Electrical mobile cart,one of low-speed small four-wheel vehicles, is becoming unsubstituted in the aged society recently. As we know, wheel Steering System plays an important role in riding comforts, stability of handling, and safety. The purpose of this study is to develop a systematic design procedure for the steering system of low-speed small four-wheel vehicles. First, to investigate the basic requirements and characteristics of low-speed small four-wheel vehicles. Second, to generalize the essential characteristics and establish the requirement book of steering systems. Third, kinematic design the original steering system by design procedure. Finally, kinematic design the single-A suspension steering system by design procedure.

¡@¡@The transmission system of manpower-drive vehicles always plays an important role in promotion of riding performance and enjoyment. The purpose of this research is to develop a systematic methodology for the design of the transmission system of the manpower-drive vehicles. First, analyzing the patents of manpower-drive vehicles. Drawing the function structure of the transmission and concluding the basic characteristic. Second, getting several innovative ideas of transmission systems by systematic methodology and comparing with products in patents. Third, according to the requirement charts to design steering systems and frames. Fourth, all design concept variant can be created by using morphological chart method. Several design concepts can be created for new manpower-drive vehicles. Finally, using computer software to assist drawing the models and manufacturing the models. And to establish a simple systematic procedure.

Design theories and methodologies are guidelines to develop design solutions. Among many, the Axiomatic design theory (ADT) and Systematic design procedures (SDP) are two well-known approaches to design. For practical applications, the choice of the design methodology is difficult as there is no study to compare them. To close in such gap in literature, this thesis presents a study on comparison of these two design approaches. To facilitate the comparison, design of a solid state fermenter was taken as a vehicle. The fermenter chosen for this study is was used for detoxification of phorbol esters from Jatropha curcas. Jatopha curcas is a woody plant and is one of the major sources for the production of bio-diesel as it is readily available and has unique composition. Processing Jatopha curcas for biodiesel also yields protein rich Jatopha curcas seed cake. This can be used as animal feedstock, cattle fodder or live feed stock. It is however known that phorbol esters present in the seed cake hinder the utilization of the seed cake as live feed stock. Solid state fermentation by fungi is an effective process to denature phorbol esters, which has been demonstrated at the laboratory scale. Development of an industrial scale solid state fermenter (SSF) is necessary. This study applies SDP and ADT the same deign problem of SSF and compared based on the result of the design. It is noted that in ADT, the evaluation of design alternatives neither considers the cost of the system under design nor the delivery time of the system, but SDP does. To make the comparison on the same ground, an extension of ADT enabling it to consider the cost and delivery time (or time) was developed. Several conclusions can be drawn from this study and they are: (1) ADT and SDP are complementary to each other and the one that integrates both is more effective to design; (2) The essence of Axiom 2 of ADT is to evaluate design alternatives with all factors that lead to difficulty to realize the design, but unfortunately the information content in the current ADT literature only considers the functional or quality aspect; (3) Previous reports suggest the presence of zigzag process only in ADT, However in this study it is evident that SDP exercises the zigzag process as well; (4) the proposed formulation of information content by taking into consideration of the quality, cost, time aspects is more effective in design practice as quite often the cost and time are very important aspects to the customer. The contribution of this thesis study is of two-fold. First, the SSF designed in this study is a pilot one in the field of the biochemical process and it has potential to be implemented. Second, this study concludes several unique findings of ADT and SDP with their relationship, which have further resulted in an integrated ADT and SDP design approach and a more complete formulation of information content capable of evaluating design alternatives from all aspects rather than the functional aspect only.

Esta dissertação consiste em um estudo teórico exploratório sobre o projeto sistemático de sistemas de assento especiais para cadeiras de rodas, com ênfase em seus aspectos conceituais e funcionais. De acordo com os princípios da tecnologia assistiva - que consiste no uso de tecnologias para o atendimento das necessidades de pessoas com deficiência - o objetivo das ajudas técnicas deve ser a promoção da atividade e participação social através da compensação de deficiências, promovendo a funcionalidade. Assim, foi feita uma revisão da literatura a respeito da adequação postural do usuário de cadeira de rodas, e dos fatores que contribuem para sua saúde, sua funcionalidade e seu conforto ou desconforto na posição sentada, permitindo a identificação de suas necessidades explícitas e implícitas. Com o uso da Metodologia de Projeto Sistemático de Pahl e Beitz, da Metodologia de Projeto Axiomático e da Teoria da Solução dos Problemas Inventivos (TRIZ), foi elaborada uma lista de requisitos funcionais através do mapeamento entre o domínio das necessidades do usuário e o domínio funcional do sistema de assento. Em seguida, elaborou-se uma estrutura funcional, demonstrando os principais elementos e conexões funcionais do sistema, sendo por fim comentados e propostos alguns princípios de solução para cada uma das sub-funções principais encontradas, envolvendo a análise de princípios de solução de sistemas existentes e de sistemas análogos em outras áreas tecnológicas. Concluiu-se que a imobilidade é o fator primário que desencadeia os diversos problemas de saúde e funcionalidade do usuário associados ao uso destes sistemas de assento, e que portanto a função principal desses sistemas deve ser a de permitir, facilitar e promover positivamente a alternância freqüente de posição. Além disso, verificou-se o papel fundamental dos fluxos de informação responsáveis pela determinação do propósito homeostático da movimentação, que objetiva a redistribuição contínua das tensões locais nos tecidos, além do favorecimento da ação motora voluntária pela estabilização e mobilização seletiva de movimentos corporais. / This work is an exploratory theoretical study on systematic design of special wheelchair seating systems, emphasizing its conceptual and functional aspects. According to the principles of assistive technology - which consists in the use of technologies applied to the caring of the needs of people with disabilities - the objectives of technical aids should be the promotion of optimal individual functionality. Thus, a literature review has been made on the theme of postural seating clinic, and the factors related to the health, the functionality, and the comfort or discomfort in the sitting position, allowing the identification of many explicit and implicit needs. By using the Systematic Design approach of Pahl & Beitz, complemented by some principles of Axiomatic Design and TRIZ, a functional requirements list has been made, consisting in the mapping between the customer needs in the customer domain and the functional requirements in the functional domain. In the next step, a functional structure has been created, showing the main functional elements and connections of the seating system, followed by the proposal of some working principles regarding the main identified sub-functions, including the analysis of analog technical systems of other technological fields. It was concluded that immobility is the main causative factor leading to the many functional and health problem associated with the sitting position, and therefore the main function of special seating systems must be to allow and actively promote frequent position changes. Moreover, it has become evident that information flows have a capital importance in proper functioning of seating systems, since they convey the homeostatic purpose of the movements being made, in order to continually redistribute and alleviate the local soft tissue deformations, and to promote the selective stabilization and motion of body segments that permit functional motor action.

Esta dissertação consiste em um estudo teórico exploratório sobre o projeto sistemático de sistemas de assento especiais para cadeiras de rodas, com ênfase em seus aspectos conceituais e funcionais. De acordo com os princípios da tecnologia assistiva - que consiste no uso de tecnologias para o atendimento das necessidades de pessoas com deficiência - o objetivo das ajudas técnicas deve ser a promoção da atividade e participação social através da compensação de deficiências, promovendo a funcionalidade. Assim, foi feita uma revisão da literatura a respeito da adequação postural do usuário de cadeira de rodas, e dos fatores que contribuem para sua saúde, sua funcionalidade e seu conforto ou desconforto na posição sentada, permitindo a identificação de suas necessidades explícitas e implícitas. Com o uso da Metodologia de Projeto Sistemático de Pahl e Beitz, da Metodologia de Projeto Axiomático e da Teoria da Solução dos Problemas Inventivos (TRIZ), foi elaborada uma lista de requisitos funcionais através do mapeamento entre o domínio das necessidades do usuário e o domínio funcional do sistema de assento. Em seguida, elaborou-se uma estrutura funcional, demonstrando os principais elementos e conexões funcionais do sistema, sendo por fim comentados e propostos alguns princípios de solução para cada uma das sub-funções principais encontradas, envolvendo a análise de princípios de solução de sistemas existentes e de sistemas análogos em outras áreas tecnológicas. Concluiu-se que a imobilidade é o fator primário que desencadeia os diversos problemas de saúde e funcionalidade do usuário associados ao uso destes sistemas de assento, e que portanto a função principal desses sistemas deve ser a de permitir, facilitar e promover positivamente a alternância freqüente de posição. Além disso, verificou-se o papel fundamental dos fluxos de informação responsáveis pela determinação do propósito homeostático da movimentação, que objetiva a redistribuição contínua das tensões locais nos tecidos, além do favorecimento da ação motora voluntária pela estabilização e mobilização seletiva de movimentos corporais. / This work is an exploratory theoretical study on systematic design of special wheelchair seating systems, emphasizing its conceptual and functional aspects. According to the principles of assistive technology - which consists in the use of technologies applied to the caring of the needs of people with disabilities - the objectives of technical aids should be the promotion of optimal individual functionality. Thus, a literature review has been made on the theme of postural seating clinic, and the factors related to the health, the functionality, and the comfort or discomfort in the sitting position, allowing the identification of many explicit and implicit needs. By using the Systematic Design approach of Pahl & Beitz, complemented by some principles of Axiomatic Design and TRIZ, a functional requirements list has been made, consisting in the mapping between the customer needs in the customer domain and the functional requirements in the functional domain. In the next step, a functional structure has been created, showing the main functional elements and connections of the seating system, followed by the proposal of some working principles regarding the main identified sub-functions, including the analysis of analog technical systems of other technological fields. It was concluded that immobility is the main causative factor leading to the many functional and health problem associated with the sitting position, and therefore the main function of special seating systems must be to allow and actively promote frequent position changes. Moreover, it has become evident that information flows have a capital importance in proper functioning of seating systems, since they convey the homeostatic purpose of the movements being made, in order to continually redistribute and alleviate the local soft tissue deformations, and to promote the selective stabilization and motion of body segments that permit functional motor action.

Esta dissertação consiste em um estudo teórico exploratório sobre o projeto sistemático de sistemas de assento especiais para cadeiras de rodas, com ênfase em seus aspectos conceituais e funcionais. De acordo com os princípios da tecnologia assistiva - que consiste no uso de tecnologias para o atendimento das necessidades de pessoas com deficiência - o objetivo das ajudas técnicas deve ser a promoção da atividade e participação social através da compensação de deficiências, promovendo a funcionalidade. Assim, foi feita uma revisão da literatura a respeito da adequação postural do usuário de cadeira de rodas, e dos fatores que contribuem para sua saúde, sua funcionalidade e seu conforto ou desconforto na posição sentada, permitindo a identificação de suas necessidades explícitas e implícitas. Com o uso da Metodologia de Projeto Sistemático de Pahl e Beitz, da Metodologia de Projeto Axiomático e da Teoria da Solução dos Problemas Inventivos (TRIZ), foi elaborada uma lista de requisitos funcionais através do mapeamento entre o domínio das necessidades do usuário e o domínio funcional do sistema de assento. Em seguida, elaborou-se uma estrutura funcional, demonstrando os principais elementos e conexões funcionais do sistema, sendo por fim comentados e propostos alguns princípios de solução para cada uma das sub-funções principais encontradas, envolvendo a análise de princípios de solução de sistemas existentes e de sistemas análogos em outras áreas tecnológicas. Concluiu-se que a imobilidade é o fator primário que desencadeia os diversos problemas de saúde e funcionalidade do usuário associados ao uso destes sistemas de assento, e que portanto a função principal desses sistemas deve ser a de permitir, facilitar e promover positivamente a alternância freqüente de posição. Além disso, verificou-se o papel fundamental dos fluxos de informação responsáveis pela determinação do propósito homeostático da movimentação, que objetiva a redistribuição contínua das tensões locais nos tecidos, além do favorecimento da ação motora voluntária pela estabilização e mobilização seletiva de movimentos corporais. / This work is an exploratory theoretical study on systematic design of special wheelchair seating systems, emphasizing its conceptual and functional aspects. According to the principles of assistive technology - which consists in the use of technologies applied to the caring of the needs of people with disabilities - the objectives of technical aids should be the promotion of optimal individual functionality. Thus, a literature review has been made on the theme of postural seating clinic, and the factors related to the health, the functionality, and the comfort or discomfort in the sitting position, allowing the identification of many explicit and implicit needs. By using the Systematic Design approach of Pahl & Beitz, complemented by some principles of Axiomatic Design and TRIZ, a functional requirements list has been made, consisting in the mapping between the customer needs in the customer domain and the functional requirements in the functional domain. In the next step, a functional structure has been created, showing the main functional elements and connections of the seating system, followed by the proposal of some working principles regarding the main identified sub-functions, including the analysis of analog technical systems of other technological fields. It was concluded that immobility is the main causative factor leading to the many functional and health problem associated with the sitting position, and therefore the main function of special seating systems must be to allow and actively promote frequent position changes. Moreover, it has become evident that information flows have a capital importance in proper functioning of seating systems, since they convey the homeostatic purpose of the movements being made, in order to continually redistribute and alleviate the local soft tissue deformations, and to promote the selective stabilization and motion of body segments that permit functional motor action.

No description available.

Esse trabalho apresenta um estudo sistemático de projeto baseado na integração da matriz da qualidade (QFD), com técnicas de análise funcional, com o objetivo de propor melhorias no projeto de dispositivos de sustentação e movimentação de membros superiores (sling), utilizados por terapeutas junto à pessoas com disfunção neuromuscular ou musculoesquelética decorrente de patologias que afetem a musculatura do ombro. Como objetivo complementar, foi feito um levantamento e análise comparativa das soluções técnicas propostas em bases de dados acadêmicas e de patentes, bem como soluções comerciais. Nas últimas décadas, um conjunto de fatores tem conduzido a demandas crescentes com relação à atuação das áreas de pesquisa e tecnologia, que possam fornecer soluções tecnicamente viáveis dentro das restrições de cada problema. A tecnologia assistiva, um campo interdisciplinar, que trata do desenvolvimento de equipamentos, desenhando fronteiras com questões de acessibilidade, com uso e adequação de produtos, atuando nas áreas de recuperação e reabilitação promovendo qualidade de vida e inclusão social de pessoas com algum tipo de deficiência ou mobilidade reduzida, apresenta uma lacuna no desenvolvimento e disponibilização de soluções. Nesse trabalho, o uso de ferramentas de metodologia de projeto, durante o projeto conceitual e em discussões do projeto informacional, permitiu uma melhor interface entre decisões técnicas de engenharia e os requisitos do usuário. O usuário intermediário, previamente definido, foram terapeutas ocupacionais, que prescrevem e acompanham o uso dos mecanismos e equipamentos junto aos usuários finais (pessoas com deficiência). Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho indicam que o uso de ferramentas de metodologia de projeto foi significativamente relevante, principalmente na fase do projeto informacional, permitindo a inserção das experiências dos profissionais da área de saúde no desenvolvimento do conceito que incorporou grau de inovação às soluções do sling. O uso da manufatura aditiva para visualização do conceito, bem como o desenvolvimento do protótipo funcional foram importantes, para criar um processo interativo e iterativo de melhorias durante o projeto de natureza multidisciplinar. Essas melhorias incluíram adequação a diferentes tipos de mobiliários e ambientes, incluindo o hospitalar, uso unilateral ou bilateral e sistema de deslizamento para movimento do braço no plano horizontal. / This paper presents a project of systematic study based on the integration of quality matrix (QFD), practical analysis techniques; with aim to propose improvements in device design support and movement of the upper limbs (sling), used by the therapist in individuals with neuromuscular dysfunction or resulting from musculoskeletal disorders affecting the shoulder musculature. To supplement, it was made a survey and comparative analysis of the technical solutions proposed in academic databases and patents, as well as business solutions. In recent decades, a number of factors have led to growing demands with regards to performance of the areas of research and technology, which can provide technical viable solutions within the constraints of each problem. The assistive technology, an interdisciplinary field that deals with the development of equipment, draws borders with accessibility issues, using and adapting products working in the areas of recovery and rehabilitation promoting quality of life and social inclusion of people with disability or reduced mobility, it presents a gap in the development and supply of solutions. In this work, the use of design methodology tools for the conceptual design and the informational project discussions enables a better interface between technical engineering decisions and user requirements. The intermediate user, previously set was occupational therapists, prescribes and monitors the use of the mechanisms and / or equipment to end users (people with disabilities). The results of this study indicate that the use of design methodology tools is significantly relevant, especially at the stage of informational design, allowing the insertion of health professionals experience in developing the concept that incorporated degree of innovation to sling solutions. These improvements include suitability for different types of securities and environments, including hospital, unilateral or bilateral use, and sliding arm system for movement in the horizontal plane. The use of additive manufacturing concept for the display, as well as the development of functional prototype are important to create an interactive and iterative process improvements during the project, a multidisciplinary nature.

This Developmental Research study described the development of an interactive online graphing instructional application and the impact of the Analysis Design Development Implementation Evaluation (ADDIE) model on the development process. An optimal learning environment was produced by combining Programmed Instruction and Adaptive Instruction principles with a graphing simulator that implemented guided contingent practice. The development process entailed the creation and validation of three instruments measuring knowledge, skills, and attitudes, which were components of the instruction. The research questions were focused on the influence of the ADDIE model on the development process and the value of the LOGIS instructional application. The model had a significant effect on the development process and the effects were categorized by: Organization, Time, and Perspective. In terms of Organization, the model forced a high level of planning to occur and dictated the task sequence thereby reducing frustration. The model facilitated the definition of terminal states and made it easier to transition from completed tasks to new tasks. The model also forced the simultaneous consideration of global and local views of the development process. The model had a significant effect on Time and Perspective. With respect to Time, using the model resulted in increased development time. Perspectives were influenced because previously held assumptions about instructional design were exposed for critique. Also, the model facilitated post project reflection and problem diagnosis. LOGIS was more valuable in terms of the knowledge assessment than the skills and attitudes assessments. There was a statistically and educationally significant increase from the pretest to posttest on the knowledge assessment, but the overall posttest performance was below average. Overall performance on the skills assessment was also below average. Participants reported positive dispositions toward LOGIS and toward graphing, but no significant difference was found between the pre-instruction survey and the post-instruction survey. The value of LOGIS must be considered within the context that this study was the first iteration in the refinement of the LOGIS instructional application.

A key challenge facing designers creating innovative products is concept generation. Conceptual design is more effective when the design space is broadened by using an integrated design of product and material concepts approach. Conceptual design can also be accelerated by including problem solving and solution triggering tools in its structure. In this approach, structured analogy is used to transfer underlying principles from a solution suitable in one domain (i.e., product or mechanical domain) to an analogous solution in another domain (i.e., material domain). The nature of design analogy does not require as full of an exploration of the target domain as would otherwise be necessary; affording the possibility of a more rapid development. The addition of problem solving and solution triggering tools to a design method also decreases the design time and/or improves the quality of the final solution. This approach is formulated through a combination of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) proposed by Altshuller, and the systematic approach of Pahl and Beitz, for products that are jointly considered at the product and material level. These types of problems are ones where customer performance requirements are fulfilled through both the designed product and the designed material. The systematic approach of Pahl and Beitz is used as the base method through which TRIZ is used as a means of transferring abstract information about the design problem between the domains with the aim of accelerating conceptual design. This also allows for multi-domain design tools such as Su-Field-Model integration with design repositories for the transfer of information at different levels of abstraction; expanding the design space and effectively directing the designer. The explanation of this approach is presented through a simple example of a spring design improvement and validated through concept generation of a reactive material containment system.