A identificação do momento mais apropriado para realizar a inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) utilizando sêmen sexado pode aumentar a prenhez por inseminação (P/IA) e aumentar a utilização do sêmen sexado em fazendas de corte. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o melhor intervalo entre a inseminação e a ovulação na P/IA de vacas Nelore lactantes submetidas ao protocolo de IATF utilizando sêmen sexado. Um total de 339 vacas Nelore apresentando 30 a 60 dias pós-parto da fazenda experimental da APTA, em Colina-SP foram utilizadas. No início do tratamento as fêmeas receberam um dispositivo intravaginal contendo 1g de progesterona (Sincrogest®,Ourofino Saúde Animal) e a aplicação i.m de 2mg de BE (Sincrodiol®, Ourofino). Após oito dias, o dispositivo foi removido e aplicados via i.m 0,25 mg de cloprostenol sódico (Sincrocio® , Ourofino) e 300UI de eCG (Folligon® , Intervet-Schering Plough). As vacas foram homogeneamente distribuídas para receberem IATF com sêmen sexado de um único touro da raça Angus (2.1milhões de espermatozóides por dose) às 36, 48 e 60 horas após a retirada dos dispositivos. O intervalo entre as inseminações e ovulações foi determinado e as análises realizadas comparando a taxa de prenhez entre os intervalos. Exames ultrassonográficos (7.5MHz, CTS-3300V, SIUI, China) foram realizados duas vezes ao dia, a partir da retirada do implante até 96 horas após e aos 30 pós IA para realização do diagnóstico de gestação. A P/IA foi definida como o número de fêmeas prenhes divididas pelo número de fêmeas inseminadas em cada intervalo. Os dados encontrados foram analisados usando o programa estatístico SAS. A taxa de ovulação após o protocolo foi de 92.0 % (312/339), o diâmetro do folículo ovulatório de 14,7 ± 2,3 mm e o intervalo entre retirada do dispositivo e ovulação de 71.8 ± 7.7 horas [48 horas (6.73%; 21/312), 60 horas (0.64%; 2/312), 72 horas (80.77%; 252/312), 84 horas (11.22%; 35/312), e 96 horas (0.64%; 2/312)]. A P/IA aumentou conforme se atrasou o momento da inseminação: 36 horas (5,8%; 5/86)c, 48 horas (20.8%; 27/130)b e 60 horas (30.9%; 38/123)a. A P/IA foi maior quando as inseminações foram realizadas próximas ao momento da ovulação (0 a 12 horas antes da ovulação = 37,9 %; 35/95) do que as realizadas entre 12,1 a 24 horas (19,4%; 21/108; P = 0,05) ou com mais de 24 horas (5,8%; 5/87; P = 0,0001) antes da ovulação sincronizada. Vacas recentemente ovuladas tiveram P/IA semelhante às realizadas próximo ao momento da ovulação (36,4%; 8/22; P = 0,95). Concluiu-se que a P/IA utilizando sêmen sexado é aumentada quando as inseminações são realizadas próximas a ovulação sincronizada. No experimento 2, de ressincronização, foram avaliadas, as taxas de serviço, concepção e prenhez em vacas previamente sincronizadas e inseminadas em tempo fixo. Foram formados dois grupos: observação de estro e IATF, utilizando na IA sêmen sexado e convencional. Os resultados para os grupos observação de estro e IATF foram, respectivamente: taxa de serviço [(63,5% (61/96); 100% (88/88)], taxa de concepção [(41% (25/61); 11,4% (10/88)], taxa de prenhez [(26% (25/96); 11,4% (10/88)]. Os resultados para os grupos observação de estro e IATF de acordo com o tipo de sêmen utilizado foram, respectivamente: sêmen convencional taxa de concepção [(43,3% (13/30); 14,9% (7/47))]; taxa de prenhez [(27,49% (13/61); 14,9% (7/47))]; sêmen sexado taxa de concepção [(38,7% (12/31); 7,3% (3/41))]; taxa de prenhez [(24,57% (12/61); 7,3% (3/41))]. / The identification of most appropriate moment to perform the timed artificial insemination (TAI) using sex-sorted semen following synchronization protocol can be important to improve the fertility of sex-sorted semen and increase the use sexed semen technology in commercial beef farms. The aim of this study was evaluated the better interval to perform the TAI relative to synchronized ovulation in suckled cows. A total of 339 suckled multiparous Nelore cows from an experimental farm (APTA), in Colina-SP, were evaluated in this study. The protocol started between 30 and 60 days post-partum. Cows received one synchronization protocol using an intravaginal device containing 1.0g of progesterone (Sincrogest®, Ouro Fino) plus an i.m. injection of 2.0mg of EB (Sincrodiol®, Ouro Fino). Eight days later, the device was removed and 0.25mg i.m. injection of cloprostenol sodium (Sincrocio®, Ouro Fino) and 300IU of eCG (Folligon®, Intervet-Shering Plough) were administered. Cows were homogenously assigned to receive TAI using sex-sorted semen from a single sire (2.1 millions of sperm cell per straw) at 36, 48 or 60 hours after device removal. The TAI to ovulation interval of synchronized cows was determined and the analysis was performed to compare the pregnancy for TAI performed at various intervals before ovulation using 12 hours time intervals. Ovarian ultrasonographic examinations (CTS-3300V, SIUI, China) were performed twice daily from day of the device removal to 96 hours afterwards, to evaluate ovarian follicular dynamics and interval from device removal to ovulation. All females were examined for pregnancy 30 days after AI. The data were analyzed using the SAS program.Incidence of ovulation after the estrous synchronization protocol was 92.0 % (312/339). Diameter of ovulatory follicle was 14.7 ± 2.3 mm and the interval between the P4 device removal and synchronized ovulation occurrence was 71.8 ± 7.7 hours. The distribution of the synchronized ovulation relative to the device removal was: 48 hours (6.73%; 21/312), 60 hours (0.64%; 2/312), 72 hours (80.77%; 252/312), 84 hours (11.22%; 35/312), and 96 hours (0.64%; 2/312). The pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI) was increased (P <0.001) when the TAI was delayed 36 hours (5.8%; 5/86)c, 48 hours (20.8%; 27/130)b and 60 hours (30.9%; 38/123)a. Higher P/AI was achieved on TAI performed closer to ovulation (0 to 12 hours before ovulation = 37.9 %; 35/95) than TAI performed on 12.1 to 24 hours (19.4%; 21/108; P = 0.05) or > 24 hours (5.8%; 5/87; P = 0.0001) before the synchronized ovulation. Recently ovulated cows had P/AI similar to those performed around the time of ovulation (36,4%; 8/22). In conclusion, P/AI is increased when the TAI using sex-sorted is performed closer to synchronized ovulation in suckled Nelore cows. In experiment 2, resynchronization, were assessed the service rates, conception and pregnancy in cows previously synchronized and timed AI. Two groups were formed: estrous detection and TAI, using in AI, sexed and unsexed semen. The results for groups of estrus detection and TAI were, respectively, service rate [(63.5% (61/96) 100% (88/88)], conception rate [(41% (25/61), 11.4% (10/88))], pregnancy rate [(26% (25/96), 11.4% (10/88))]. The results for groups of estrus detection and TAI according the type of semen used were: conventional semen conception rate [(43.3% (13/30), 14.9% (7 / 47))] ; pregnancy rate [(27.49% (13/61), 14.9% (7 / 47))]; sexed semen conception rate [(38.7% (12/31) 7.3% (3 / 41))]; pregnancy rate [(24.57% (12/ 61), 7.3% (3 / 41))].

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-09T10:49:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nilton Kamigauti.pdf: 18775249 bytes, checksum: fee2ef8d47303da8ab1ca5ef7a3ef5ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-09T10:49:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nilton Kamigauti.pdf: 18775249 bytes, checksum: fee2ef8d47303da8ab1ca5ef7a3ef5ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Currently, the high levels of stress pose a challenge to the contemporaneity. Teaching is one of the key professions of our society and which presents one of the highest levels of stress. In this work, it was observed that 65,3% of teachers from two schools of São Paulo suffer from stress. The purpose of this research was to assess the effects of Tai Chi Chuan on the level of stress of teachers. The instruments used were Lipp´s Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults (ISSL) to measure the stress levels and, to the individuals that practiced Tai Chi Chuan, a questionnaire to evaluate the impressions of such individuals on practicing Tai Chi Chuan was also used. The proceeding for the selection of participants was, initially, to apply the ISSL on the 49 participating teachers. Out of such individuals, 32 presented stress and were divided, equally (based on their level of stress, age and time they have been teaching), into 16 on the control group and 16 on the experimental group. The 16 participants of the experimental group were ministered classes of Tai Chi Chuan (including Chi Kung and meditation); during the period of 2 months, they attended 8 classes of 1 hour each, once a week. At the end of the 2-month period, the 32 participants of the 2 groups were retested with ISSL and the questionnaire to evaluate the impressions of practicing Tai Chi Chuan was applied solely to the experimental group. As a result, we observed that the experimental group presented a decrease in the stress levels in order of 77,16%, while the control group did not present any relevant change. Tai Chi Chuan was proven to be an efficient technique for stress management, being a low cost activity, easily executed within the premises of the schools themselves and that does not require any equipment to be practiced; it presented a good acceptance, probably due to the swiftly achieved positive effects. Therefore, Tai Chi Chuan was effective in the decrease of the stress levels of the participating teachers / Atualmente, os altos níveis de estresse representam um desafio à contemporaneidade. A docência é uma das profissões fundamentais de nossa sociedade a qual apresenta um dos níveis mais altos de estresse. Neste trabalho, constatou-se que 65,3% dos professores de duas escolas de São Paulo sofrem de estresse. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos da prática do Tai Chi Chuan no nível de estresse de docentes. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL) para medir os níveis de estresse e, para os que praticaram o Tai Chi Chuan, também foi utilizado o questionário para avaliar as impressões da prática do Tai Chi Chuan. O procedimento para selecionar os participantes foi, incialmente, aplicar o ISSL nos 49 professores participantes. Destes, 32 apresentaram estresse e foram divididos, igualmente (com base no nível de estresse, idade e tempo que lecionam), em 16 no grupo controle e 16 no grupo experimental. Os 16 participantes do grupo experimental tiveram aulas de Tai Chi Chuan (incluindo Chi Kung e meditação); ao longo de 2 meses, participaram de 8 aulas de 1 hora de duração, 1 vez por semana. Ao final dos 2 meses, os 32 participantes dos 2 grupos foram retestados com o ISSL e apenas no grupo experimental foi aplicado o questionário para avaliar as impressões da prática do Tai Chi Chuan. Como resultado, observamos que o grupo experimental apresentou uma queda dos níveis de estresse na ordem de 77,16%, enquanto o grupo controle não apresentou mudança relevante. O Tai Chi Chuan mostrou-se uma técnica eficaz no gerenciamento do estresse, sendo uma atividade economicamente barata, de fácil execução dentro das próprias escolas e que não requer nenhum equipamento para ser praticado; apresentou boa adesão, provavelmente devido aos efeitos benéficos rapidamente alcançados. Assim, o Tai Chi Chuan foi eficiente na baixa dos níveis de estresse nos professores participantes

Orientador: Jose Luiz Moraes Vasconcelos / Banca: Ciro Moraes Barros / Banca: Alexandre Vaz Pires / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do mês de parição na condição corporal (CC) no início de estação de monta e na resposta a dois protocolos de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) em vacas primíparas de corte. No experimento I (exp. I) foi avaliado a alteração da CC pré e pós-parto em 87 novilhas Nelore e 68 u sangue Red Angus, inseminadas para parir de Setembro a Dezembro. A CC foi avaliada mensalmente no pré e pós-parto de Junho a Fevereiro. No exp. II as 155 vacas do exp. I foram sincronizadas entre 29 e 129 dias pós-parto (DPP), com o protocolo: remoção dos bezerros (RB) por 48 h antes do primeiro GnRH (100 mcg, Fertagyl®, INTERVET) e foi inserido dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona (CIDR®, Pfizer, 1,9 g). Após 6,5 dias, foi feita nova RB por 46h; o CIDR® foi removido; e foi aplicado prostaglandina 2 (PGF2 ) (25 mg, Lutalyse®, Pfizer). Entre 42 e 46h após a PGF2 as vacas receberam nova aplicação de GnRH e foram inseminadas. No exp. III, 538 primíparas de duas fazendas (60 Nelore e 123 u sangue Red Angus na fazenda 1 e 355 Nelore na fazenda 2), entre 33 e 104 DPP foram sincronizadas com o protocolo: inserção do CIDR® junto à de Benzoato de Estradiol (2,0 mg, Estrogin®, Farmavet), No dia 7 foi aplicado PGF2 (12,5 mg, Lutalyse®, Pfizer). No dia 9 foi retirado o CIDR®, foi feita RB e aplicado 0,5 mg de Cipionato de Estradiol (E.C.P.®, Pfizer). A IATF foi realizada 46 a 52 h após a retirada do CIDR®. A taxa de sincronização foi avaliada (exceto na fazenda 2 do exp. III) por dois exames de ultra-som (Aloka SSD-500, 5,0 MHz) e determinada pela presença e ausência de folículo dominante na IATF e 48 h após. O diagnóstico de gestação foi feito por ultra-som 28 dias após a IATF. A análise estatística do exp. I foi feita no PROC MIXED e dos exp. II e III no PROC LOGISTIC do SAS... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the calving date effect on body condition score (BCS) at the beginning of breeding season and on the response to a two timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocols in first-calf beef heifers. In experiment I (exp. I) was evaluated the BCS change pre and post-partum. Eighty seven Nelore heifers and 68 u blood Red Angus were inseminated to calve from September to December. The BCS were monthly measured from June to February, during the pre and post-partum of these animals. In exp. II, the cows from exp. I were TAI when they were between 29 and 129 days post-partum (DPP) with the protocol: calf removal (CR) for 48 h before the first GnRH (100 mcg, Fertagyl®, INTERVET) and an insertion of an intravaginal progesterone device (1.9 g, CIDR®, Pfizer). After 6,5 days a new CR was performed, the CIDR® was removed and was injected prostaglandin F2? (PGF2?) (25 mg, Lutalyse®, Pfizer). Between 42 and 46 h after PGF2? was injected a new GnRH and cows were TAI. In exp. III, 538 primiparous cows from two herds (60 Nelore and 123 u blood Red Angus from farm 1 and 355 Nelore from farm 2), between 33 and 104 DPP were synchronized with the protocol: day 0, insertion of a CIDR® and a injection of 2.0 mg of estradiol benzoate (Estrogin®, Farmavet), on day 7 was injected PgF2? (12.5 mg, Lutalyse®, Pfizer), in the CIDR® withdraw (Day 9) was injected estradiol cipionate (0.5 mg, E.C.P.®, Pfizer) and a CR was done, the TAI was preformed 46 to 52 hours after the device withdraw. In the TAI moment and 48 hours later a ultrasound scan (Aloka SSD-500, 5.0 MHz) was performed to determine the ovulation rate (except in the farm 2 of exp. 3). The pregnancy diagnosis was made by ultrasound 28 days after the TAI. The statistic analysis in exp. I was performed with PROC MIXED and in exp.II and III with PROC LOGISTIC from SAS... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Yan Jing Linda. / Thesis submitted in: December 2003. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-99). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / 中文摘要 --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Question --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Zhejiang Provincial TV Station and the Economic Life Channel --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- The Advertising Department --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Methodology --- p.11 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- """STRATEGIC ADAPTATION"": ANEO-INSTITUTIONAL-SOCIOLOGY APPROACH" / Chapter 2.1 --- Transaction Cost and Organizational Mode --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- Organizations and Institutions in Transition Societies --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- Studies on China's Media Reform --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- """Strategic Adaptation""" --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5 --- "Behavioral Patterns of ""Strategic Adaptation""" --- p.22 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- INSTITUTIONAL CONFLICTS IN A TRANSITIONAL MEDIA ENVIRONMENT / Chapter 3.1 --- Partial Reform and Duality of Institutional Demands --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- "“Old´حInstitutional Demands - the ""Propaganda Work Guidebook""" --- p.30 / News Censorship and Programming Policy --- p.31 / Propaganda Quality Responsible Contract --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- “New´حInstitutional Demands 一 The Financial Responsible Contract --- p.34 / Revenue Target --- p.34 / Employment Terms and Performance Based Job Allowances --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- Ambiguities and Conflicts --- p.37 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION: DECOUPLING OF ACTIVITIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE / Chapter 4.1 --- Structural Adaptation in a Transitional Context --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2 --- Spanning of Space --- p.42 / Chapter 4.3 --- Spanning of Practice --- p.47 / Chapter 4.4 --- Spanning of Identity --- p.50 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.52 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- SYMBOLIC ADAPTATION: BUILDING A SYMBOLIC BRIDGE / Chapter 5.1 --- Symbolic Adaptation in a Transitional Context --- p.55 / Chapter 5.2 --- Boundary Blurring --- p.56 / Chapter 6.3 --- Symbolic Packaging --- p.60 / Chapter 6.4 --- Ideological Framing --- p.63 / Chapter 6.5 --- Discussion --- p.68 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- RECIPROCAL BEHAVIORS / Chapter 5.1 --- Reciprocal Behaviors in a Transitional Context --- p.69 / Chapter 5.2 --- Emergent Networking --- p.72 / Chapter 5.3 --- Prospective Networking --- p.77 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.81 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSIONS / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.84 / Chapter 7.2 --- """Strategic Adaptation""" --- p.87 / Chapter 7.3 --- A Micro and Macro Link --- p.88 / Chapter 7.4 --- Generalizability and Boundaries of Findings --- p.90 / Chapter 7.5 --- Limitations and Agenda for Future Research --- p.92 / Bibliography --- p.95

O presente trabalho foi realizado em duas etapas experimentais. O objetivo do Experimento 1 foi avaliar o perfil de produção de anticorpos anti-eCG em novilhas Bos taurus e Bos indicus tratadas uma, duas ou três vezes, com 400 e com 2000UI de eCG. O experimento foi realizado em duas réplicas com o mesmo desenho experimental, porém com padrões raciais distintos. Os animais foram divididos em 6 grupos: os grupos eCG2000UI_1x (n = 5), eCG2000UI_2x (n = 5) e eCG2000UI_3x (n = 5) receberam, respectivamente, um, dois e três tratamentos com 2000 UI de eCG, enquanto os grupos eCG400UI_1x (n = 5), eCG400UI_2x (n = 5) e eCG400UI_3x (n = 5) receberam os mesmos tratamentos porém com 400 UI de eCG. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue semanais por um período de 63 dias, em seguida o intervalo entre as coletas foi de 30 e 60 dias totalizando um período de 300 dias. A dosagem dos anticorpos anti-eCG foi realizada por teste ELISA. O número de tratamentos não influenciou a produção de anticorpos anti-eCG; a produção de anticorpos foi maior em fêmeas Bos taurus que em Bos indicus, e a aplicação de 2000 UI de eCG resultou em maiores concentrações de anticorpos que a aplicação de 400 UI nos primeiros 21 dias após o tratamento e na resposta tardia. O objetivo do Experimento 2 foi avaliar a memória imunológica celular e humoral de fêmeas Bos taurus previamente tratadas com 400 e 2000 UI de eCG, e verificar a influência dessa possível memória imunológica na atividade biológica da molécula de eCG. Além dos animais utilizados no experimento anterior, no Experimento 2 foram incluídos outros nove animais sem tratamento prévio com eCG: eCG2000UI_Controle (n = 5) e eCG400UI_Controle (n = 4). No D0 os animais receberam 2 mg de benzoato de estradiol e um dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona (DIB). Quatro dias mais tarde, as fêmeas dos grupos eCG2000UI_1x, eCG2000UI_2x, eCG2000UI_3x e eCG2000UI_Controle receberam 2000 UI de eCG, enquanto as fêmeas dos grupos eCG400UI_1x, eCG400UI_2x, eCG400UI_3x e eCG400UI_Controle receberam 400 UI de eCG. No momento da retirada do DIB (D8) os animais receberam PGF2 e 1 mg de cipionato de estradiol. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue semanais por 32 dias para dosagem de anticorpos, e duas coletas para avaliação da atividade celular proliferativa no D0 e D32. No momento da retirada do DIB as novilhas foram submetidas a exame ultrassonográfico para avaliação da resposta superestimulatória (no. de folículos > 6 mm) e para mensuração do diâmetro do maior folículo nas fêmeas tratadas com 2000 e 400 UI de eCG, respectivamente. O tratamento prévio não gerou memória imunológica humoral, independente da dose e do número de tratamentos realizados. No entanto, foi observada memória imunológica celular, sendo que esta memória foi maior nos animais submetidos a maior número de tratamentos prévios. Foi observada tendência de efeito de réplica na resposta superestimulatória, e correlação negativa entre a concentração de anticorpos e o número de folículos > 6 mm. O tratamento com 400 UI de eCG não mostrou os mesmos efeitos no diâmetro folicular. / The present study was carried out in two experimental steps. Experiment 1 was designed to evaluate the anti-eCG antibodies production in Bos taurus and Bos indicus heifers, in response to 400 and 2000UI of eCG, employed once, twice or three times. This experiment was performed in two identical experimental designs, however, using distinct genetic groups. Animals where randomly divided in six groups: eCG2000UI_1x (n = 5), eCG2000UI_2x (n = 5) and eCG2000UI_3x (n = 5) were respectively treated with one, two and three injections of 2000 UI of eCG. Groups eCG400UI_1x (n = 5), eCG400UI_2x (n = 5) and eCG400UI_3x (n = 5) were submitted to the same treatment protocol aforementioned; however, eCG dose was 400UI. Animals where then submitted to weekly blood sampling during a 63 days period, and then samples were collected within intervals ranging from 30-60 days, totalizing a period of 300 days. Anti-eCG dosage assay was performed by ELISA. Antibody production was not affected by the number of doses; however, was higher in Bos taurus females. Moreover, higher antibodies levels in the first 21 days after treatment and in the late response were observed when 2000 UI of eCG was applied. The Experiment 2 was focused on the evaluation of cellular and humoral immunological memory of Bos Taurus females previously treated with 400 and 2000 UI of eCG, as well as to figure out influence of the possible immunological response on biological activity of eCG molecule. Besides the animals that were used in the first experiment, nine additional heifers were included in the second trial, which were eCG2000UI_Control (n = 5) and eCG400UI_Control (n = 4). The treatment protocol was: on Day 0 (D0) all heifers received 2 mg of estradiol benzoate and one intravaginal progesterone device (DIB). Four days later, groups eCG2000UI_1x, eCG2000UI_2x, eCG2000UI_3x and eCG2000UI_Control received an injection of 2000 UI eCG, while groups eCG400UI_1x, eCG400UI_2x, eCG400UI_3x and eCG400UI_Control received 400 UI. By the time of DIB withdrawal (D8), animals were treated with PGF2 plus 1 mg of estradiol cipionate treatment. Afterwards, weekly blood samples were collected during 32 days for antibodies assay. Two additional blood samples were performed on day D0 and D32 to evaluate the cellular proliferative activity in response to eCG. In order to evaluate the ovarian stimulatory response (number of follicles > 6mm) in heifers treated with 2000 UI of eCG as well as the size of the largest follicle in those heifers treated with 400UI, ultrasound examination was carried by the time of DIB withdrawal. Humoral immunological memory response was not observed in animals previously treated with 400 or 2000 UI of eCG, regardless the number of treatments. Otherwise, cellular immunological memory response was observed and was higher in animals subjected to an increased number of treatments. A tendency of replicate effect in follicle numbers (> 6mm) was observed, as well as a high negative correlation between antibodies concentration and the number of follicles > 6mm. Same results were not observed when 400 UI of eCG treatment was performed.

Avaliou-se a influência do desenvolvimento corporal na ciclicidade, na resposta ovariana e na taxa de prenhez à inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) de novilhas da raça Nelore ao sobreano (Experimento 1). Ainda, avaliou-se a eficiência de um protocolo de indução de ciclicidade (Experimento 2) previamente ao protocolo de IATF. No Experimento 1, 650 novilhas de 13,9&#177;0,03 meses de idade foram submetidas ao mesmo protocolo de sincronização da ovulação para IATF. Dez dias antes do início do protocolo de sincronização (Dia -10), as novilhas foram avaliadas quanto à idade (meses), peso (kg), escore de condição corporal (ECC, escala de 1 a 5), altura de cernelha (hCERN, cm) e relação altura/profundidade de costela (pCOST,% ) escore do trato reprodutivo (ETR, escala de 1 a 5), ciclicidade (presença de CL) e espessura de gordura subcutânea na garupa (EGPU, mm). No Dia 0, as fêmeas foram submetidas a sincronização da ovulação, recebendo IATF 10 dias após (Dia 10). Foram determinados por ultrassonografia a taxa de ciclicidade (presença de CL no Dia -10 e/ou Dia 0) os diâmetros do maior folículo presente no Dia 8 (FDD8), no Dia 10 (FDIA), presença de CL no Dia 17 (ovulação) e taxa de prenhez 30 dias após a IATF. Com relação à análise univariável, não houve diferença na taxa de ciclicidade com relação à hCERN e pCOST (P&gt;0,05), mas isoladamente a idade, o peso, o ECC e a EGPU foram associados com incremento na taxa de ciclicidade (P&lt;0,05). Entretanto, na análise multivariável o parâmetro retido no modelo foi a EGPU (&gt;3,4mm; 19,4 vs. &le;3,4mm; 8,8%; P=0,002). O FDD8 não foi influenciado pela idade, ECC e pCOST (P&gt;0,05) quando analisados de maneira isolada. Entretanto, o peso, hCERN, EGPU e ETR foram associados com maior FDD8 (P&lt;0,05). Contudo, ao se avaliar todos os parâmetros de maneira conjunta, houve efeito de hCERN (&gt;121,5=7,2 vs. &le;121,5=6,9mm; P=0,03), EGPU (&gt;2,6=7,4 vs. &le;2,6=6mm; P=0,02) e ETR (1=6,9ab;2=7,4ab; 3=7,1ab; 4=7,7ª; 5=6,3mmb; P=0,002) sobre o FDD8. O CrescFD e a taxa de ovulação não foram influenciados por nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados, em ambas as análises (P&gt;0,05). Ainda, na análise univariável a hCERN e o ETR (P&gt;0,05) não resultaram em efeito na taxa de prenhez, mas a idade, o peso, o ECC, a pCOST e a EGPU foram associados com incremento no sucesso gestacional (P&lt;0,01). Entretanto, ao se utilizar a análise multivariável os parâmetros retidos no modelo foram a idade (&gt;13,8=43,0 vs. &le;13,8=27,2; P=0,04), a pCOST (&gt;44,0=41,9 vs. &le;44,0=27,0; P = 0,02) e a EGPU (>2,5=44,4 vs. &le;2,5=23,4%; P=0,0003). No Experimento 2, 626 novilhas de 14,2±0,03 meses de idade foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em dois grupos experimentais: Indução (n=307; dispositivo de P4 usado durante 10 dias mais 0.6mg de CE no momento da retirada) e Controle (n=319). Doze dias após a retirada do dispositivo de P4 (Dia 0) todas as fêmeas foram submetidas a protocolo de sincronização para IATF conforme descrito no Experimento 1. As novilhas que receberam o protocolo de indução tiveram maior (P<0,0001) taxa de ciclicidade (75,2%) no Dia 0 em relação ao controle (7,8%). Entretanto, semelhante taxa de prenhez à IATF foi verificada entre os tratamentos (Controle 42,9 vs. Indução = 43,0%; P=0,40). Conclui-se que os parâmetros de desenvolvimento corporal apresentam relação positiva com a ciclicidade e a resposta ao protocolo para IATF em novilhas raça Nelore ao sobreano. Além disso, o estímulo hormonal prévio aumentou a proporção de novilhas com CL no início do protocolo de IATF, entretanto, não influenciou a taxa de prenhez à inseminação artificial / The influence of body development on ciclicity, ovarian response and pregnancy rate after timed artificial insemination (TAI) was evaluated in yearling Nelore beef heifers (Experiment 1). Furthermore, the efficiency of a protocol for ciclicity induction, previously to the TAI was tested (Experiment 2). At Experiment 1, 650 heifers aged 13,9 ± 0.03 months were submitted to the same ovulation synchronization protocol for TAI. Ten days before the beginning of the TAI protocol (Day -10), all females were evaluated for age (months), weight (kg), body condition score (BCS, 1 to 5 scale), withers height (hCERN, cm) and whiters height/depth of rib relationship (pCOST, %), reproductive tract score (RTS, 1 to 5 scale) ciclicity (presence of a CL) and subcutaneuos fat thickness (EGPU, mm). At Day 0, all heifers were submitted to the ovulation synchronization, receiving TAI after 10 days (Day 10). The ciclicity (presence of a CL at Day -10 and/or Day 0), diameter of the biggest follicle at Day 8 (FDD8) and Day 10 (FDIA) as the ovulation rate at Day 17 and pregnancy rate at Day 30 were determined by ultrassonography. In relationship to the univariable analysis, there was no difference of ciclicity rate according to hCERN and pCOST (P>0.05), but age, weight, BCS, and EGPU were associated to greater ciclicity (P<0.05). However, considering the multivariable analysis, heifers with greater EGPU (>3.4mm; 19.4%) presented greater (P=0.002) ciclicity rate in comparison to heifers with lesser EGPU ( &le;3.4mm; 8.8%). The FDD8 was not influenced by age, BCS and pCOST (P>0.05) and was influenced by hCERN, EGPU and RTS when the variables were singly analyzed. Nevertheless, there was an effect of hCERN (>121.5=7.2 vs. &le;121.5=6.9; P=0.03), EGPU (>2.6=7.4 vs. &le;2.6=6.0; P=0.02) and RTS (1=6.9ab; 2=7.4ab; 3=7.1ab; 4=7.7ª; 5=6.3 mmb; P=0.002) over the FDD8, when all variables were analyzed together. The ovulation rate was not influenced by any of the evaluated parameters (P>0.20). Still, considering the univariable statistical model, there was no effect of hCERN and RTS (P=0.05) on pregnancy rate, but age, weight, BCS, pCOST and EGPU were associated with increased pregnancy rate to TAI (P<0.05). Still, heifers with more age (>13.8=43.0 vs. &le;13.8=27.2; P=0.04), greater pCOST (>44.0=41.9 vs. &le;44.0=27.0%; P = 0.02) and greater EGPU (>2.5=44.4 vs.&le;2.5mm=23.4%; P=0.0003) presented greater pregnancy rate when all varaiables were analyzed together. At Experiment 2, 626 heifers aged 14.2±0.03 months were randomly allocated in two experimental groups: Induction (n=307; used P4 device during 10 days plus 0.6mg EC at device removal) and Control (n=319). Twelve days after P4 device removal (Day 0) all females were submitted to the same ovulation synchronization protocol described in Experiment 1. Heifers from Induction group (75.2%) had greater (P<0.0001) ciclicity rate at Day 0 in comparison to Control (7.8%), but similar pregnancy rate to 1st TAI (Control 42.9 vs. Induction 43.0%; P=0.40). It is concluded that the body developmental parameters presents positive relationship with ciclicity and response to the TAI protocol in Nelore yearling heifers. Moreover, a previous hormonal stimulus increases the proportion of heifers with a corpus luteum at the beginning of the TAI protocol, but does not affect pregnancy rate to the artificial insemination

A Inseminação Artificial (IA) é a biotécnica que proporciona a maior pressão de seleção no melhoramento genético de um rebanho e, portanto deveria ser imprescindível na pecuária moderna. A ineficiência na detecção de estro e a baixa ciclicidade ovariana no período pós-parto constituem um grande entrave na aplicabilidade de programas de IA. Frente a estas dificuldades, o uso da Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo (IATF) vem incrementando os resultados obtidos, uma vez que elimina a necessidade de observação de estro e induz a ciclicidade de vacas em anestro pós-parto. Nos protocolos de IATF é de fundamental importância o uso dos dispositivos intravaginais para liberação de progesterona (P4). No mercado atual, estes dispositivos importados são fabricados à base de silicone, um polímero biocompatível, porém não biodegradável. Recentemente, dispositivos intravaginais de P4, incorporada à matriz polimérica biodegradável de poli-hidroxibutirato (PHB), vêm sendo estudados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a eficiência, em programa de IATF, de um novo dispositivo intravaginal (Progestar®), na taxa de prenhez, em bovinos da raça Nelore, com a do dispositivo à base de silicone, DIB®, atualmente disponível no mercado brasileiro. Foram utilizadas 240 vacas da raça Nelore, em um delineamento de blocos casualizados generalizados, divididas em dois grupos (controle - DIB® e tratamento - Progestar®, usados nos protocolos de sincronização e IATF). Foram realizados 2 experimentos distintos: no primeiro experimento utilizaram-se dispositivos de 1º uso (n=136), enquanto que no segundo experimento, dispositivos de 2º uso (n=104). As taxas de prenhez, decorrentes da IATF (TPIATF) e ao final da estação de monta (TPEM) (variáveis dependentes), foram comparadas por análise de variância, separando o efeito de tratamento, dos blocos e das interações. No experimento 1: não houve interação das variáveis com o tratamento; não houve efeito de tratamento sobre a TPIATF (DIB® - 66,7% e Progestar® - 65,8%) nem sobre a TPEM (DIB® - 95% e Progestar® - 94,7%); houve interação entre período pós-parto (PPP) e escore de condição corporal (ECC). Animais no PPP1 (45 a 70 dias) e ECC4 apresentaram resultados inferiores na TPIATF em relação aos animais ECC5 e 6; houve também interação entre PPP e escore de condição ovariana (ECO), em que animais no PPP2 (71 a 90 dias) que não estavam ciclando apresentaram resultados inferiores de TPIATF, em relação aos animais ciclando; e também não houve efeito das demais variáveis sobre a TPIATF e TPEM. No experimento 2: não houve interação das variáveis com o tratamento; não houve efeito de tratamento sobre a TPIATF (DIB® 2 - 61,6% e Progestar® 2 - 55,8%) nem sobre a TPEM (DIB® 2 - 94,2% e Progestar® 2 - 88,5%); houve interação entre categoria animal (Cat) e PPP, em que primíparas no PPP1 (32 a 55 dias) apresentaram resultados inferiores na TPEM em relação às primíparas no PPP2 (56 a 90 dias); houve também interação entre PPP e ECC, em que animais no PPP2 e com ECC4 apresentaram resultados inferiores de TPEM, em relação aos animais com ECC5; e também houve efeito negativo do PPP1 sobre a TPIATF e de um dos touros na TPEM. Após a realização do experimento concluiu-se que o Progestar® possui semelhante eficiência na taxa de prenhez, quando comparado ao DIB® e que ambos tratamentos têm potencial para proporcionar TPIATF acima de 50% e TPEM acima de 90%. / The artificial insemination (AI) is a biotechnique that causes the fastest genetic improvement of a herd and, therefore should be essential in the modern livestock. Heat detection inefficiency and low ovarian ciclicity in the postpartum period establish a great obstacle on applicability of AI programs. In front of these difficulties, the use of timed artificial insemination (TAI) improves the results, because eliminates the heat detection and induces the ciclicity of cows in anestrous postpartum. In TAI protocols is fundamental the use of intravaginal devices for releasing progesterone (P4). In the current market, these devices are imported and made of silicone, a biocompatible polymer, but not biodegradable. Recently intravaginal progesterone devices made of PHB, a biodegradable polymer, have been studied. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency, in TAI program, of a new intravaginal device (Progestar®), on pregnancy rate, in Nelore cows, with a device made of silicone DIB®, currently available in the brazilian market. Were used 240 Nelore cows, in a generalized randomized block design, divided in two groups (control - DIB® and treatment - Progestar®, used in the synchronization protocols and TAI). Two experiments were done: the first experiment used new intravaginal devices (n=136), while the second experiment utilized used intravaginal devices (n=104). The pregnancy rates, of TAI (TAIPR) and breeding season (BSPR) (dependent variables), were compared by analysis of variance, separating the treatment, blocks and interactions effect. In experiment 1: there was no interaction between variables and treatment; there was no effect of treatment on TAIPR (DIB® - 66,7% and Progestar® - 65,8%) and on BSPR (DIB® - 95% and Progestar® - 94,7%); there was an interaction between postpartum period (PPP) and body condition score (BCS), in which animals in PPP1 (45 to 70 days) and BCS4 showed inferior results on TAIPR related to animals BCS5 and 6; there was also an interaction between PPP and ovary condition score (OCS), in which animals in PPP2 (71 to 90 days) not cyclic showed inferior results on TAIPR, related to cyclic animals; and there was also no effect of variables on TAIPR and BSPR. In experiment 2: there was no interaction between variables and treatment; there was no effect of treatment on TAIPR (DIB® 2 - 61,6% and Progestar® 2 - 55,8%) and on BSPR (DIB® 2 - 94,2% and Progestar® 2 - 88,5%); there was an interaction between animal category (Cat) and PPP, in which primiparous in PPP1 (32 to 55 days) showed inferior results on BSPR, related to primiparous in PPP2 (56 to 90 days); there was also an interaction between PPP and BCS, in which animals in PPP2 and BCS4 showed inferior results on BSPR, related animals BCS5; and there was also negative effect of PPP1 on TAIPR and one of the bulls on BSPR. This experiment showed that the Progestar® had the same efficiency on pregnancy rate, as the commercially available DIB® and both treatments have the potential to provide TAIPR above 50% and BSPR above 90%.

Abstract not available

Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate a 10-week Taiji intervention to a 10-week strength training intervention in terms of their ability to relieve osteoarthritis (OA) symptoms, alter gait, and improve mobility in seniors with knee OA. Methods. Men and women between the ages of 60 and 85 years who met the American College of Rheumatology criteria for knee OA were recruited to participate in either a simplified Taiji program (n=12), an open-chain strength training program (n=13), or a control group (n=6). All participants completed the Western Ontario and MacMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), three physical performance tests, and a 3-D gait analysis at baseline and again after the 10-week intervention. Results. The strength training group significantly improved on the time up-and-go test (p = 0.001), the WOMAC pain sub-score (p=0.006), WOMAC stiffness sub-score (p<0.001), and WOMAC physical function sub-score (p=0.011). The Taiji group significantly improved on the timed up-and-go (p<0.001), but there was no change in their WOMAC scores. Neither group showed any significant changes in either kinematic or kinetic gait variables. Conclusion. Strength training was effective for improving mobility and improving the symptoms of knee OA. Taiji was also effective for improving mobility, but did not improve the participants‟ knee OA symptoms. Neither intervention had an effect the participants walking gait.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Minnesota, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-146). Also available on the World Wide Web as a PDF file.