This dissertation explores the complex structures and diverse experiences of globalization through the specific analytical lens of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). CBNRM is an undertaking which is fundamentally local but also integrally connected to transnational conservation ideology and national structures of authority. While recent critiques of community-based conservation projects have challenged the universal efficacy of the approach, CBNRM continues to be a ubiquitous conservation paradigm and to provide lingering hope for local empowerment through resource management. Focusing on two community-based conservation groups formed in Tanzania and Zanzibar, this dissertation looks at the experience of local groups attempting to engage with broader national or international conservation networks by focusing on three tropes of globalization theory: intersections between traditional ecological knowledge and western science, the relationship between civil society and the state, and the specific mechanisms for local engagement with national and global entities. The community groups in this study use dynamic and adaptive strategies to channel resources into their communities. However, they also face significant structural constraints, many of which reveal the neocolonial effects of transnational conservation ideology. This work explores both the factors limiting or manipulating local participation in resource management and the strategies used by these two community-based conservation groups to ensure their participation in spite of those limitations.

The health of the individual affects all family members, and families influence the process and outcome of healthcare. Nurses attitudes about the importance of involving the patients families in nursing care, greatly influences the quality of the meeting between the family and the nurse. Nurses working inTanzania feel they can not provide adequate healthcare due to heavy work load and limited resources. Tanzanian nurses and patients are highly dependent on the help of the patients' families. The aim of the study was to investigate Tanzanian nurses' attitudes towards involvement of patients' families in nursing care. In this quantitative, descriptive study, a questionnaire called "Families'importance in NursingCare-Nurses'Attitudes" (FINC-NA) was handed out to registered nurses working at a regional hospital inTanzania in 2009. The results were analysed and presented by descriptive statistics such as charts, tables and central values. The 47 nurses who answered the questionnaire had in general supportive attitudes towards the involvement of the patients' family in nursing care. One fifth of the nurses however viewed the patients' families as a burden. One third of the nurses feel that the presence of the patients' families holds them back in their work. Nurses above 40 years of age and nurses with no experience of a familymember being seriously ill had less supportive attitudes towards patients family involvement compared to other subgroups in this study. The nurses with least years of nursing experience had the most supportive attitudes of all the subgroups. Besides nurses own experience of an ill familymember, this study suggests that attitudes are affected by culture, working environment and education.

This thesis deals with the perceptions of agroforestry among farmers in Babati, north- central Tanzania. The focus is on which resources farmers perceive that they need to adopt agroforestry and which risks that are connected with agroforestry adoption. It is also to see how farmers perceive that the access to resources changes after agroforestry adoption and how their livelihoods change. The data has been collected through qualitative interviews with agroforestry farmers, conventional farmers and extension officers. After that the data has been analyzed through the sustainable livelihood approach and a risk perception theory. The results show that some of the obstacles or risks that farmers perceive with agroforestry adoption are high input costs, dependency on short-term benefits, competition between trees and crops and lack of education from extension services. Without financial capital and human capital in terms of knowledge there might be too many risks connected with adoption. If agroforestry however is adopted the farmers perceive that the access to firewood, timber and fruits increase which increase their incomes and therefore financial capital. They also perceive that the fruits improve food security and that the timber improves the housing. The firewood is also perceived to improve the situation for women as they do not have to walk as far to collect the firewood. Agroforestry is also perceived to provide environmental services like erosion prevention and increased soil fertility, therefore it increases natural capital. Some trees can also be used as natural pesticides. The increased soil fertility or the access to natural pesticides, however does not seem to affect the use of industrial fertilizers or pesticides. Agroforestry is also not perceived to have any effects on biodiversity or water quality. Even if agroforestry may not be a good choice for all farmers, it can for some farmers increase their ability to cope with stress and shocks like future climate change. This is because the agroforestry system can work as a buffer against increased climatic variability.

The Wahehe are a tribe of approximately 1/4 million and the majority of them live in the Iringa district of Tanganyika. They first became famous because they defeated a German expedition led by Zelewski on l7th August 1891. On 30th October 1894 the Germans captured the Wahehe fort at Kalenga but the war continued until Chief Kkwawa committed suicide on 19th June 1898. During their struggle against the Wahehe the Germans acquired considerable respect for them. The British who governed Tanganyika under a League of Nations mandate after the First World War knew about the military prowess of the Wahehe from German writings and they too regarded the Wahehe as one of the more important and promising tribes. Mkwawa's son, Sapi, was installed as chief in 1926 as part of the policy of indirect rule. The Wahehe are famous for their military prowess and their mighty chief in the pre-colonial period and for their political organisation under indirect rule. There is sufficient evidence to reconstruct and analyse their political organisation before the German conquest and although there is enough to do so during the period of indirect rule, the Wahehe political organisation at that period is most interesting and significant only when it is understood in the context of their pre-colonial history and that under German rule. This thesis therefore describes the development of the Wahehe political organisation over the period of about 100 years, for as long as it is possible to have adequate knowledge of their development. This approach emphasises the fact that at no period have the political institutions of the Wahehe been stable. Ch. II The boundaries of Uhehe have changed at different times but during most of the period under discussion it has included five climatic zones; hot damp lowland in the Ulanga valley, high damp forest in the Usungwa mountains, high rolling downland, the drier area of miombo woodland on the central plateau, and the hot dry lowlands of the central plains. They keep some cattle and small stock and the staple food crop is maize although the number of cattle and the subsidiary crops vary in different areas. No physical anthropologists have done research in the area but it is accepted that the Wahehe are of mixed origins and there is a great variety of physical type among them. Some Germans produced grammars and a vocabulary of Kihehe but there has been no substantial linguistic research in the area. It is generally acknowledged that Kihehe is related to Kibena and Kisongu. The missions in Uhehe have always been predominantly Roman Catholic but there are a few Lutherans. The Koman Catholic missions have controlled most schools in the area. The Wahehe have not shown any particular enthusiasm for education in spite of the fact that there has been more provision for intermediate, and later secondary, education in the district than in most others. Ch. III. The kinship terms are listed and defined. The Wahehe are particularly concerned with physical descent. The mothers and the father's kin are equally important, but individuals are more likely to recognise distant kin on the father's side because praise names, food avoidances and descent names are inherited patrilineally. The Wahehe have no explanation of the origin of this system but it is generally acknowledged that those who have both praise name and food avoidance in common may not marry. Ch. IV. There is little evidence from which to deduce the political organisation of the Wahehe before the reign of Munyigumba, that is before about 1860. There were a number of small independent groups of people with roughly similar culture and language in the Usungwa mountains and on the central plateau, but it is unlikely that any one of these groups was known as Wahehe. There is however substantial evidence of immigration and emigration and that at least the ruling families of these separate groups inter-married. Ch. V. The unification of these diverse groups began with the accession of Munyigumba, who was believed to be the descendant of one Muyinga, the son of a hunter who had come from Usagara and SeMududa, the daughter of the chief of Ng'uruhe. Munyigumba conquered and absorbed the chief doms of the neighbouring rulers and later defeated the Wakinamanga in the area known as Utemikwila or Ngololo and he also fought the Wasangu and Angoni. After his death his son-in-law who had held authority under him, seized power and drove his heir, Hkwawa, into exile, to Ugogo. Mkwawa returned assisted by one of Kunyigumba's other subordinate rulers and built a fort at Kalenga. The usurper fled but then returned with Wakonongo forces, fought Mkwawa and was defeated and killed in 1833. Mkwawa then had about 10 years of exceptional military success during which he defeated the Wasangu, Wabena and Angoni and established colonies at Mukondoa, Wota, Mdaburu and Loato to the north and east. There is much German literature about Mkwawa's military success and organisation but little about his normal peacetime political organisation and this is because his campaigns followed each other in quick succession and his chiefdom was expanding so fast that he developed no settled peacetime organisation. His political and military organisation was based on his fort at Kalenga where he gathered together men from all over his chiefdom. Some of his subordinate rulers who were called vansagila, were descendants of formerly independent rulers, some were his relations and affines and others were new men who had shown themselves fit to hold authority.

Understanding why some introduced alien plant species become invasive whilst others fail is a fundamental question in ecology, not least because of the considerable ecological and economic damage caused by invasive plants globally. Identifying factors that drive alien plant invasions can inform efforts to predict the nsk of invasion by an introduced plant species. This would allow prevention of introduction of high risk aliens, as well as targeted management of species already introduced that pose the latest threats to the ecolocal integrity of host ecosystems. However, generalisations among the findings of comparative plant invasion studies have been limited by a lack of control of confounding variables such as propagule pressure, time since introduction and phylogeny, a lack of knowledge of introduced species that failed to establish, and inconsistent use of terminology defining the invasion process. This thesis used Amani Botanical Garden (ABG) in the East Usambara Mountains of Tanzania, as a comparative case study system to assess the relative ability of multiple factors to explain invasion success of species introduced to a tropical forest ecosystem.

This thesis is a qualitative study of mood and ambiguity in Dholuo, a Nilotic language spoken in western Kenya. It also examines the content of the verb phrase (VP) and the role of tone in the expression of mood in Dholuo. Specifically, the study set out to find out how mood is expressed and how ambiguity is resolved in Dholuo, the modal structure of the language and how it can be explained within Chomsky’s Minimalist Programme (1995), particularly regarding feature checking. The thesis comprises six chapters. Chapter One is the introduction and focuses on background information to set the scene for this study. Specifically, it considers the context and the research methodology, which is mainly qualitative. The researcher’s knowledge of the language is of great importance in this study of mood and ambiguity in Dholuo, and native speakers of Dholuo were consulted to avoid bias. In addition, desk research is carried out. The chapter outlines the objectives, discusses the research problem, motivation, scope and limitations of the study. It explains the language situation in Kenya, the number of languages and their families, dialectal variations, the status of the languages and their use in education and parliament, including the recent provisions made in the 2010 constitution. Chapter One also presents the challenges concerning the language situation. Lastly, a synopsis of each chapter is provided. Chapter Two comprises the literature review. The study is based on mood in Dholuo, but the review first deliberates on how mood is expressed in English, as well as types of ambiguity and interpretations in English language studies. In order to determine how mood is expressed in an African language, the chapter discusses a study on tense, aspect and mood as expressed in Kihavu, a Bantu language spoken in the Kalehe district in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Rusizi/Nyamasheke districts in the Republic of Rwanda. Next, Dholuo descriptive grammars, research and related works are discussed. Presented in Chapter Three is the theoretical framework, the main tenets of the Minimalist Programme (MP) and its aims. The theory is adopted as a tool to handle the data in Dholuo. The chapter also discusses how MP differs from Generative Grammar (GG) and Government and Binding (GB) (Chomsky, 1981), including the problems it aims to resolve that could not be properly addressed by GG and GB. How the theory accounts for the data on mood and ambiguity in Dholuo and its challenges is also discussed. The study hopes to contribute to the Minimalist Programme’s further development and refinement, as most linguistic theories including the MP are informed and inspired by Indo-European languages, particularly English. Chapter Four presents Dholuo's basic morphosyntactic structures, phonology, the morphology of nouns, personal pronouns and verbs, since some of the features in these domains have a bearing on mood. The language known to many as Luo is actually called Dholuo; ‘Dho’ serves as a noun class prefix in Bantu languages, as in ‘ki-‘ for Kiswahili and ‘gi-‘ for Gikuyu. It is a prefix referring to language: ‘the language of’ the Luo people. Mood and ambiguity in Dholuo are discussed in Chapter Five. Types of Dholuo modal auxiliaries are described and instances where there is ambiguity between modal auxiliaries and words belonging to other word categories are mentioned. How MP theory accounts for data on mood and ambiguity in Dholuo, and the problems encountered in the application of this theory, are considered. The label ‘mood’ is adopted for the study as a syntactic/grammatical category. The categories of Dholuo mood and possible word formation processes of inflection and derivation realised on the auxiliary are also discussed. Ambiguity is seen through conversion as a word formation process where there is derivation with no morphological marking, but there is functional shift. The modal auxiliary, which precedes the main verb in a construction, is inserted into its base position in the VP. The inflectional nodes are for feature checking. Chomsky (1993) states that morphology plays an important role in the new theory. The operations in the computational system are driven by morphological and lexical necessity. The amount of movement that takes place in the structure building depends on how rich or weak the morphology of a language is. Chapter Six summarises how mood is expressed in Dholuo, how it is affected by ambiguity in terms of accessing the meaning and the role tone plays in resolving ambiguity so that meaning becomes accessible. The study concludes that this theory is adequate in accounting for the data on mood and ambiguity in Dholuo, although modifications have to be made to cater for the feature checking of Dholuo mood and ambiguity in terms of the creation of some heads. Such modifications include heads for mood and aspectual tone for the auxiliary that derives from a noun or tonal distinction where an auxiliary is used together with the verb from which it derives. This is in line with the idea that the Minimalist Programme is based on feature checking and structure building; both processes are morphologically or lexically driven. The features build the structure. Morphemes are moved out of the lexicon to build the structure. Suggestions for further research based on the limitations of the study are presented. The study focuses only on mood and ambiguity in Dholuo as spoken in western Kenya, although Dholuo is a cross border language. There is an opportunity for further research into Dholuo as it is spoken in Uganda and Tanzania. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

The focus of the study is to understand the efficiency of Vodacom and Tigo Television animation advertisements from the perspective of university students with and without education in media analysis in Tanzania. Vodacom and Tigo television animation advertisements have been introduced in Tanzania; however, there is little research about the effectiveness of the advertisements for market purposes of the commodities.   The overall aim of the study is to investigate university students’ media literacy, their interpretations, and alternative perceptions about Vodacom and Tigo television animation advertisements. The theoretical framework focuses on social action theory which is based on exploring meanings that audience create from the texts they consume from media. The empirical basis of the study consists of interviews and questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to two separate survey groups of 20 university students each. While one group consisted of students educated in interpreting media, the other group comprised of students not educated in media analysis. In order to achieve the aim of the study, a triangulation method was used to provide a broader and deeper understanding of respondents’ perceptions of the animation TV advertisements.   Based on the qualitative approach, five themes were found and regarded as respondents’ views and perceptions. Findings obtained through the quantitative method showed that respondents with media education had positive perceptions of the advertisements and could interpret and understanding them. While students without media education had negative perceptions and most of them could not interpret and understand the advertisements. Further research that will include a diverse sample population from different community groups is suggested.

Female genital mutilation (FGM) has been illegal in Tanzania since 1998; nonetheless this procedure is still being performed in some regions of the country. Since the prohibition of this practice it has become harder to detect the practitioners. Nurses are one of the professions who can identify the women who have been exposed to FGM, which creates an opportunity to provide care for these women and educate them about the practice. The aim of this study is to describe Tanzanian nursing students’ views on FGM. Data was collected with focus group interviews with second and third year students at a nursing school in northwest Tanzania. Data was analysed inductively by content analysis. The results, the students’ views on FGM, were categorised into four themes; ‘FGM creates suffering’, ‘the right to sexual integrity’, ‘the role of nurses’ and ‘educating the patient and the community’. The findings clearly demonstrate that the students’ negative attitudes toward the practice are based on their knowledge of its harmful implications on health. For further research, it may be of interest to study nursing students’ views of the practice in more FGM-prevalent regions of Tanzania. / <p>Röda Korsets sjuksköterskeförening stipendium 2017</p>

Sub-Saharan Africa is the region in the world most severely affected by HIV, and Tanzania is among the most severely affected countries in the region. The introduction of antiretroviral treatment has offered hope to people living with HIV/AIDS, improving their quality of life significantly. Still, there are individuals living with HIV who either lack access to ART, or choose not to make use of the available treatments. The purpose of this thesis is to identify underlying factors perceived as barriers for HIV- positive individuals to initiate and maintain Antiretroviral treatment in Babati District, Tanzania. Twenty semi-structured interviews were carried out between the 15th of February and 6th of March 2016. The interviews were conducted with ART-patients, health workers and members of the community. An analysis was made within a theoretical framework based upon Goffman's notion of stigma and the Initial Behavioral Model by Andersen. The following obstacles to access to ART were indicated by the findings: HIV/AIDS related stigma issues, discrimination, economic barriers, ignorance due to lack of education, counseling on HIV treatment, and beliefs that HIV can be cured by traditional healers.

The Tarangire ecosystem of northern Tanzania is proclaimed a site of global biodiversity significance. The economic value of wildlife in Tarangire and Lake Manyara National Parks is substantial and growing. Maintaining the health of these parks is important to Tanzania’s overall tourism industry and macroeconomic health. A considerable proportion of Tarangire’s wildlife leaves the park for approximately six months a year, migrating onto village lands under the jurisdiction of local communities. Of particular importance are grazing and calving areas in the Simanjiro Plains. Conservation of the ecosystem’s migratory wildlife populations largely depends on maintaining these habitats on communally owned lands. However, populations of most large mammal species have declined by over fifty percent in the last decade. The progressive conversion of pastoral rangelands to agriculture is believed to be a major contributing factor to this decline. Community-based conservation (CBC) interventions in the Tarangire ecosystem aim to increase the combined economic returns from wildlife and pastoral livestock production in order to reduce incentives for non-wildlife compatible agricultural land-use change. Increased State investment in CBC, continued growth in photographic and hunting tourism revenues, and large infusions of funding from international conservation organisations suggest that substantial potential exists for CBC to play a significant role in poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation. This thesis examines the fortunes of CBC in the Tarangire ecosystem. It uses a household survey conducted in a village earning substantial wildlife tourism revenues to show that wildlife benefits are concentrated in the hands of the elite, and have limited livelihood or conservation impacts. By documenting the root causes of local resistance to conservation, this thesis explains the failures of new conservation strategies in Tanzania.