This dissertation explores the ways marginalized slaves and orphans came together to create new mission communities in western Tanzania. It shows that slave emancipation was a complex process that involved flight to the missions, public declarations, and certification of emancipation. Former slaves joined missions and their descendants became the first-generation Christians, and some worked as teachers, pastors and catechists. The dissertation centers on multiple language communities brought in juxtaposition by the slave trade, wars, and migrations to examine their involvement in the translation of Christian texts into the Kinyamwezi language. It argues that translation of the New Testament, religious texts and songs was a reciprocal process of Africans and European missionaries teaching each other. In so doing, translation became a stimulus for independent interpretation, as Nyamwezi translators acted as independent intellectuals in shaping an African interpretation of Christianity. In remote areas, far from the centers of mission stations, catechists and teachers helped adherents by translating the Bible and religious texts into their own languages, contributing to the growth of African Christianity. In addition to translation, teachers and catechists administered churches in villages, taught catechism, and prepared the young and adults for baptism and confirmation. They established their own schools, and devised teaching methods and ways of obtaining pupils for instruction. Their families not only provided a model of Christian families but also laid the foundation for African Christianity as children were baptized, attended mission schools and became teachers and catechists, and in some cases, nuns and priests. Furthermore, lay women and wives of the Nyamwezi teachers and catechists taught children in Sunday schools, while others accompanied teachers in villages and launched home-visit campaigns to attract more Nyamwezi women to join Christianity. The dissertation further argues that the growth of African Christianity in villages was not entirely the product of European missionary initiatives, but rather in significant measure the result of African cultural and intellectual creativity. The growth of Christianity in the twenty-century western Tanzania gave rise to the revival movement which spread in missions and villages, attracting Christians and pastors into revivalism. Nevertheless, divergent interpretations on the teachings of salvation, sin, and public confession of sins split Christians in the established mission churches into born-again pastors and Christians who supported revivalism and Christians who opposed the movement. This dissertation shows for the first time that lay Christians dissented from the revival movement, preventing born-again pastors and evangelists from holding services in churches. With growing tensions, some Christians seceded from the mainstream churches to form their own churches and installed their own pastors who worked independently from the control of the established churches.

The purpose of this study was to reveal the ways in which first-generation women in Tanzania explained their success in pursuing a university education despite cultural and social obstacles. Such obstacles include social policies, socio-cultural factors, and academic factors. A review of the literature revealed that issues such as patriarchy, proximity to schools, teenage pregnancy, domestic roles, religion, and initiation rituals serve as hurdles for women who seek to reach tertiary education. Ethnography was used to capture a deep slice of the women's background and educational experiences.

This research represents the first multi-year investigation of the feeding ecology of Gombe’s Cercopithecus populations. The main goal of this study was to identify dietary overlap and distinctiveness among the phenotypes in our study group, a mixed species group of guenons comprised of C. ascanius, C. mitis, and C. ascanius x C. mitis hybrids. Field assistants collected feeding data using ad libitum observations as well as instantaneous scan sampling at 30-minute intervals from July 2014 to December 2018. A total of 63 plant species were identified in our group’s diet. Results indicate that a significant difference exists between the diets of each phenotype. The results also found an unusually high percentage of invertebrate eating (54%) in our group. These findings suggest that invertebrates are an important food resource for the Gombe study group and may help facilitate coexistence in an environment where there are many sympatric primate species. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2019. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

This dissertation examines the history of gold mining among the Wanyamongo people of Tarime District from the 1930s to 2009. It argues that the establishment of gold mines in Nyamongo in the early 1930s created intra-community conflicts among the Wanyamongo people. These conflicts divided the community, turning young men against elders and wives against their husbands. This tension rarely reached overt levels during the colonial period, although violent confrontations were not totally absent. However, the conflicts are discernible in the narratives about gold mining. The dissertation argues that these conflictual discourses about gold mining continued into the post-colonial era, although their content changed over time. From the turn of this century these conflicts increasingly became violent. Often characterized as evidence of local communities' opposition to the intrusion of foreign companies I draw on oral sources and Tanzanian archives to argue that such turbulence is best understood by examining the social and economic relations of the residents of such communities. In Nyamongo this violence often pitted unemployed young men against fellow Kuria-speaking men who were employed by the mine as guards and in the Community Relations Department. I also argue that the young men who invaded the mine did not want the mine to close because their very survival was dependent upon the presence of a large company that can bring deeper ore to the surface. The dissertation also argues that, contrary to common wisdom that recognizes the Second World War as the beginning of the decline of the gold mining sector, in the Lake Province gold production actually continued to increase until the late 1950s. I also argue that when these mines closed in the 1960s and early 1970s it was not because of Julius Nyerere's economic policy, as is commonly believed. When Nyerere's government nationalized the industry in 1973, all of Tanzania's big gold mines had already closed. In the 1970s and 1980s Tanzania experienced an economic crisis marked by high inflation and a shortage of basic commodities. I argue that the miners of Nyamongo escaped this crisis because gold allowed them to engage in a lucrative trade that revolved around the smuggling of gold to Kenya. The dissertation also shows that when the Tanzanian government adopted neo-liberal economic reforms in the mid-1980s, the residents of Nyamongo embraced large-scale foreign investment in the form of an Australian-owned mining company. This embrace challenges the conventional view that depicts foreign mining companies as unwanted intruders in Tanzania's mining communities and the local small-scale miners as victims of neo-liberal economic policies.

Epidemic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) due to its rapid spread and deep influence has been a unique phenomenon in the near history. The virus has been existing all over the world, the spread of infection is both dynamic and complex. Epidemics are a geographical phenomenon with a certain extent. Most of the factors that can be linked to the epidemic are also geographically dependent. Considering that, the Geographic Information System (GIS) can be an important tool in studying the phenomenon.The pilot study spatially predicted HIV level and investigated to what extent this is possible and how the process may look like. The focus of the study was on the technical part, to evaluate the method. The pilot study mainly used the GIS-tool Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), which is based on regression analysis. The regression type that was used was multiple linear regression that uses a dependent variable and several explanatory variables. The method assumes that the dependent variable can be explained by several variables that have a linear relationship to the dependent variable.The study area of the pilot study is Tanzania, a country located in eastern Africa. Tanzania has large socio-economic gaps and varying levels of HIV between regions. HIV data used in the pilot study comes from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS) and the data for other variables comes from The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program. The HIV model is explained on the basis of four factors: undernourished children, circumcised men, and people with only primary education and households that own agricultural land.The first step in the implementation was data preparation, the next step was to conduct a global analysis using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. Followed by a geographic analysis with the GWR tool. The last step was to implement predictions using the created model. Four control regions in Tanzania were predicted, the model was also tested in five other African countries. The OLS analysis generates an Adjust R-Squared value of 0,436 which is a measure of the model's explanatory value of HIV. The same value for the GWR analysis was 0,502. The transition to GWR provided an improvement. Two out of four control regions in Tanzania provide accurate results. The same model also predicts relatively well in other African countries. The pilot study's results are limited by low data resolution and limited identification of HIV factors. With higher data resolution and better assurance of HIV factors, more accurate and detailed HIV predictions can be achieved. The pilot study's conclusion is that HIV predictions that obtain credible results are possible with the help of GIS-based analysis tools. As a suggestion for improvement, more high-resolution data is recommended, preferably as points. This would give the analysis better conditions for more accurate and detailed predictions. / Epidemin Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) är ett unikt fenomen i historisk närtid. Med avseende på dess snabba spridning och djupa påverkan. Den finns representerad i världens samtliga länder, smittspridningen är både dynamisk och komplex. Epidemier är ett geografiskt fenomen med en viss utbredning. Flertalet av de faktorer som kan kopplas till epidemin är även de geografiskt beroende. Därför kan Geografiskt Informations System (GIS) vara ett viktigt verktyg i studier av fenomenet.Förstudien ska spatialt prediktera HIV-nivå samt utreda i hur stor utsträckning detta är möjligt och hur processen kan se ut. Tyngdpunkten i studien kommer att ligga på den tekniska delen, att utvärdera metod. Förstudien använder främst GIS-verktyget Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) som är baserade på regressionsanalys. Regressionstypen är multipel linjär regression som använder sig av en beroende variabel och flera förklarande variabler. Metoden antar att den beroende variabeln behöver förklaras med flera variabler som har en linjär relation till den beroende variabeln.Förstudiens studieområde är Tanzania, ett land beläget i östra Afrika. Tanzania har stora socioekonomiska klyftor och varierande HIV-nivåer mellan regionerna. HIV-data som används i förstudien kommer från Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS) och data för övriga variabler kommer från The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program. HIV-modellen förklaras utifrån fyra faktorer: undernärda barn, omskurna män, personer med enbart grundskoleutbildning samt hushåll som äger jordbruksmark.Första steget i genomförandet var dataförberedelser, nästa steg var att utföra en global analys med metoden Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Därefter genomfördes en geografisk analys med verktyget GWR. Sista steget var att genomföra prediktioner med den skapade modellen. Fyra kontroll-regioner i Tanzania predikterades, modellen testades även på fem andra afrikanska länder. OLS-analysen genererar ett Adjust R-Squared-värdet på 0,436 som är ett mått på modellens förklarings-värde av HIV. Samma värde för GWR-analysen landade på 0,502, övergången till GWR gav en förbättring. Två av fyra kontrollregioner i Tanzania ger träffsäkra resultat. Samma modell predikterar även relativt bra i andra afrikanska länder. Förstudiens resultat begränsas av låg dataupplösning samt begränsad identifiering av HIV-faktorer. Med högre dataupplösning och bättre säkerhetsställande av HIV-faktorer kan mer träffsäkra och detaljerade HIV-prediktioner uppnås.Förstudiens slutsats är att det är möjligt i viss utsträckning att erhålla trovärdiga HIV-prediktioner med GIS-baserade analyseringsverktyg. Som förbättringsförslag rekommenderas mer högupplöst data, helts i punktform. Det skulle ge analysen bättre förutsättningar för mer träffsäkra och detaljerade prediktioner.

In Tanzania, fiscal adjustment policies emphasized an increase in tax revenue and cuts in public spending to correct the fiscal deficit. However, adjustment policies restricted the impact of fiscal policies in correcting fiscal deficit because they led to a low GDP growth and narrowed the tax base. The government overlooked the need to have an alternative tax base that could compensate for the fall in GDP growth. In that respect, the main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of fiscal adjustment policies in correcting the fiscal deficit in Tanzania in different adjustment periods in the 1973-2000 period. The thesis adopts a country study approach to analyse the effect of changes in the tax structure on the fiscal position using the primary balance as a proxy. The study also uses time series econometric methods to examine the impact of economic policy regime changes on public spending and GDP growth and the implications for fiscal policy in Tanzania. The study finds that changes in macroeconomic conditions either temporarily expanded or narrowed the tax bases and influenced the correction of the fiscal deficit in different years. Fiscal adjustment policies were pro-cyclical, thus leading to low GDP growth. This limited the effect of changes in the tax structure in reducing the fiscal deficit. Lastly, policy regime changes led to public spending instability and a structural break in the GDP data series. This signified that economic policy reforms caused fundamental changes in the economy, with implications for macroeconomic and fiscal policies in Tanzania. In sum, the results suggest that pro-cyclical policies are harmful for countries pursuing fiscal adjustment policies to correct a fiscal deficit.

<p> </p><p>High pressure on water from competing users has changed the past perception of water as gift to water as a resource that requires sustainable management. Management of water resource needs active stakeholders’ involvement for its sustainability. Many organizations along with the national water policy have been calling for active stakeholders’ involvement for management of the resource.  In Usangu catchment conflicts over accessing water between farmers and pastoralists and between upstream and downstream have been common. Water allocation in the catchment has been done without involving stakeholders and adequate consideration of the rivers’ carrying capacity. This study focuses on stakeholders’ involvement in Usangu catchment. Six villages in three sub-catchments were studied and data were collected using questionnaire through face to face interview and focus group discussion. The study found that there is limited stakeholders’ involvement in Usangu catchment. In some places involvement is at basic stage, in other places there is no involvement. Interaction within stakeholders’ category was documented, while no stakeholders’ interaction between sub-catchments was discovered. Moreover, some challenges for active involvement were noted, such as lack of coordination between institutions operating in the catchment, high illiteracy rate and lack of awareness, and with lack of legislation support. The issue of limited stakeholders’ involvement in Usangu catchment is complicated, there is no single and comprehensive solution; integration of different approaches which are cross-sectoral in nature is needed for sustainable water management.</p><p> </p>

<p>Syftet med vårt arbete har varit att undersöka vad lärare i Tanzania har för tankar kring utomhusundervisning. Det har vi jämfört med en tidigare gjord undersökning av vad lärare i Sverige har för uppfattningar om utomhuspedagogik. Vi ville också undersöka vilka skäl för att utnyttja utemiljön i undervisningen som litteraturen ger. </p><p>Femton lärare från fyra olika skolor i Tanzania har svarat på en enkät. De frågor vi ville få svar på var om de ville undervisa utomhus och i sådana fall varför, vad de anser kan vara positivt och negativt med att undervisa utomhus, vilka delar av undervisningen som utförs utomhus och hur de genomför dessa. </p><p>Resultatet av vår undersökning visar att de undersökta lärarna i Tanzania använder sig av utemiljön i undervisningen. Vi kunde inte se några större skillnader mellan de lärare som undersökts i Tanzania och de lärare som undersökts i Sverige. Lärarna i Tanzania anger fler positiva anledningar till att undervisa ute. </p><p>I litteraturen har vi funnit många och starka skäl till att vi, som lärare, ska använda oss av utomhuspedagogik. Vi tror att fler och fler människor upptäcker hur vistelse i naturen påverkar kropp och själ på ett positivt sätt. Många skolor och lärare använder sig av utomhuspedagogik i undervisningen redan nu och vi tror att det är framtidens melodi.</p>

<p>This paper deals with the economic development of Tanzania and especially with the development of the smallholders. My aim is to study whether the Structural Adjustment Programmes have helped to facilitate growth in the agricultural and export-sector and if the reforms implemented through the programmes have made agricultural specialization easier and improved the economic situation for the smallholders.</p><p>In this paper, I will discuss that there might be significant limitations in the favours received due to SAP and that the Structural Adjustment Programmes because of this may not be the model for agricultural development as it is claimed by the initiators; the World Bank and the IMF. On the contrary, I present the idea that SAP can be said to have failed in its undertaking and that the reforms might not be suitable for the smallholder sector. I will in the paper argue that SAP has not facilitated an agricultural specialization and that this has much to do with the increase of production costs that the smallholders have been faced with after the reforms. And because of this it could be argued that the Structural Adjustment Programmes might not be an appropriate development strategy for Tanzania, if the country is to achieve growth through specialization. Consequently, there might be reason to believe that the reforms not are overall suitable for the Tanzanian development, considering that a growth within the agricultural smallholder sector is crucial for Tanzania to achieve a long term economic growth.</p>

<p>The onset of modernization, globalization and urbanization has begun to challenge the gender relationship between in Tanzania. Western influence and globalization factors such as religion, donor funds and mass media have propagated ideologies that have challenged and changed old rooted traditionalist ideas and created a power – knowledge struggle between males and females and older generations. Younger people are living a different lifestyle than their elders and are demanding more individualistic freedoms and are breaking away from cultural constructions such as the extended family. The aim of this study is to evaluate the gender policy of the male-centric sexual and reproductive programs called Young Men as Equal Partners (YMEP). The aim is to criticize the premise that male involvement sexual and reproductive health programs are the single best method to implement sustainable behavioural change. The raison d’être that these male involvement take for granted is that women generally are powerless to affect the behaviour of their partners, and are unable to negotiate with their partners to have safe sex or to change their behavioural patterns. The following study is a qualitative study, which uses semi-structured interviews conducted in secondary schools in Manyara Region in Tanzania as a method of data collection. The theory used in this study is social constructivism where empirical results from conducted interviews both individual and group interviews will be evaluated in the background of social constructivism. The conclusion of this study is that it is therefore imperative for the implementation of sustainable behavioural change that sexual and reproductive health programs do not only focus on single sex exclusion strategy which create knowledge-power gender inequalities, but rather it is more effective in order to implement sustainable sexual and reproductive behaviour change to include all the members of the community, and to tailor the program strategies to individual sexual and reproductive needs rather than focusing exclusively on one gender or social group.</p>