O tempo de espera para obtenção de órgão para transplante constitui-se num grande problema na área da saúde em todo o mundo. O número de doadores voluntários não cresce na mesma medida da necessidade de órgãos. Diante deste quadro, surgiu um mercado ilícito de órgãos, em que os compradores e intermediadores se dirigirem aos países onde há uma porcentagem grande de população vulnerável, objetivando adquirir órgãos de indivíduos vivos, mediante pagamento. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa buscou avaliar e comparar as percepções de profissionais de saúde e da população em geral com relação à forma de obtenção dos órgãos, em especial a abordagem de mercado, e comparar a opção desinteressada com outra opção, que tem a percepção do envolvimento da necessidade pessoal ou familiar para obter órgãos com o fim de transplante, utilizando a abordagem de mercado. Para atender aos objetivos deste estudo foi elaborado um questionário para coletar a opinião dos participantes. Sua distribuição foi realizada pessoalmente, de forma aleatória, e também foi elaborada uma versão eletrônica que foi divulgada via página no facebook, criada exclusivamente para este fim. A análise das respostas obtidas foram discutidas ao nível de 5% de significância e consideradas significativas quando o valor de p foi < 0,05. Ao todo, 692 pessoas participaram da pesquisa. Foi identificado que na categoria do profissional de saúde há maior tendência do que entre aqueles que não são profissionais da saúde em discordar dos incentivos indiretos relacionados com a redução de impostos e licença remunerada de 30 dias. Estas foram as únicas associações significativas ligadas aos profissionais da saúde no estudo. A maioria dos participantes (80,1%) concordou que a doação de órgãos deve ser um ato desinteressado e estritamente solidário. Por outro lado, 52% acredita que o mercado poderia ser um sistema justo e benéfico para todos, visando ampliar a possibilidade de realização de transplantes. Em uma situação extrema, de carência absoluta de órgãos, 54,9% dos participantes indicaram que pagariam por um órgão para salvar a sua vida ou a vida de algum familiar. Nesta questão, 24,1% discordaram e 20,2% indicaram que não possuem opinião sobre o assunto. / Waiting in aqueue for obtaining organ transplant constitutes a major problem in healthcare worldwide. The numbers of voluntary donors do not grow to the same extent of the need for organs. Given this situation, there was an illicit market for organs, in which buyers and intermediaries to address the countries where there is a large percentage of low-income population, aiming to acquire organs from living individuals, through payment. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate and compare the perceptions of health professionals and the general public regarding the method of obtaining the organs, especially the market approach and compare the disinterested option with another option, which has the perception of involvement personal or family need for organs for the purpose of transplantation, using the market approach. To meet the objectives of this study, a questionnaire was developed to collect the opinions of participants. Its distribution was held personally randomly and was also prepared an electronic version of the questionnaire was disseminated via facebook page created solely for this purpose. The analysis of the responses were discussed at 5% significance and considered significant when the p value was <0.05. In all, 692 people participated in the survey. It was identified that the health professional category there are more likely than among those who are not health professionals to disagree on the indirect incentives related to the reduction of taxes and paid leave of 30 days for those who make donations. These were the only significant associations related to health professionals throughout the study. Most participants (80.1%) indicated that agree that organ donation must be a disinterested and strictly act of solidarity. On the other hand, 52% believe that the market for organs could be fair and beneficial system for all in order to extend the possibility of performing transplants. In an extreme situation, absolute shortage of organs, 54.9% of respondents indicated they would pay for an organ to save your life or the life of a family member. On the same question, 24.1% disagreed and 20.2% indicated that they have no opinion on the matter.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Apesar dos inúmeros grupos de pesquisa de todo o mundo investigando o câncer, esta doença tem se ampliado significativamente. No caso do câncer de ovário, a despeito dos notáveis avanços observados nos tratamentos atuais, um desafio persiste: a incapacidade da preservação de oócitos em tratamento com quimioterapia, radioterapia e/ou cirurgia, nos quais são freqüentes os efeitos colaterais tais como a perda folicular, a infertilidade, a menopausa precoce e as falências ovarianas pós-quimioterapia, decorrentes da irradiação e pós-cirurgia. Neste sentido, o transplante de tecido ovariano pode representar uma alternativa na recuperação da capacidade fértil da mulher, bem como uma terapia de reposição hormonal após tratamento. No presente estudo, foram utilizadas linhagens de camundongos para avaliar a viabilidade do transplante ovariano antes e após a irradiação, como alternativa para a restauração das funções reprodutivas. Para tanto, fêmeas das linhagens isogênicas C57BL/6/Unib e híbridas B6CF1/Unib, foram acasaladas com machos da linhagem C57BL/6/Unib, empregandose diferentes protocolos com fêmeas submetidas ou não aos efeitos da radiação gama de Co-60 nas doses de 4 Gy e 6 Gy. Os resultados demonstram que a transferência ovariana restabeleceu a capacidade reprodutiva dos animais para níveis muito próximos dos normais; que o tamanho médio da ninhada, não revelou diferenças significativas após a transferência ovariana; que os fragmentos do ovário da receptora permanecem funcionais em períodos próximos pós à irradiação com 4 Gy e 6 Gy e que a irradiação nas doses de 4 Gy e 6 Gy destroem as células germinativas comprometendo a reprodução. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A membrana amniótica é a camada interna das membranas fetais (placenta), amplamente utilizada em transplantes por ser um tecido que combina propriedades anti-inflamatórias, antimicrobianas e antifibróticas, além da limitada capacidade de provocar reações imunológicas. O uso da membrana fresca tem algumas limitações, como a necessidade de rápida utilização e a impossibilidade de obter total segurança diante de certas infecções. Qualquer tecido biológico utilizado para transplante deve ser estéril. A radioesterilização é uma alternativa para garantir a qualidade e segurança dos tecidos usados em transplantes e outras aplicações clínicas, a fim de minimizar os riscos de contaminação do receptor do tecido, porém a mesma pode causar alterações indesejáveis no tecido. No presente trabalho, foram testadas doses de 10, 15, 25 e 35 kGy, utilizando duas fontes de radiação ionizante: raios gama proveniente de fonte de Cobalto-60 e feixe de elétrons. Na análise qualitativa visual e táctil foi observado que, nas doses mais elevadas (a partir de 25 kGy) para ambas as fontes de radiação, as membranas irradiadas sofreram maior alteração de cor, tornando-se mais amareladas e com diminuição da elasticidade, deixando-as mais rígidas. A colorimetria sólida possibilitou minimizar a subjetividade da análise visual e a microscopia óptica foi essencial para avaliar as alterações histológicas comprovando, respectivamente, que a alteração de cor da membrana e o grau de degradação das camadas subjacentes do tecido tem relação direta com a dose de radiação empregada. Desse modo, as doses de 10-35 kGy podem ser aplicadas nas membranas amnióticas para sua utilização como bandagem biológica, porém, para as doses a partir de 25 kGy deve-se levar em consideração a alteração de coloração e condensação das camadas da membrana se estas forem destinadas para o uso oftálmico ou como substrato transportador para transplante de tecido cultivado in vitro. Com as técnicas de OCT, TG e ensaio de tração não foi possível avaliar as alterações biomecânicas encontradas na análise qualitativa, nas condições experimentais realizadas devido aos desvios-padrão obtidos para as cinco membranas testadas. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen concentration on the production and quality of strawberry bare root transplants and runner tips in a soilless growing system using sand as substrate. Stock plants were planted on September 13th, 2007. Transplants were harvested on February 18th, 2008. Treatments were nitrogen concentrations in the nutrient solution of 8, 11, 14 and 17 mmol L-1. The experiment was a completely randomized design with three replications of 3.6m2 plots. Number and crown diameter of bare root transplants and number of runner tips were evaluated at harvesting. Number of bare root transplants and runner tips was not affected by N concentration in the nutrient solution. An average of 339 bare root transplants and 836 runner tips were harvest per stock plant. Crown diameter of bare root transplants decreased linearly with the increase in N concentration of the nutrient solution. It was concluded that in this soilless cropping system the increase in N concentration in the nutrient solution does not affect the number of strawberry bare root transplants and runner tips, but the crown diameter of bare root transplants is reduced. The N concentration of 8 mmol L-1 may be used for crop propagation in this growing system. / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da concentração de nitrogênio na produção e na qualidade de mudas de raízes nuas e pontas de estolões de morangueiro no cultivo sem solo empregando areia como substrato. O plantio das matrizes foi realizado em 13 de setembro de 2007 e a colheita das mudas em 18 de fevereiro de 2008. Os tratamentos foram quatro concentrações de N na solução nutritiva de 8, 11, 14 e 17 mmol L-1. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições de 3,6m2. No momento da colheita foi determinado o número e o diâmetro da coroa das mudas de raízes nuas e o número de pontas de estolões. As concentrações de N não afetaram o número de mudas e de pontas de estolões, cujas médias foram de 339 e 836, respectivamente. O diâmetro da coroa das mudas de raízes nuas diminuiu linearmente com o aumento da concentração de N. Concluiu-se que o aumento da concentração de N na solução nutritiva nesse sistema de cultivo sem solo não afeta o número de mudas de raízes nuas e nem de pontas de estolões, mas reduz o diâmetro da coroa das mudas de raízes nuas de morangueiro. A concentração de 8 mmol.L-1 de N pode ser empregada para fins de produção de mudas nesse sistema.

The immune system is responsible for defending a host animal from a wide variety of threats. Manipulation of the immune system can result in beneficial outcomes such as immunity to pathogens, or deleterious outcomes such as autoimmunity. Advances in our understanding of how the immune system develops and functions have benefited greatly from studies in animals, particularly in mice where the genetics are well known and a multitude of reagents are readily available for experimental use. Although much has been learned from animal experimentation, it must be cautioned that animals are not humans. Unforeseen outcomes and complications often arise when translating research obtained in animal models to treatment of human patients. A small animal model in which the human immune system can be established and manipulated experimentally in vivo would be valuable for the study of human immune responses in infectious diseases, transplantation, and autoimmunity, and ultimately for translation of these findings to the human patient. Contribution to this model is the overall goal of this thesis. The severe combined immunodeficiency (Prkdcscid, termed scid) mutation was discovered in 1983 in the C.B-17 strain of mice. Scid mice lack functional T and B lymphocytes and are unable to mount immune responses or reject allogeneic or xenogeneIc grafts. However, C.B-17-scid mice do develop normal or even elevated innate immune function. Based on the ability of scid mice to accept xenografts, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells have been injected to generate "Hu-PBL-scid mice." These Hu-PBL-scid mice have been proposed as an in vivo model of the human immune system. Although this model was described over 12 years ago, there are a number of obstacles that impede its ability to recapitulate human immunity. The Hu-PBL-scid mouse model established using C.B-17-scid mice as recipients is hindered by 1) low levels of human leukocyte engraftment, 2) engraftment of predominately memory/activated human T cells with specificity directed against host murine MHC antigens, 3) rapid transition of engrafted human lymphocytes to a functionally anergic state, and 4) a paucity of knowledge providing an understanding of the mechanisms that underlie engraftment and function of the human lymphocytes in the immunodeficient hosts. This thesis was initiated at the time the NOD-scid mouse became available for establishment of Hu-PBL-scid mice, and this model has subsequently been termed "Hu-PBL-NOD-scid." The NOD-scid mouse was designed as an improved recipient for human PBL based on its innate immune characteristics. Defects in innate immunity in wild-type NOD/Lt mice include reduced NK cell activity, defects in macrophage development and function, and a lack of hemolytic complement. NOD-scid mice retained these characteristics, and engraft human cells at higher levels compared to C.B-17-scid mice. However, the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells in Hu-PBL-NOD-scid mice remained skewed towards the CD8+ population, similar to that of the Hu-PBL-C.B-17-scid mouse. My thesis was based on the overall hypothesis that additional genetic manipulation of the recipient strain would enhance further the engraftment and function of human cells. Based on the engraftment results obtained in NOD-scid mice, we performed these genetic manipulations using the NOD-scid strain as the reference. We first hypothesized that removal of MHC expression would lower human anti-mouse xenoreactivity and enhance engraftment of naïve T cells, a cell population not readily detectable in Hu-PBL-C.B-17-scid or Hu-PBL-NOD-scid mice. Towards this goal, the NOD-scid mouse expressing a targeted mutation for beta-2 microglobulin (B2mnull) mouse was created by Dr. Leonard Shultz at the Jackson Laboratory. Because B2m is required for expression of MHC class I and for development of functional NK cells, we predicted that NOD-scid-B2mnull mice would first exhibit a normalized CD4:CD8 T cell ratio resulting from reduced CD8 engraftment due to decreased human anti-mouse MHC class I reactivity. Since MHC class I molecule expression is required for the development of NK cells, we further predicted that there would be a reduction of NK cell activity, permitting enhanced engraftment. Data presented in this thesis demonstrates that human PBL engraft in NOD-scid-B2mnull mice at levels higher than NOD-scid mice, and with an increased CD4:CD8 T cell ratio. The mechanism(s) responsible for the increased engraftment of human cells in these mice became a major focus of this thesis. This thesis is composed of three Specific Aims. Specific Aim 1 was to determine the mechanism(s) underlying human cell engraftment and function in Hu-PBL-scid mice. These data are contained in Part 1 of the Results. Specific Aim 2 was to elucidate the costimulation interactions between human T cells and murine host APCs that control the level of engraftment and activation state of the human lymphocytes. These data are contained in Part 2 of the Results. Specific Aim 3 was to utilize these fundamental observations to initiate studies into the induction of primary human immune responses in Hu-PBL-scid mice. Although the goal of these latter studies was not attained, the data from the experiments performed is provided in Part 3 of the Results, and is discussed relative to future directions for this arm of the project. In Part 1 of the Results, we utilized in vitro and in vivo techniques to study the underlying mechanisms regulating human cell engraftment and function in scid mice. We observed that the absence of mouse MHC class I antigens in NOD-scid-B2mnull mice does not reduce the stimulatory capacity of APCs toward human T cells in vitro. We further demonstrated that naïve human T cells persist for at least 2 weeks in the peritoneal cavity of Hu-PBL-NOD-scid and Hu-PBL-NOD-scid-B2mnull mice. However, in both strains of recipients, the human cells progress to an anergic phenotype as documented by cell surface molecule expression and by functional activity. We further documented that the increased engraftment of human CD4+ T cells observed in NOD-scid-B2mnull mice is due predominantly to the ablation of host NK cell activity. Increased engraftment of human CD4+ cells in NOD-scid-B2mnull mice can be recapitulated in NOD-scid mice by antibody-mediated depletion of residual host NK cells. Finally, we demonstrated that expression of MHC class II molecules by recipient mice facilitated stimulation and engraftment of human cells. However, mouse MHC class II expression is not required for human cell engraftment into scid mice. In Part 2 of the Results, we addressed the cellular and costimulatory interactions of engrafted human cells in scid mice. Costimulatory interactions between T cells and APC are now known to be critical for the proper activation and functioning of cells in the immune system. Understanding the role of costimulatory interactions between human T cells, human APCs, and mouse APCs became a major focus of this thesis. We demonstrated that human CD4+ T cells are required for the engraftment of human CD8+ T cells. The mechanism by which human CD4+ cells mediate this "helper" activity requires expression of CD154. Antibody-mediated blockade of CD154 in vivo abrogates human cell engraftment in scid mice. The role of host APCs in the engraftment of human lymphocytes was demonstrated by blocking host CD40 with antibody. Preventing human T cell CD154 interaction with host CD40 on murine APCs blocked human cell engraftment in scid mice, demonstrating the importance of "trans-costimulation" in human T cell activation. This "trans-costimulation" appeared to be mediated by B7 expression on mouse APCs. We further demonstrated that in vivo depletion of human CD8+ T cells in Hu-PBL-NOD-scid mice leads to increased levels of human CD4+ T cells, elevated human immunoglobulin in the serum, and increased incidence of EBV-related lymphoproliferative disorders. These observations suggested that human CD8+ T cells are able to regulate human CD4+ T cell help and provide "surveillance" activity for EBV-related lymphoproliferative disorders. In Part 3 of the Results, we used the Hu-PBL-scid mouse to initiate experiments designed to generate primary human immune responses in vivo. These experiments were based on our observation that few if any human APCs survive in scid mice, and on reports that dendritic cells (DC) are required for activation of naïve T cells and initiation of a primary immune response. We used recombinant viruses expressing HIV-1 proteins that are being developed as potential vaccines for HIV as our immunizing reagent. For APCs, we used DCs from NOD-scid mice expressing human MHC class II molecules as the source of APCs presenting antigen to the engrafted human T cells in the scid mice. Our attempts to induce a primary immune response using DC from human MHC-transgenic NOD-scid mice were unsuccessful, as were direct immunization protocols. The results section, however, does highlight deficiencies that could be approached experimentally in future studies. In summary, the results presented in this thesis advance our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms controlling human cell engraftment in scid mice. This information supports the long-term goal of establishing a functional human immune system in a small animal model. We have identified many of the cell interactions and factors that regulate human cell engraftment and function in scid mice, and we have provided insights into host characteristics that will provide optimized engraftment of naïve human T cells. The studies led to the novel observations of the regulation of human CD4+ T cells by human CD8+ T cells, B cell activation, and progression of latent EBV infection to lymphoproliferative disorders in vivo. These studies further provide new information regarding "trans-costimulation", a previously unrecognized mechanism of T cell activation. These results provide data on the fundamental mechanisms that underlie obstacles to the goal of achieving engraftment of a functional human immune system in scid mice.

To sustain the health and viability of renal transplants, adherence to immunosuppressant therapy (IST) medications is critical. Studies continue to identify decreased adherence rates as time from transplant increases (Chisholm-Burns, Kwong, Mulloy & Spivey, 2008; Chisholm, Lance, Mulloy, 2005; Chisholm, Mulloy, & DiPiro, 2005; Nivens & Thomas, 2009). While previous research has explored the effect of variables known to influence IST adherence in adult renal transplant recipients, limited studies have explored these variables in a population of renal transplant recipients with longer time posttransplant intervals. The purpose of this study was to examine demographic variables, time posttransplant, immunosuppressive agents, health beliefs, social support, and symptom experience and test their relationship to adherence in a population of long-term renal transplant recipients. A cross-sectional correlational design was used to collect data from a convenience sample of 98 adult renal transplant recipients who were three or more years from transplant. Participants completed five instruments: 1) demographic survey, 2) the Beliefs About Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), 3) the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Modified Social Support Survey (MSSS), 4) the Basel Assessment of Adherence with Immunosuppressive Medication Scales (BAASIS), and 5) the Modified Transplant Symptom Occurrence and Symptom Distress Scale- 59R (MTSOSD-59R). A composite adherence score (CAS) consisting of a self-report measure of adherence (BAASIS), nontherapeutic serum drug assay, and collateral report of adherence as provided by two transplant clinic professionals was used to determine final adherence group classification (adherent/nonadherent). Analysis of the relationship between all independent variables and adherence was conducted using Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient. Mean scores for medication complexity, health beliefs, social support, and symptom experience were 4 compared between age, gender, and time posttransplant groups using independent-samples t tests. A logistic regression prediction of probability was conducted to determine which of the variables that demonstrated a significant relationship to adherence were most predictive of adherence. Of the total sample population (N = 98), 39.8% (n = 39) were classified as adherent and 60.2% (n = 59) were nonadherent. Results demonstrated no significant relationship between age (continuous variable), time posttransplant, immunosuppressant medications (measured by a medication complexity index), health beliefs, symptom experience, and adherence. Weak, but significant relationships between age groups (r = -.213, p=.035), tangible social support (r = .215, p =.017), emotional informational social support (r = .274, p = .003), positive social interaction support (r = .199, p = .025), total overall social support (r = .274, p =.003) and composite adherence group classification were found. Older participants ( > 55 yrs) were significantly less adherent than younger ( < 54 yrs) participants. Mean scores for emotional / informational (EMI), positive social interaction (POS), and total social support (MSSS) were significantly lower in nonadherent participants. Regression results indicated the overall model of two predictors (age grouped [ < 54 yrs; > 55 yrs] and EMI social support subscale) was statistically reliable in distinguishing between adherent and nonadherent participants (-2 Log Likelihood 116.244; Goodness-of-Fit x 2 (2) = 13.664, p = .001), correctly classifying 69.1% of the cases. Findings from this study contribute to the body of research exploring predictors of immunosuppressant adherence in long-term renal transplant recipients. Data suggest both younger age (< 55) and categories of social support predict adherence in long-term renal transplant recipients. Healthcare providers caring for renal transplant recipients long-term 5 should consider annually assessing older participants for adherence as well as for changes in social networks.

No description available.

The objectives of this research were to select new strawberry clones for the estate of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and to develop methods of multiplication to obtain disease-free transplants with high physiological quality. Five advanced strawberry clones from the Breeding Program and two controls were evaluated in an annual hill system in low tunnels from April to December, 2006. A closed soilless system was developed, based on a growing bed with substrate over a cement tile. A nutrient solution was delivered from a reservoir to the upper end of the tile and drained off back by gravity. An inert substrate (sand) and an organic substrate (Plantmax®) and two advanced strawberry clones were tested. In another experiment fruit yield of plug transplants of different sizes was compared to that of bare-root transplants. Plug transplants were produced rooting runner tips in plastic trays with different volumes of organic substrate. Bare-root transplants were produced in the closed soilless growing system described above. Clones LBD 15.1, LBH 27.2, LBD 35.2 and LBG 121.4 were identified as having potential to be used in the estate of RS. These clones combine earliness, high yield and fruit quality, high content of bioactive compounds and resistance to diseases. A high number of healthy bare-root and runner tips with high quality were obtained with both substrates and both clones. A higher early fruit yield during fall and winter was obtained with plug transplants. Both plug and bare-root transplants reached a high total yield. It was concluded that selected strawberry clones of this research can be recommended to substitute commercial cultivars now planted in the RS or used in combination with them and that disease-free bare-root transplants and runner tips for plug transplants, both with high physiological quality can be produced in the closed soilless system, providing a sustainable alternative for nurseries. / Os objetivos deste trabalho foram selecionar novos clones de morangueiro para o RS e desenvolver um sistema de multiplicação para a obtenção de mudas com alta qualidade fisiológica e sanitária. Foram avaliados cinco clones avançados do Programa de Melhoramento e duas testemunhas, em túneis baixos, durante os meses de abril e dezembro de 2006. Para a multiplicação foi utilizado um sistema fechado sem solo, baseado em um leito de cultivo com substrato sobre telhas de fibrocimento. A circulação da solução nutritiva foi feita a partir de um reservatório até a extremidade mais alta da telha, drenando por gravidade. Como substrato, testou-se a areia na categoria inerte e o Plantmax® na categoria orgânica, com dois clones. Em outro experimento foi comparada a produtividade de mudas com torrão de diferentes tamanhos e com raízes nuas. As mudas com torrão foram produzidas a partir de pontas de estolão enraizadas em bandejas com diferentes volumes de substrato orgânico. As mudas com raízes nuas foram provenientes do sistema fechado sem solo. Foram identificados os clones LBD 15.1, LBH 27.2, LBD 35.2 e LBG 121.4 com potencial para serem cultivados no RS. Esses clones combinam alta produtividade precoce e total, qualidade de fruta, conteúdo de componentes bioativos na fruta e resistência às doenças. Um alto número de mudas e pontas de estolão sadias e de alta qualidade foi obtido no sistema fechado sem solo com ambos os substratos e clones. As mudas com torrão apresentaram maior produtividade precoce no outono e inverno. Tanto as mudas com torrão como as de raízes nuas alcançaram elevada produtividade total. Concluiu-se que os novos clones selecionados podem ser indicados em substituição ou em combinação com as cultivares atualmente em uso no RS e que o sistema fechado sem solo é uma alternativa sustentável para ser empregada na produção de mudas com raízes nuas e de pontas de estolão para mudas com torrão.

In this paper I examine the factors that affect the likelihood an individual is a registered organ donor. Unlike many studies which focus on subpopulations in specific regions, I utilize national data to get a broader assessment of individuals from around the country across a number of racial and religious classifications. Using a probit model and controlling for a variety of parameters, I find that some racial and religious variables are negatively and significantly associated with organ donor registration rates, while education and being female are positively associated with organ donor registration rates. I conclude by discussing the implications of my results and the potential for future research.