The issue of taxes, especially individual income tax is a very often discussed. This is a demanding and time-consuming issue when it comes to theoretical preparation as well as data processing. Taxpayers' efforts are to optimize tax bases so that they pay as little tax as possible. Taxpayers apply non-taxable parts of the tax base and tax deductibles, such as providing free benefits (donations). The behavior of taxpayers in donating is influenced by their solidarity. In conclusion, behavior of payers of individual income tax is highly unpredictable and very individual. One of the options to achieving a more equitable income taxation would be to reintroduce a progressive tax rate.

This thesis deals with the property tax revenue in local governments, the progress of revenues from this tax in the Czech Republic, the evaluation of the current state and comparison with selected European countries. The aim of this thesis is the evaluation of present progress, current state and outlined potential perspectives of the property tax revenues of municipalities in the Czech Republic. The partial objective of this thesis is comparing the current state with the progress of the EU countries and using of this comparison to suggest possible trends of local government revenue.

This graduation thesis is dealing with changes in Budgetary allocation of taxes and its effect on economy in autonomous regional units since 1996. In first part I will characterize the competences of municipality, their authorities, possession and budget. Next their revenues, expenditures and changes in budgetary allocation of taxes. In second part I will analyze the structure and development of revenues and expenditures. In chosen municipalities since 1996 till 2008 and the Region of Central Bohemia since 2001 till 2008. In the end I will aim on results of chosen municipalities and region in separate year. The result of this work is review of effects on changes in Budgetary allocation of taxes mainly on tax incomes of municipality and the region and their management.

Statistics / M. Sc. (Statistics)

This study uses aspects of time series methodology to model and forecast major taxes such as Personal Income Tax (PIT), Corporate Income Tax (CIT), Value Added Tax (VAT) and Total Tax Revenue(TTAXR) in the South African Revenue Service (SARS). The monthly data used for modeling tax revenues of the major taxes was drawn from January 1995 to March 2010 (in sample data) for PIT, VAT and TTAXR. Due to higher volatility and emerging negative values, the CIT monthly data was converted to quarterly data from the rst quarter of 1995 to the rst quarter of 2010. The competing ARIMA/SARIMA and Holt-Winters models were derived, and the resulting model of this study was used to forecast PIT, CIT, VAT and TTAXR for SARS fiscal years 2010/11, 2011/12 and 2012/13. The results show that both the SARIMA and Holt-Winters models perform well in modeling and forecasting PIT and VAT, however the Holt-Winters model outperformed the SARIMA model in modeling and forecasting the more volatile CIT and TTAXR. It is recommended that these methods are used in forecasting future payments, as they are precise about forecasting tax revenues, with minimal errors and fewer model revisions being necessary. / Statistics / M.Sc. (Statistics)

政府之公共支出及租稅結構差異會產生不同之所得分配效果；且為縮減國內赤字或債務，政府還會施行「財政重整」方案，以削減支出或提高租稅之方式，對各階層人民造成不同之衝擊。在所得分配不均之現況下，政府財政政策之公平面議題格外備受重視。因此，本文利用 17 個 OECD 國家於 1995 年至 2013 年之追蹤資料，探討在考量政府平常例行性之收支結構下，政府為特定政策目的採行財政重整措施時，對所得分配之影響。 本文之實證模型主要針對三種不同之財政重整類別進行分析。第一種財政重整變數討論當政府「同時」採行支出面及租稅面之財政重整時之重分配效果，結果顯示其對縮減貧富差距有正面之影響。而第二種及第三種財政重整類別則分別探討當政府僅施行支出面或僅施行租稅面之財政重整作為時，將會對社會所得分配不均的情況分別產生如何之改變。最終分析結果發現，支出面之財政重整及租稅面之財政重整亦皆具有使所得分配趨於均一之效果；且其中僅實施支出面財政重整時之重分配效果最強，其次為同時採行兩面向財政重整之時，而僅實施租稅面財政重整則相對效果最小。 因此可知，若政府施行適當之財政重整方案，則可於縮減國家債務之同時，也享有減緩社會所得分配不均的好處。但若同時採用兩面向之財政重整，則支出面重整之重分配效果將被微幅抵消。 / A government’s structure of public spending and taxation will have impact on social income distribution. Moreover, in order to reduce domestic deficit or debt, a government may implement “fiscal consolidation” programs, which will impose shock on each income stratum in the ways of cutting spending or increasing taxation. On the current situation of income inequality, the fairness issue of government’s fiscal policies has been highly emphasized. As a result, I use the data of 17 OECD countries during 1995 to 2013 to discuss the influence of fiscal consolidation on income distribution as well as considering the routine public spending and tax structure. The regression model in this paper mainly analyzes three different categories of fiscal consolidation. The first fiscal consolidation variable examines the redistribution effect when the government conducts spending-based consolidation and tax-based consolidation “simultaneously”. The result shows that it could shorten the income gap. The second and third categories analyze how income inequality would be changed when “only” implementing spending or tax-based consolidation respectively. And the result shows that both spending and tax-based consolidation can improve the condition of income distribution. Moreover, the redistribution effect of spending-based consolidation is the greatest, followed by the implementation of both two categories. The tax-based consolidation has the smallest effect on income redistribution. Hence, when the government conducts proper fiscal consolidation programs, it can enjoy the benefit of reducing debt and mitigating income inequality in the meantime. But if the government conducts spending and tax-based consolidation simultaneously, the redistribution effect will be slightly offset.

in English Taxation of individual income tax My diploma thesis contents three major parts, which is divided into smaller articles. In the first part I am trying to present individual income tax in general. Place of income tax in system of taxation and concept of income tax , its function and definition. In another article I described historical evolution of individual income tax and distribution of taxes. To tax is to impose a financial charge or other levy upon a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law. Taxes consist of direct tax or indirect tax. A tax "is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced contribution, exacted pursuant to legislative authority" and is "any contribution imposed by government. The first known system of taxation was in Ancient Egypt and development is showing us perfection with which we created and improved taxes during the ages. The main second part contents definition of individual income tax by revenue act and determination of basic concepts of individual tax by this act. A personal or individual income tax is levied on the total income of the individual (with some deductions permitted). It is often collected on a pay-as-you-earn basis, with small corrections made...

This study uses aspects of time series methodology to model and forecast major taxes such as Personal Income Tax (PIT), Corporate Income Tax (CIT), Value Added Tax (VAT) and Total Tax Revenue(TTAXR) in the South African Revenue Service (SARS). The monthly data used for modeling tax revenues of the major taxes was drawn from January 1995 to March 2010 (in sample data) for PIT, VAT and TTAXR. Due to higher volatility and emerging negative values, the CIT monthly data was converted to quarterly data from the rst quarter of 1995 to the rst quarter of 2010. The competing ARIMA/SARIMA and Holt-Winters models were derived, and the resulting model of this study was used to forecast PIT, CIT, VAT and TTAXR for SARS fiscal years 2010/11, 2011/12 and 2012/13. The results show that both the SARIMA and Holt-Winters models perform well in modeling and forecasting PIT and VAT, however the Holt-Winters model outperformed the SARIMA model in modeling and forecasting the more volatile CIT and TTAXR. It is recommended that these methods are used in forecasting future payments, as they are precise about forecasting tax revenues, with minimal errors and fewer model revisions being necessary. / Statistics / M.Sc. (Statistics)

The master´s thesis on the theme Optimalization local fees and taxes of municipal budget deals with the local fees, the budgetary allocation of taxes and tax revenues of practicular municipality. The entire thesis is concentrating on the village as basic level of the local authority. Within literature search, this thesis treats of basic concepts such as local fees, fee elements, theory public finance, the budgetary allocation of taxes, fikal federalism and tax autonomy. In the firs part I deal with the essentials characteristic of the village corresponding to the municipal low. The second part is devoted to the issue of municipalities. The practical part is focused on an analysis of revenues of municipalities and is application to a particular municipality. I chose the town called a Kardašova Řečice. In this town I was born and now I live there.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the impact of the reduction of VAT on selected groceries in Slovakia in 2016. I am comparing the composition of the consumer basket and shopping lists of end-consumers before this legislative amendment and thereafter and consumer preferences, on which products they would like to have reduced VAT rate. Then I am also analysing the impact on the consumer prices of groceries with recured tax rate and on the groceries, which composition is similar, but they are encumbered with standard tax rate. The comparative analysis has shown that the tax reduction is reflected in the final price of approximately 96 %. The theoretical part deals with the characteristics and the system of value added tax, historical development in Slovak law and impacts of the tax rate cut abroad. Conclusion interprets the results of comparative analysis and questionnaire.