Cette thèse questionne les pratiques des enseignants et leur capacité à exploiter les appareils théoriques présentés durant leur formation à l’enseignement dans leur pratique quotidienne. L’objectif est d’analyser des « praxéologies » d’enseignement, au travers de l’étude de la transposition qui s’effectue dans le cas de la formation aux théories de « l’éducation centrée sur la résolution de problèmes (PCE) » vers les pratiques concrètes d’enseignement. Les parties théoriques s’emploient à définir la notion de « compétences à enseigner » ainsi que la notion de PCE. Le but ultime est de définir les compétences qui sont indispensables pour l’organisation de l’apprentissage dans le cadre de la PCE. La partie empirique étudie les praxéologies des enseignants qui travaillent avec la PCE. L’analyse des données permet de repérer dans les praxéologies des professeurs des éléments pertinents pour l’enseignement dans le cadre du modèle PCE qui représentent certains indicateurs de compétence. / The research addresses the problem of teaching competences and the transposition of certain theoretical understandings into teachers’ own practice.The aim is to study teaching praxeologies of teachers who learn to work with the Problem-Centred Education (PCE) in order to shed light into the question of how teachers construct their teaching competence in this domain.The theoretical part explores the concept of teaching competences in general and defines those relevant for the PCE in particular. The concept of the PCE is also defined and positioned among the existing ‘problem’ approaches. The aim is to outline teaching competences relevant for the PCE.The empirical part aims at studying teachers’ understanding and practical application of the Problem-Centred Education. The analysis allowed revealing certain essential components in teachers’ praxeologies that are assumed to serve as an indicator of a certain level of teaching competence in the domain of the PCE. A tentative relation between some components has also been suggested.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Balancing sustainable development with high productivity is a major current challenges, especially regarding the search for alternatives and technologies focused on devising processes and products that do not generate or reduce damage to the environment. In this sense, the use of tools such as Cleaner Production (CP) can contribute to increased efficiency in the use of raw materials, water and energy by not-generation, minimization or recycling of waste and by products from the production process. Thus, the objective is to analyze CP parameters used by companies in the metal-mechanic sector of the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state, participants Productive Extension Center and Innovation (NEPI), aiming to propose future scenarios resulting from the Theory of inventing problem solving (TRIZ). From this perspective, it was found that the surveyed companies adopt CP practices although no regulation. However, there are many potential to be developed by local entrepreneurs regarding environmental issues, which also depends on public politics, society and market. / Conciliar desenvolvimento sustentável com alta produtividade é um dos grandes desafios atuais, principalmente no que tange a busca por alternativas e tecnologias focadas em idealizar processos e produtos que não gerem ou reduzam passivos ambientais. Nesse sentido, o uso de ferramentas como a Produção mais limpa (PML) pode contribuir para o aumento da eficiência no uso de matérias-primas, água e energia através da não-geração, minimização ou reciclagem de resíduos do processo produtivo. Com isso, objetivou-se analisar parâmetros de PML utilizados por empresas do setor metalmecânico da região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, participantes do Núcleo de Extensão Produtiva e Inovação (NEPI), visando a proposição de cenários prospectivos resultantes da Teoria inventiva de solução de problemas (TRIZ). Nessa perspectiva, verificou-se que as empresas pesquisadas adotam práticas de PML, apesar de não haver sua regulamentação. Contudo, há muitas potencialidades a serem desenvolvidas pelos empresários locais no que tange as questões ambientais, o que depende também das políticas públicas, sociedade e mercado.

Un nombre croissant d’industries ressentent le besoin de formaliser leurs processus d’innovation. Dans ce contexte, les outils du domaine de la qualité et les approches d’aide à la créativité provenant du "brain storming" ont déjà montré leurs limites. Afin de répondre à ces besoins, la TRIZ (Acronyme russe pour Théorie de Résolution des Problèmes Inventifs), développée par l’ingénieur russe G. S. Altshuller au milieu du 20ème siècle, propose une méthode systématique de résolution de problèmes inventifs multidomaines. Selon TRIZ, la résolution de problèmes inventifs consiste en la construction du modèle et l’utilisation des sources de connaissance de la TRIZ. Plusieurs modèles et sources de connaissances permettent la résolution de problèmes inventifs de types différents, comme les quarante Principes Inventifs pour l’élimination des contradictions techniques. Toutes ces sources se situent à des niveaux d’abstractions relativement élevés et sont, donc, indépendantes d’un domaine particulier, qui nécessitent des connaissances approfondies des domaines d’ingénierie différents. Afin de faciliter le processus de résolution de problèmes inventifs, un "Système Intelligent de Gestion de Connaissances" est développé dans cette thèse. D’une part, en intégrant les ontologies des bases de connaissance de la TRIZ, le gestionnaire propose aux utilisateurs de sources de connaissance pertinentes pour le modèle qu’ils construisent, et d’autre part, le gestionnaire a la capacité de remplir "automatiquement" les modèles associés aux autres bases de connaissance. Ces travaux de recherche visent à faciliter et automatiser le processus de résolution de problèmes inventifs. Ils sont basés sur le calcul de similarité sémantique et font usage de différentes technologies provenantes de domaine de l’Ingénierie de Connaissances (modélisation et raisonnement basés sur les ontologies, notamment). Tout d’abord, des méthodes de calcul de similarité sémantique sont proposées pour rechercher et définir les liens manquants entre les bases de connaissance de la TRIZ. Ensuite, les sources de connaissance de la TRIZ sont formalisées comme des ontologies afin de pouvoir utiliser des mécanismes d’inférence heuristique pour la recherche de solutions spécifiques. Pour résoudre des problèmes inventifs, les utilisateurs de la TRIZ choisissent dans un premier temps une base de connaissance et obtiennent une solution abstraite. Ensuite, les éléments des autres bases de connaissance similaires aux éléments sélectionnés dans la première base sont proposés sur la base de la similarité sémantique préalablement calculée. A l’aide de ces éléments et des effets physiques heuristiques, d’autres solutions conceptuelles sont obtenues par inférence sur les ontologies. Enfin, un prototype logiciel est développé. Il est basé sur cette similarité sémantique et les ontologies interviennent en support du processus de génération automatique de solutions conceptuelles. / An increasing number of industries feel the need to formalize their innovation processes. In this context, quality domain tools show their limits as well as the creativity assistance approaches derived from brainstorming. TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) appears to be a pertinent answer to these needs. Developed in the middle of the 20th century by G. S. Althshuller, this methodology's goal was initially to improve and facilitate the resolution of technological problems. According to TRIZ, the resolution of inventive problems consists of the construction of models and the use of the corresponding knowledge sources. Different models and knowledge sources were established in order to solve different types of inventive problems, such as the forty inventive principles for eliminating the technical contradictions. These knowledge sources with different levels of abstraction are all built independent of the specific application field, and require extensive knowledge about different engineering domains. In order to facilitate the inventive problem solving process, the development of an "intelligent knowledge manager" is explored in this thesis. On the one hand, according to the TRIZ knowledge sources ontologies, the manager offers to the users the relevant knowledge sources associated to the model they are building. On the other hand, the manager has the ability to fill "automatically" the models of the other knowledge sources. These research works aim at facilitating and automating the process of solving inventive problems based on semantic similarity and ontology techniques. At first, the TRIZ knowledge sources are formalized based on ontologies, such that heuristic inference can be executed to search for specific solutions. Then, methods for calculating semantic similarity are explored to search and define the missing links among the TRIZ knowledge sources. In order to solve inventive problems, the TRIZ user firstly chooses a TRIZ knowledge source to work for an abstract solution. Then, the items of other knowledge sources, which are similar with the selected items of the first knowledge source, are obtained based on semantic similarity calculated in advance. With the help of these similar items and the heuristic physical effects, other specific solutions are returned through ontology inference. Finally, a software prototype is developed based on semantic similarity and ontology inference to support this automatic process of solving inventive problems.

Des organismes de transfert technologique accompagnent les projets d'innovation des PMI qui ne disposent pas de ressources suffisantes pour y faire face. Nous avons consacré nos travaux de recherche à l'étude d'un tel dispositif. Une dizaine d'entreprises ont été aidées dans la recherche de solutions technologiques innovantes. Deux nouveautés y ont été expérimentées : la méthode TRIZ et un accompagnement bipartite des PMI : par un expert TRIZ et par un porteur de projet. Nous commençons par présenter le fonctionnement du dispositif d'accompagnement. Nous étudions ensuite la méthode TRIZ : place dans un processus de conception, perspectives de diffusion, statut épistémologique... Nous interrogeons la dimension organisationnelle du dispositif : rôle des acteurs, coordination... Nous poursuivons avec une discussion des modalités de la conception collaborative en PMI, différentes de celles des grandes entreprises. Nous plaidons enfin pour un enrichissement du management de l'innovation.

A key challenge facing designers creating innovative products is concept generation. Conceptual design is more effective when the design space is broadened by using an integrated design of product and material concepts approach. Conceptual design can also be accelerated by including problem solving and solution triggering tools in its structure. In this approach, structured analogy is used to transfer underlying principles from a solution suitable in one domain (i.e., product or mechanical domain) to an analogous solution in another domain (i.e., material domain). The nature of design analogy does not require as full of an exploration of the target domain as would otherwise be necessary; affording the possibility of a more rapid development. The addition of problem solving and solution triggering tools to a design method also decreases the design time and/or improves the quality of the final solution. This approach is formulated through a combination of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) proposed by Altshuller, and the systematic approach of Pahl and Beitz, for products that are jointly considered at the product and material level. These types of problems are ones where customer performance requirements are fulfilled through both the designed product and the designed material. The systematic approach of Pahl and Beitz is used as the base method through which TRIZ is used as a means of transferring abstract information about the design problem between the domains with the aim of accelerating conceptual design. This also allows for multi-domain design tools such as Su-Field-Model integration with design repositories for the transfer of information at different levels of abstraction; expanding the design space and effectively directing the designer. The explanation of this approach is presented through a simple example of a spring design improvement and validated through concept generation of a reactive material containment system.

Cette thèse en convention CIFRE entre le LCPI et la société ELM Leblanc (filiale du groupe Bosch en France) s'intitule : " Optimisation des performances d'innovation : Une approche combinant inventivité technique et recherche du succès commercial ".Le travail de recherche effectué porte, d'une part, sur l'analyse des composantes de l'innovation et plus précisément sur l'évaluation de la capacité d'innovation d'une entreprise et, d'autre part, sur la recherche de méthodologies susceptibles de développer cette capacité.Deux pistes, identifiées comme complémentaires, sont retenues et leur impact escompté sur la capacité d'innovation est modélisé dans le cadre d'hypothèses. Il s'agit de la TRIZ et de la Stratégie Océan Bleu. Leur potentiel est ensuite éprouvé dans le cadre d'expérimentations en milieu industriel : la création d'une gamme d'appareil de chauffage hybrides de nouvelle génération.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5549.pdf: 5006318 bytes, checksum: fd2220183f70dedce82b0b8c94c5e374 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-05 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The ergonomics actions demand design processes for working conditions, products, processes or working organization. However, the integration of ergonomics into the design processes of organizations is still new. Several reasons account for this, whose common point rests on the failure of the models and practices to trigger design processes from the results generated by the analysis. It is recommended that these processes are developed within a paradigm of social construction in order to facilitate the participation of social actors and stimulate cooperation and incorporation of diverse knowledge involved. From a qualitative analysis, essentially descriptive, of ergonomics and design approaches, the research aims at defining an integrated approach, from the exploration of the contributions of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) and its tools to design process in ergonomics. The tools of TRIZ, in the context of ergonomics, can be applied at all stages of the design process, encouraging and equipping analysis, scenario building, anticipating conflicts and developing solutions. The proposed approach covers five main points including (i) system analysis / problem and constraints identification, (ii) analysis of the situation from the perspective of ideality, comparing past, present and future. (iii) determination of parameters and contradictions by building scenarios, (iv) use of the matrix of contradictions to explore the most relevant inventive principles, and (v) thereafter, the collective construction of the solution, its implementation and reassessment. The research also proposes a matrix of contradictions along with 39 ergonomics parameters. Built on the traditional TRIZ matrix structure and keeping the original inventive principles, the matrix enables the exploration of ideas to solve the contradictions found in the course of the project. The results are a conceptual and a operative starting point for the integration of ergonomics to design processes. / As intervenções em ergonomia demandam processos de concepção (ou reconcepção) sejam de situações, produtos, processos ou da organização do trabalho. Paradoxalmente, sua integração aos processos de projeto no cotidiano das organizações ainda é incipiente. Diversas são as razões apontadas, cujo ponto comum repousa sobre a insuficiência dos modelos e práticas em, a partir dos resultados gerados pelas análises, deflagrar processos de concepção. A partir de uma análise qualitativa, essencialmente descritiva, a pesquisa teve como objetivo a delimitação de uma abordagem integradora, através da exploração das contribuições da Teoria de Solução de Problemas Inventivos (TRIZ) e suas ferramentas ao processo de projeto em ergonomia. Sob a perspectiva da concepção, as ferramentas da TRIZ, associadas à ergonomia, podem ser aplicadas em todas as fases do processo de projeto, favorecendo e instrumentalizando a análise, a elaboração de cenários, a antecipação de conflitos e o desenvolvimento de soluções. O foco está na construção do problema, de forma a permitir a identificação e eliminação de contradições que caracterizam os determinantes do trabalho. A abordagem proposta abrange cinco pontos principais que incluem (i) a análise do sistema/problema e identificação de constrangimentos; (ii) a análise da situação em três espaços temporais (passado, presente e futuro), sob a perspectiva da idealidade; (iii) a determinação de parâmetros e contradições, através da construção de cenários; (iv) a utilização da matriz de contradições para explorar princípios inventivos relevantes; e, (v) a construção da solução, sua implementação e reavaliação. Também como resultado da pesquisa e visando instrumentalizar o processo de desenvolvimento de propostas de melhorias, é apresentada uma matriz de contradições em ergonomia, fruto da determinação de 39 parâmetros de ergonomia, que traduzem os determinantes das situações passadas e presentes, bem como os condicionantes futuros e englobam aspectos físicos cognitivos e organizacionais. Dispostos na estrutura matricial da TRIZ clássica e mantendo os princípios inventivos originais, exemplificados a partir de sua aplicação à solução de problemas em ergonomia, a matriz permite a exploração de princípios para a solução de contradições identificadas. Os resultados, materializados na abordagem e matriz propostas, constituem um ponto de partida conceitual e operativo para a integração da ergonomia aos processos de projeto.

This thesis presents research carried out into the use of creative tools at the early stages of eco-innovation. Eco-innovation is a practical approach aiming to develop new products and processes which significantly decrease our impact on the environment. Designers are trained to develop profitable products that increase production and consumption. Eco-innovation is a new discipline in which designers can radically reduce the environmental burdens of production and consumption through the innovation of new types of products and services. The main aim of this research was to develop an approach that would promote significant environmental improvements whilst remaining a practical, design-focused discipline. Problems and under-investigated aspects of eco-innovation were identified: • Creative approaches at early stages of eco-innovation were under-investigated and few tools had been developed for use at the early stages. • Empirical design research techniques had rarely been used to assess new eco-innovation tools or to inform their subsequent development. The focus of the research work was the development and testing of tools to facilitate workshops at the early stages of eco-innovation. Not only was the goal to facilitate the generation of radical ideas but also to ensure that these were developed into appropriate solutions having the potential to be taken up in industry. The development of the tools was based on literature research, worked examples and interviews. The tools were tested in controlled workshop experiments and the results were analysed using various empirical techniques. First, an idea-recording technique to improve the efficiency of generating and harvesting ideas in a team design process was developed. This novel tool was called the Product Ideas Tree (PIT) diagram. The tool was tested for its ability to facilitate design workshops. Secondly, a structured approach to innovation - the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) - was investigated. Worked examples using some of the tools from TRIZ were presented and a limited number of tools were selected and simplified for testing in team design workshops. The PIT diagram and TRIZ tools experiments established which attributes of the tools and approaches were most beneficial. The development and testing of these specific tools provided the following general contributions to eco-innovation: • A model for eco-innovation that describes the factors influencing the discipline and the attributes of good practice. • A recommended process to transform radical ideas into appropriate solutions to improve their potential to be taken up in industry. • General insights into the use of tools in early-stage workshops such as: tool selection, integration into existing processes, system-level problem solving and providing thematic information. • Suggested improvements for testing tools in controlled workshop experiments.

This thesis deals with methodology for creating innovative concepts and their solving. More precisely, TIPS methodology „Theory of inventive problem solving“. This thesis is divided into four parts. In the first part, this methodology and its five basic tools are introduced. The second part provides introduction of software Goldfire Inovator including the tools which could be useful for students working on their projects. Third part demonstrates TIPS methodology on the innovation of wind power plant supported by software Goldfire Inovator. The fourth part evaluates advantages and contributions of TIPS methodology for education and practice.

With energy demands at an all time high, mechanical power systems are under great scrutiny. Substantial efforts are being made throughout the world to reduce energy use in common mechanical systems such as the internal combustion engine and transmission system. Eliminating or reducing efficiency losses in the transmission is a potential source of improving the efficiency of the system. To do so, various alternative types of transmissions are being investigated. At Brigham Young University, development of a Positively Engaged Continuously Variable Transmission (PECVT) is progressing. In addition to the efficiency increases that would occur as a result of operating the engine at a more constant speed, a PECVT type transmission may reduce efficiency losses that occur in a standard transmission by eliminating the disengagement of involute gear sets to change gear ratios of the transmission. For a PECVT, this is done by maintaining engagement of the input and output members of the transmission, while changing the gear ratio. Both of these types of losses are major contributing factors to the overall efficiency of the transmission and engine system, thus a PECVT is of great interest. The investigation for developing a feasible PECVT began with the identification of a behavioral issue identified in all known PECVT embodiments. This behavioral issue, known as the Non-Integer-Tooth-Problem (NITP), is due to the geometry of an involute gear and prevents specific gear ratios from being achieved. The research effort presented in this thesis returns to the conceptual design of a PECVT to address involutometry along with the NITP. A design tool entitled the Line-of-Action Model is developed which assists in quantifying how a conceptual solution can address the NITP using involutometry principles. As a result of the Line-of-Action Model, the Hybrid Involute Profile was discovered. Due to the simplicity of The Hybrid Involute Profile, it has proven to be an elegant solution to the NITP. Validation of the Hybrid Involute Profile concept was conducted to ensure that this concept satisfies the objectives and requirements of a PECVT and solves the NITP. The validation was completed using two case studies and a theoretical analysis. As a result of the validation, the Hybrid Involute Profile is declared a conceptual principal solution to the NITP. Fulfillment of the PECVT objectives, requirements list and elimination of the NITP by the Hybrid Involute Profile is also demonstrated. With the Hybrid Involute Profile as the conceptual principle solution, the development of a commercially viable PECVT is believed to be attainable.