Greater Victoria, a conurbation of about 335,000 people located in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, is subject to significant seismic hazards. The major regional seismic factor is the offshore Juan de Fuca tectonic plate, subducting beneath North America along the 1,100 km-long Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ), a megathrust fault. This environment generates three types of potentially damaging earthquakes—shallow, subduction, and deep. This research examines how the Transfusion Medicine (TM) component within transfusing facilities in Greater Victoria and the balance of Vancouver Island might function following these types of earthquakes. A shallow earthquake of magnitude (M)7 or greater that occurs near enough could heavily damage critical infrastructure in Greater Victoria. Decisions regarding the alternatives of (a) rapidly relocating a facility for storing and/or processing blood products within or near Greater Victoria or (b) transporting people injured in an earthquake to transfusing hospitals in or beyond Greater Victoria, or (c) both (a) and (b), may need to be made within the first few hours following a locally destructive earthquake. A subduction event (M8 to 9.2) in the CSZ could reduce or halt production of blood products in nearby Vancouver, diminish the supply of stored blood in southwestern coastal British Columbia, and sharply increase demand for blood products. Post-subduction-event conditions would likely result in a temporary shortage of blood products in at least two regional health authorities, and would test the response of a few key related functions within smaller, more remote health care facilities. A subduction event also would impact ground transportation routes, airports, and wharves, making the transportation of blood products to and around Vancouver Island more difficult. The researcher interviewed several professionals whose work supports the blood contingency emergency response by the Canadian Blood Services, the Vancouver Island Health Authority (VIHA), and the British Columbia Ministry of Health, to obtain information that could help maintain the TM function in post-quake circumstances. To prepare informants to answer questions regarding the health care implications of these earthquakes, the researcher generated--per earthquake type--order of magnitude estimates of the numbers of hospitalizations that would likely result in Greater Victoria or/and Vancouver Island. The study examines the inventorying and transportation of blood products, some communication, decision-making, and blood product distribution considerations—plus the hazard mitigation and vulnerability reduction aspects—that could be included in an earthquake-specific blood contingency plan for VIHA transfusing facilities. It also considers how VIHA could sustain the function of the TM Laboratory role within transfusing hospitals during post-earthquake circumstances in which some of their facilities for storing, monitoring, analyzing, or transfusing blood products are inoperable. The risks of damaging earthquakes, and accompanying tsunamis affecting populated areas and health system assets in coastal British Columbia, are real. Implementing the recommendations of this study may help various players involved in the regional processing, distribution and allocation of blood products to: (a) define a more efficient response to earthquake impacts upon their operations, (b) reduce injury to people and damage to crucial equipment used in the health system, and ultimately, (c) save lives. / Graduate / 0769 / 0368 / 0766 / sanderson.b1@gmail.com

A mathematical model is developed for investigating time dependent surface deformations of a hydrostatic water volume, when it is subjected to a sudden partial collapse or rise of the sea bottom. The model solves two-dimensional Navier-Stokes Equations on a vertical plane numerically by using Marker and Cell Method (MAC) for viscous and compressible fluid including all the nonlinear effects in the solution. For demonstration, a vertical motion was given to a section in a hypothetical reservoir bed within a short time period and the resulting velocity and pressure fields and the surface profile of the water body are obtained. Computational and physical aspects are discussed.

ABSTRACT SIMULATION OF SURFACE WAVES GENERATED BY A RAPID RISE OF A BLOCK AT THE SEA BOTTOM SENOL, Nalan M.Sc., Department of Civil Engineering, Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. ismail AYDIN July 2005, 74 Pages A mathematical model is developed for investigating time dependent surface deformations of a hydrostatic water volume, when it is subjected to a sudden partial rise of the sea bottom. In the model, 2-dimensional, compressible, and viscous Navier-Stokes equations are solved by Marker and Cell (MAC) method. Variable mesh size in both horizontal and vertical directions with a staggered grid arrangement is used. Limited compressibility model is utilized for pressure. Various computational tests are done for the selection of computational parameters of the model. It is found that the amplitude of surface waves generated by vertical displacements of the sea bottom depends on size and speed of bottom displacements.

Harrisburg, Chernobyl and Fukushima have changed the world’s view of the probability that a nuclear disaster can happen. But they are also a reminder of how necessary a working crises management is in the times a disaster appears. This paper is a systematic review about accidents and disasters, and the communication in this time. The purpose of the study is to analyse the use of communication in these cases, but also how organizations and media are communicating, and which dimensions they use. The conclusion of this study shows that risk and crisis communication needs to improve in all cases. The best communication was with Sweden’s fire in Västmanland 2014 and the Tsunami 2004. Hurricanes and nuclear power needs better strategic in the whole process.

El Perú es un país que se encuentra localizado en cinturón de fuego, zona donde ocurren el 90% de las actividades sísmicas del mundo, ocasionando pérdida de vidas humanas y pérdidas materiales, por lo que es necesario tomar las precauciones para salvaguardar el bienestar de la población que vive en estas zonas. En Perú existen dos placas que se encuentran en la subsuelo del océano pacifico, la placa de nazca (oceánica) que ocupa una gran parte del océano pacifico y cuyo borde colisiona con la placa sudamericana (continental) originando un proceso de convergencia de la placa de Nazca por debajo de la Placa Sudamericana originando sismos pueden dar origen a tsunamis. Este trabajo de investigación contempla la simulación de tsunamis de diferentes magnitudes históricas: 8.2 Mw (Lima –Callao 1940) y 8.5 Mw (Japon-2011) con las que se obtuvieron dos escenarios de tsunami de estudio para el distrito de Ancón. Cuyo epicentro de sismo fue tomado en 11°32'7.65"S, 77°46'17.31"O a 70 km de la costa del Distrito de Ancón, del cual partimos los siguientes resultados: Tiempo de llegada de la primera ola para los dos escenarios, cálculo de la altura máxima de la ola empleando las formulas empíricas de Yamaguchi y Silgado. Obteniendo como resultado la probabilidad del daño con las curvas de fragilidad de Dichato y American Samoa esto en relación al tipo de material predominante de la zona de estudio. Todos los resultados que se obtuvo con la plataforma S.I.G fueron representados en mapas y diagramas estadísticos. De los cuales podemos decir que en el distrito de Ancón para los dos escenarios se obtuvieron resultados para poder planificar y mitigar los efectos que trae consigo un tsunami haciendo conocer el probable comportamiento del tsunami mostrando en los mapas cuales son las áreas que serán afectadas con los cuales se podrá tomar planes de contingencia. Peru is a country that is located in the Ring of Fire, an area where 90% of the world's seismic activity occur, causing life's human and property losses, making it necessary to take precautions to safeguard the welfare of the people living in these areas. In Peru there are two plaques found in the subsoil of the Pacific Ocean, the Nazca plate (oceanic) that occupies a large part of the Pacific Ocean and whose edge collides with the South American plate (continental) causing a process of convergence of the Nazca plate under the South American plate, causing earthquakes that may give rise to tsunamis. This research involves the simulation of tsunamis from different historical magnitudes: 8.2 Mw (Lima -Callao 1940) and 8.5 MW (Japan, 2011). We obtained two study tsunami scenarios for the district of Ancon. The epicenter of the Earthquake was taken in 11°32'7.65"S, 77°46'17.31"W at 70 km from the coast district of Ancon, of these we assume the following results: Time of arrival of the first sea wave for the two scenarios, calculation of the max height of the sea wave using empirical formulas of Yamaguchi and Silgado. Obtaining as a result the likelihood of damage with the fragility's curves of Dichato and American Samoa in relation to this type of predominant material of the study area. All the results obtained with the GIS platform , were represented in maps and statistical charts. In the two scenarios of the district of Ancon were obtained results to plan and mitigate the effects that brings a tsunami, making known the likely behavior of the tsunami, this work shows the maps the areas that will be affected and these could have contingency plans.

La presente tesis consiste en el análisis de riesgo ante un Tsunami en edificaciones del distrito de Lurín, el cual es vulnerable por estar ubicado próximo al mar. El desarrollo parte considerando tres escenarios sísmicos de gran magnitud (Mw= 8.0, Mw=8.5 y Mw=8.7) en el Distrito de Lurín, tomando como punto de partida métodos empíricos para hallar los parámetros de estimación de tsunami como la altura máxima de la ola, tiempo de llegada de la primera ola a la costa y la altura de inundación que esta genera. Con los parámetros calculados del tsunami y la información obtenida de entidades nacionales como el Instituto geográfico nacional (IGN), Instituto Nacional de estadística e informática (INEI) y la Municipalidad de Lurín, se elabora la plataforma Geoespacial (SIG), con la introducción y el almacenamiento de estos datos se procederá con análisis y la presentación en forma de tablas de atributos y mapas temáticos, que nos permiten identificar las zonas potencialmente vulnerables, determinar las zonas inundadas, los lotes afectados, la cantidad de personas damnificadas y las pérdidas económicas que se generan, es decir, nos permite analizar el riesgo y vulnerabilidad de las edificaciones, por consiguiente permitirán desarrollar planes de prevención. The folowing thesis is about The analysis of risk in front of a tsunami on buildings in Lurin district. This study area is near to the sea and It is seated in a surface whose topography is not hilly, that is the reason why this district has a constant danger of being hitted by a tsunami. The developement of this thesis has considered three seismic scenarios of great magnitude (Mw= 8.0, Mw=8.5 y Mw=8.7) in Lurin District, having as a starting point empirical methods to find tsunami parameters which are máximum wave height, arrival time of the first wave to the shore and run up. Using tsunami parameters and information obtained from national entities such National geographic Institute (IGN), National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI) and the Municipality of Lurin, the geospacial plataform will be elaborated and as result it has attribute tables and thematic maps to detect potentially vulnerable areas, determine the flooded areas, the affected lots, the number of people affected and economic losses, in other words, this allows the analysis of risk on buildings, Therefore to stablish prevention plans to minimize economic and human losses.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 乙第12964号 / 論地環博第12号 / 新制||地環||29(附属図書館) / 32363 / (主査)教授 ショウ ラジブ, 教授 岡﨑 健二, 准教授 西前 出 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

An Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved study was conducted to investigate the effects of the Tsunami Bar® (TB), a flexible barbell, on ground reaction force (GRF) production and muscle activity in the quadricep, hamstring, and gluteal muscle groups during phases of the squat exercise and compare the effects to the effects to using a rigid barbell (RB). A two-by-two repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the results. Descriptive statistics showed significantly higher GRFs for the TB during the unweighting phase, significant differences in GRFs between speeds for each phase, significantly higher forces on average with the RB during the breaking and propulsive phases at the 90 beats-per-minute (bpm) speed, and significantly higher muscle activity with the RB at the 60-bpm speed. A linkage to the beneficial effects of the TB seen in literature was seen with familiarity with the TB.

Samples from 13 different sites along the south coast of West Java yield 7 candidate paleo-tsunami sands, which may represent 4 different paleo-tsunami events. Ages obtained from one deposit may document a tsunami and coastal subsidence from an earthquake in 1,053 AD. The tsunami deposit from this event is preserved in an uplifted marine terrace exposed at Panto Cape, Banten Province. We speculated that the terrace has been uplifted about 4.6 m to the present height of 2 m above sea level, since the 1053 AD event at a rate of 4.8 mm/a. This uplift is strong evidence that strain is accumulating at the Java Trench and enough has already accumulated to generate a megathrust earthquake event.Numerical models using ComMIT of possible megathrust earthquake scenarios were constructed using the 2004 Sumatra earthquake, 30-m fault slip, and the 2011 Japan earthquake as proxies. These three scenarios yield earthquakes of Mw 9.3, 9.5 and 8.9, respectively. The worst case scenario is used to estimate the extent of tsunami inundation of the SW coast of Java, which totals 643 km2. The total number of people who inhabit the inundation area is around 451,000. Some coastal configurations cause a no escape situation where the modeled tsunami arrives in less than 20 minutes, which is not enough time for those near the coast to escape far enough inland or to a sufficient elevation to avoid the tsunami. These areas include the coastlines of Sukabumi, Cianjur and west Garut Regencies and the Pameungpeuk area.

Samples from 13 different sites along the south coast of West Java yield 7 candidate paleo-tsunami sands, which may represent 4 different paleo-tsunami events. Ages obtained from one deposit may document a tsunami and coastal subsidence from an earthquake in 1,053 AD. The tsunami deposit from this event is preserved in an uplifted marine terrace exposed at Panto Cape, Banten Province. We speculated that the terrace has been uplifted about 4.6 m to the present height of 2 m above sea level, since the 1053 AD event at a rate of 4.8 mm/a. This uplift is strong evidence that strain is accumulating at the Java Trench and enough has already accumulated to generate a megathrust earthquake event.Numerical models using ComMIT of possible megathrust earthquake scenarios were constructed using the 2004 Sumatra earthquake, 30-m fault slip, and the 2011 Japan earthquake as proxies. These three scenarios yield earthquakes of Mw 9.3, 9.5 and 8.9, respectively. The worst case scenario is used to estimate the extent of tsunami inundation of the SW coast of Java, which totals 643 km2. The total number of people who inhabit the inundation area is around 451,000. Some coastal configurations cause a no escape situation where the modeled tsunami arrives in less than 20 minutes, which is not enough time for those near the coast to escape far enough inland or to a sufficient elevation to avoid the tsunami. These areas include the coastlines of Sukabumi, Cianjur and west Garut Regencies and the Pameungpeuk area.