the hypothesis according to which human beings contemporary to widespread information technology experience a shock in their technical environment. This notion, viewed in the sense that Walter Benjamin introduced in the 1930s, refers to the generalisation of a discrepancy between the experience that has been lived and the actual experience. From a theoretical and a practical point of view, literature shall be considered as a resource to bring to light what goes unnoticed to the common use of information technology, in order to give evidence for the experience that is indeed expressible. What does information technology do to literature ? Does a writing practice that is contemporary to information technology necessarily imply having recourse to new technology ? The analysis of a hetereogenous corpus of works will help highlight a variety of ways to consider the relationships between literature and information technology : information technology as a theme, (information technology) as a tool, and (information technology) as a material or matrix for the literary work. Faced with the scattering of data and proliferation of solicitations, specic modes of attention are to be looked for. Taking into consideration these different approaches, some formal principles of information technology (discretisation, fragmentation, montage, aggregation, compilation, correlation, etc.) shall be dealt with and coupled with writing principles that are likeley to express information technology itself. This literary attempt, contiguous to the research, shall take the form of two texts printed on two separate volumes, presented as a supplement to the thesis

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MSc (Water Utilization))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

The generated HTTP traffic of users' interactions with a Web application can be logged for further analysis. In this thesis, we present the ``Session Reconstruction'' problem that is the reconstruction of user interactions from recorded request/response logs of a session. The reconstruction is especially useful when the only available information about the session is its HTTP trace, as could be the case during a forensic analysis of an attack on a website. New Web technologies such as AJAX and DOM manipulation have provided more responsive and smoother Web applications, sometimes called ``Rich Internet Applications''(RIAs). Despite the benefits of RIAs, the previous session reconstruction methods for traditional Web applications are not effective anymore. Recovering information from a log in RIAs is significantly more challenging as compared with classical Web applications, because the HTTP traffic contains often only application data and no obvious clues about what the user did to trigger that traffic. This thesis studies applying different techniques for efficient reconstruction of RIA sessions. We define the problem in the context of the client/server applications, and propose a solution for it. We present different algorithms to make the session reconstruction possible in practice: learning mechanisms to guide the session reconstruction process efficiently, techniques for recovering user-inputs and handling client-side randomness, and also algorithms for detections of actions that do not generate any HTTP traffic. In addition, to further reduce the session reconstruction time, we propose a distributed architecture to concurrently reconstruct a RIA session over several nodes. To measure the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms, a prototype called D-ForenRIA is implemented. The prototype is made of a proxy and a set of browsers. Browsers are responsible for trying candidate actions on each state, and the proxy, which contains the observed HTTP trace, is responsible for responding to browsers' requests and validating attempted actions on each state. We have used this tool to measure the effectiveness of the proposed techniques during session reconstruction process. The results of our evaluation on several RIAs show that the proposed solution can efficiently reconstruct use-sessions in practice.