Research on mental disability in the Sub-Sahara African context has recently stagnated, and is in need of a revival. The objectives of this study was to examine (i) the current situation of children and youth with mental disabilities in the Morogoro Region, Tanzania, and (ii) how to create more community awareness on rights of people with mental disabilities in the society, to put the discussion of mental disabilities back on the agenda. To fully grasp the cultural context, we have used interviews with local professionals working with children and youth with mental disabilities, in order to gain knowledge of efficient ways to create more community awareness. Over time there has been a change of attitudes due to improved knowledge, mainly through the increased visibility of people with mental disabilities in the society. However there is still a need to create awareness of the rights of people with mental disabilities, especially in rural areas. In order to influence the current situation for this group, we have concluded, within the frames of social constructionism, that networking through a bottom-up approach could be appropriate to share the burden.

A majority of the world’s population can be classified as Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP), which means that they earn less than USD 3,000 per year. In addition, it is estimated that 12 % of the worlds BoP population live in Africa. Due to the vast economic growth in Africa - which will boost the African consumers income level -we have decided to write a dissertation that regards the African BoP consumers.The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate iffive BoP market barriers exist in the African countries Tanzania and Kenya. In order to answer the research question, we conducted interviews with two different companies established in the Tanzanian respectively Kenyan BoP market. It was possible to answer the research question through the primary data collected during these interviews.Our main findings from the empirical analysis indicated that four out of five market barriers in the Tanzanian and Kenyan BoP markets are accepted, and that both of the companies had to adapt to the different barriers. In addition, Company A and Company B also find solutions to these accepted market barriers in their respective BoP markets.This dissertation will be of value since Africa’s economy is steadily growing, which will attract more companies in the near future. Furthermore, research in how toovercome market barriers in order to establish successful business in low-income markets will also be valuable.

This thesis is a qualitative interview study with the purpose of describing how women living with physical disabilities view their experiences and expectations connected to sexuality. It also aims to highlight how the surrounding society treats these women regarding their sexuality. Through semi-structured interviews; six single- and one group interview, the data was collected during a two month long Minor Field Study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. An interpreter, with a degree in Kiswahili/English translation at the University of Dar es Salaam was translating the interviews from Kiswahili to English. The results of this study show that the women living with physical disabilities view themselves as capable and strong sexual beings even if they at the same time face many challenges. The challenges they face are both on an individual and a structural level. These challenges are often connected to the men they have long or short relationships with and are closely linked to both how the men and the society view physical disability and the female sex. This thesis shows that when it comes to sexuality the women all hope for a radical change towards a society that can meet their needs better and the women’s stories clearly highlight the importance of seeing the society itself as the disabling mechanism instead of seeing themselves as disabled individuals.

Abstract: Aim: To illuminate how nurses working with burn injured children describe their care for burn injured children in pain during dressing procedures and which conditions and obstacles nurses express they are working under in order to proceed with giving care. Method: Semi-structured qualitative interviews with eight nurses at a pediatric burn ward in Dar es Salaam. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and processed by manifest content analysis. Result: Three themes were derived and identified as, pain assessment, pain management and pain treatment. Nurses experienced the pain management as satisfactory and expressed pain assessment as indication to how the burn injured children behaved and were affected upon daily dressing of burn wounds. Results also showed from observations that there is no specific pain assessment tool being used at the ward, more than the nurse’s clinical eye and work experience at the dressing occasion. The main pain treatment used at the ward was Panadol and nurses described their fear of children becoming tolerant to opiates as reason why Panadol being used so extensively. Conclusion: This is a topic that shows that nurses in dealing with pediatric burn injured patients have good skills in pain management. However the routine use of pain treatment during dressings as an extensive standard treatment needs to be illuminated.

This essay discusses the impacts and effects on the rural population of the large-scale land acquisitions that are taking place in Africa today, with a focus on Tanzania and the activities of the Swedish biofuel company EcoEnergy in the country. The main objective is to explore the implications on the rural population and the environment created by EcoEnergy’s involvement in land acquisition in Tanzania. Large-scale land acquisitions are often said to have a positive impact on a country’s development process. Critical assessments, however, question this opinion and the method chosen for the essay is a case study analysis. For my exploration, it has been crucial to study the documents of the company, its code of conduct and also how the company adheres to Tanzanian laws while carrying out its activities. These documents, which describe expected environmental and social impacts, have been compared to field studies made in Tanzanian villages by institutes to see if EcoEnergy follow their code of conduct statements and adheres to the laws of the country. What has been found when comparing the impact on the environment and the effects on the social life of the local population is that their lives will not be improved, and that promises made by EcoEnergy have not been kept. The conclusion made in this study is that there are no satisfactory communication and information links between the government, the investors and the population. The population does not have any accountability measures towards the investors if the investors’ promises are not kept. The final conclusion is that the development process of Tanzania, as it seems, is thus not gaining on having biofuels investors in the country.

Sammanfattning I detta examensarbete studeras barns genuskonstruktioner på ett frukostprogram i Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Syftet är att förstå hur barnen konstruerar genus. Genom att utforska vilka aktiviteter och platser som är genusifierade respektive könsneutrala samt hur barnen tänker om att vara flicka eller pojke nås ny kunskap om genus. Teoretiska utgångspunkter är genusteori och genusantropologi. Centrala begrepp är genusifiering, socialisation och plats. Med kvalitativ och hermeneutiskt tolkande metod redogörs och analyseras genomförda observationer och samtal med en grupp barn på frukostprogrammet i Bagamoyo. Resultatet visar att ålder har en viktig plats i barnens sammanhang. Efter stigande ålder iakttar barnen hur omgivningen lever och arbetar för att sedan själv utföra tilldelat arbete och bekräftas sedan som flicka eller pojke. I denna pågående process där barnet är aktör i socialisationen utvecklar barnet sin identitet som till viss del är genusifierad.

Background. To give birth can be a stressful experience and women cope with thisstress in many different ways and have different personal outcomes. Self-efficacy orconfidence in ability to cope with labour can be considered as an important factoraffecting pregnant women’s motivation of normal childbirth and their interpretation ofthe childbirth event.The aim. The purpose of this study was to test the Chinese short form of theinstrument Childbirth self-efficacy instrument (CBSEI) in Tanzania, that measurepregnant women’s self-confidence and coping abilities during childbirth.Method. The Chinese short form of the CBSEI was used to pilot test the pregnantwomen’s confidence of childbirth to see if the questions were understood in theTanzanian culture. Besides this instrument socio-demographic data was collectedtogether with two open questions asking about attitudes and experiences of childbirth.The instrument was translated into Kiswahili. A sample of 60 pregnant women whowere visiting antenatal clinic (ANC) regularly were asked to participate and with helpfrom midwifes at two ANC places the questionnaires were filled out.Result. The result shows that the validity and reliability of the two subscales OE-16and EE-16 were established. The internal consistency reliability of the two subscaleswere high, suggesting that each of the subscale mean score provides a good overviewof self- reported belief in coping ability for childbirth.The results further show that the instrument, CBSEI in this pilot study is not able toidentify women who need extra support during childbirth.Conclusion. The reliability and validity of information presented in this pilot studysupport the use of the Chinese short form of the CBSEI as a research instrument in theTanzania culture. Further studies are recommended to get a wider understandingabout women’s coping abilities in a culture like Tanzania.

<p>This thesis is an attempt to address issues of housingtransformation in informal settlements. Transformation ofhouses is seen to be associated with modernisation forceswhereby people adapt their houses to suit their needs anddesires. On one hand the desire to own a“modernhouse”may lead to deterioration of spatial qualities, onthe other hand fulfilment of the desire may contribute to themodernisation of urban settlements. The informal settlement ofHanna Nassif was chosen as a case study to illustrate theprocess of housing transformations in informal settlement.Knowledge on the transformation processes serves as animportant tool to address issues of spatial qualities, housingmodernisation, actors in the processes of transformation anduse of space.</p><p>The results show that there is a wide range oftransformation activities that have been taking place in termsof extensions and alterations. The desire to modernise theirhouses impels developers to use modern building materials. Insome instances houses constructed with traditional buildingmaterials are replaced with industrially produced materials.Through transformation processes new house types emerge. Thestudy identifies problems as well as positive aspectsassociated with the whole process of housing transformation.The positive aspects are those of increased indoor space,increase of rooms for renting and in other cases separation offunctions. The problems emerging from this process include:decrease of outdoor space, increase of housing density,blockage of ventilation and light in the transformedhouses.</p><p>The study concludes that housing transformation being oneway in which lowincome earners strive to get access to housingdeserves government support, particularly in the absence ofalternative housing supply. It is further observed that todatemany urban dwellers have managed to secure housing as a directresult of house extensions effected by house owners. The houseextensions are being carried out outside the established formalplanning regulations. It is in the light of these developmentsthat there is a cause for government intervention to guidehousing development processes in informal settlements.Professionals like planners and architects should also assume arole for quality and sustainability to prevail. The study alsosuggests specific problem areas for further investigation.</p><p><b>Key words:</b>Tanzania, housing transformation, informalsettlements, modernisation, spatial qualities and housetypes.</p>

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>I detta examensarbete studeras barns genuskonstruktioner på ett frukostprogram i Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Syftet är att förstå hur barnen konstruerar genus. Genom att utforska vilka aktiviteter och platser som är genusifierade respektive könsneutrala samt hur barnen tänker om att vara flicka eller pojke nås ny kunskap om genus. Teoretiska utgångspunkter är genusteori och genusantropologi. Centrala begrepp är genusifiering, socialisation och plats. Med kvalitativ och hermeneutiskt tolkande metod redogörs och analyseras genomförda observationer och samtal med en grupp barn på frukostprogrammet i Bagamoyo. Resultatet visar att ålder har en viktig plats i barnens sammanhang. Efter stigande ålder iakttar barnen hur omgivningen lever och arbetar för att sedan själv utföra tilldelat arbete och bekräftas sedan som flicka eller pojke. I denna pågående process där barnet är aktör i socialisationen utvecklar barnet sin identitet som till viss del är genusifierad.</p>

Diplomarbeit--Universität Trier, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-122).