The main objective of this diploma thesis is to analyze the development of tax revenue as percentage of gross domestic product in the Czech Republic in years 1996 {--} 2007 and to assess the political and economic causes of this development. We use the macroeconomic indicator, so-called "Tax share" to compare the tax burden in time and area in individual countries. The Tax share is calculated as the ratio of tax revenue to GDP. We make a difference between tax revenue including social security contribution and tax revenue excluding social security contribution. This thesis is interested in tax revenue including social security. The first part of this thesis is focused on possibilities of comparing tax systems of individual countries, of their restrictions and confrontations. This part also explains what is the tax share exactly and the sorts of this macroeconomic indicator. The practical part of the thesis is dedicated to analysis of the development of tax revenue as percentage of GDP in the Czech Republic in years 1996 {--} 2007, according to methodology of Eurostat. There is comparation in time horizont. We also compare the tax burden of Czech repulic in the area, respectively in the European Union (in EU 15, EU 25 and in Slovakia {--} post communist country of EU) and in the states of OECD. The methodology of OECD is different from the methodology of Eurostat.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la composition des recettes fiscales dans les pays en développement et étudie ses déterminants et ses conséquences. La première partie analyse les facteurs d’économie politique qui influent sur la composition des recettes fiscales, en considérant l’impact de la multiplication des élections et de la démocratisation, tandis que la deuxième partie examine les conséquences des choix de composition des recettes fiscales en termes de stabilisation des recettes fiscales et de bien-Être social. Plusieurs résultats émergent. Les élections ont une influence significative sur la composition des recettes fiscales puisque les recettes issues des taxes indirectes connaissent une baisse juste avant les élections (Chapitre 1). Ces manipulations visant à favoriser les réélections apparaissent plus modérées dans les pays où la démocratie est établie de plus longue date. De plus, le Chapitre 2 a établit que l’existence d’un régime politique plus démocratique, avec des contraintes sur l’exécutif fortes, permet d’accroître les recettes de fiscalité intérieure qui sont nécessaires pour pallier la baisse des recettes tarifaires. La seconde partie de la thèse révèle des résultats intéressants sur les effets de la composition des recettes fiscales sur la stabilisation des recettes fiscales et sur ses conséquences sociales. Le Chapitre 3 a souligné l’importance de la lutte contre l’instabilité des recettes fiscales dans la mesure où elle induit de l’instabilité des dépenses publiques ce qui affaiblit le niveau de l’investissement public. La contribution plus accrue des taxes sur la consommation aux recettes fiscales a été identifiée comme stabilisant les recettes fiscales. En outre, le chapitre 4 a démontré que la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée permet de réduire significativement l’instabilité des recettes fiscales dans les pays en développement l’ayant adoptée. L’incidence sociale des taxes sur la consommation a été comparée à celle des tarifs douaniers dans le Chapitre 5 et il apparaît que les tarifs douaniers sont plus régressifs que les taxes sur la consommation au Burkina Faso. / This thesis focuses on the composition of tax revenue in developing countries and analyses its determinants and consequences. The first part examines the political economy factors shaping tax revenue composition, by considering the impact of elections and democratization, while the second part deals with the consequences of specific tax revenue compositions in terms of tax revenue stabilization and social welfare. Several results emerge. Elections have a significant influence on tax revenue composition since indirect tax revenues are decreased in election times (Chapter 1). These electoral manipulations are less strong in countries where democracy is well-Established. Moreover, Chapter 2 found that a more democratic political regime, with strong constraints on the executive, helps to enhance domestic tax revenues that are necessary to replace the lost revenues from trade liberalization. The second part of the thesis reveals interesting results on the effects of tax revenue composition on the stabilization of tax revenue and on its social incidence. Chapter 3 highlighted the importance of finding remedies to tax revenue instability since it induces public spending instability which in turn decreases the level of public investment. A higher reliance on domestic indirect taxes in total tax revenues has been found to lead to the stabilization of tax revenue. In addition, the results of Chapter 4 showed that the value-Added tax significantly reduces tax revenue instability in the developing countries where it was adopted. The social incidence of domestic indirect taxes was compared to the social incidence of tariffs in Chapter 5 and it was established that tariffs are more regressive than taxes on consumption in Burkina Faso.

The purpose of this study is to determine which of three forecasting methods provides the most accurate short-term forecasts, in terms of absolute and mean absolute percentage error, for a unique set of data. The study applies three forecasting techniques--the Box-Jenkins or ARIMA method, cycle regression analysis, and multiple regression analysis--to quarterly sales tax revenue data. The final results show that, with varying success, each model identifies the direction of change in the future, but does not closely identify the period to period fluctuations. Indeed, each model overestimated revenues for every period forecasted. Cycle regression analysis, with a mean absolute percentage error of 7.21, is the most accurate model. Multiple regression analysis has the smallest absolute percentage error of 3.13.

Under the impact of globalization, the concept of local governance arose, which altered the traditional, centralized government structure. Along with the development of economy, transportation, industries and urban areas, the life circles of local residents enlarged gradually. To increase governing efficiency, greater autonomic powers of city and county governments together with cross region cooperation have been considered. In fact, the merger and upgrade of a number of counties and cities to become 5 special municipalities will be effective on December 25, 2010. As a whole, in addition to greater autonomic power, these new municipalities are entitled to more financial independence as well. For a long time, the insufficiency of financial independence has been the core of local financial problem, which in turn, was due to inadequate self-owned resources. The appropriateness of the allocation of financial resources to the 5 new municipalities is the most concerned issue for now. The revision of The Law of Subdivision of Financial Income and Expenditure will directly affect the allocation of local financial resources and, in other words, financial independence. Since the last revision of The Law of Subdivision of Financial Income and Expenditure in 2010, though the allocated tax revenue has increased in Kaohsiung City and County, general subsidies, on the other hand, has decreased, and new financial burdens are getting even more. As the analysis of this study, the proportion of self-owned financial resources of merged Kaohsiung City and County in the 2011 fiscal year does not exceed the proportion in fiscal year 2010 before the merger. It is verifiable that the enactment of the revised Law of Subdivision of Financial Income and Expenditure did not significantly increase the merged Greater Kaohsiung with its self-owned financial resources and is helpless in bringing up its financial capability. As a result, the merged Greater Kaohsiung should be endeavored to develop its own financial resources, so as to solve the problem of insufficient fund. Aiming at the ways to develop self-owned financial resources and to bring up financial capability for the merged Greater Kaohsiung, a number of strategies are advised by this study, for instance, to levy taxes for carbon emission, to get subsidies and grants through special projects, to share 50% sales taxes with central government, to recalculate allocated tax revenue in accordance with the production of polluting industries¡Ketc.. Furthermore, based on the partnership of central and local financial cooperation, this study would like to present several suggestions for the central government to help resolve local financial problems, for instance, to establish local financial reconstruction foundation, to elevate tax burden ratio, to reinforce financial dicepline¡Ketc.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2008. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Este estudo descreve os custos tributários que incidem sobre os contribuintes, tendo como enfoque principal a carga tributária. A carga tributária é conceituada e analisada nos seus aspectos teóricos, com destaque para a justa distribuição do ônus tributário entre as pessoas. No segundo momento são apresentadas e comparadas as diferentes metodologias das estimativas de carga tributária no Brasil, ressaltando as fontes de dados e as hipóteses simplificadoras de cada uma delas. Em seguida é descrito o procedimento para estimar no final de 2006 a carga tributária brasileira para 2005, evidenciando a disponibilidade de dados e as dificuldades de realizar essa tarefa. Finalmente são qualificadas as estimativas das diferentes instituições brasileiras em relação a seus objetivos, permitindo uma melhor compreensão das razões de alguma diferença nos valores calculados, que dependem basicamente do momento de sua divulgação e de sua finalidade. / This paper describes the tax expenses that fall on the contributors, and its main approach is the tax ratio. The tax ratio is conceptualized and analyzed in its theoretical aspects, emphasizing the fair distribution of the tax onus among people. Later, we present and compare the different methodologies of the estimates of tax ratio in Brazil, highlighting the sources of data and the simplifying hypothesis of each one of them. It is described the proceedings to estimate the tax ratio of 2005, at the end of 2006, highlighting the availability of data, as well as the difficulties to accomplish such task. Finally, we qualify the estimates of the different Brazilian institutions regarding their aims, allowing a better understanding of the reason for some discrepancies in the numbers, which basically depend on the moment of their release and on their purpose.

This thesis comprises of four essays on fiscal policy and fiscal policy adjustment. The first of these essays, Chapter 2, reviews a wide range of literature about fiscal policy. This chapter also discusses the sudden stop and fiscal policy during sudden stops episodes. Chapter 3 constructs a simple dynamic deterministic model to study how the speed of adjustment to a sustainable level of debt affects economic welfare. The simulation results in Chapter 3 suggest that in order to bring the level of external debt to a sustainable level as required by foreign lenders, the small open economy will attempt to delay adjustment as long as possible. Chapter 4 uses a Structural Vector Autoregression Model to estimate government consumption multipliers for groups of countries. The empirical results suggest that: (i) The higher degree of financial openness, the larger the government consumption multiplier. (ii) The government consumption multiplier is significantly bigger in countries with higher levels of external debt. (iii) The higher the level of financial development, the smaller the government consumption multiplier. (iv) The government consumption multiplier in countries with fixed exchange rates seems to be bigger than in countries with a flexible exchange rate regime. Chapter 5 of this thesis analyses four case study countries including Greece, Latvia, Pakistan and Turkey. This chapter finds that fiscal policy choice varies across countries because there are many possible determinants for this. It will also be determined that all factors including the level of public debt, level of external debt and monetary policy, especially exchange rate regime, affects the fiscal policy choice of each country. Furthermore, Chapter 5 also points out that political economy can influence fiscal policy directly and indirectly.

The thesis is focused on analysis of income situation of municipality in less favourable conditions. Municipality with smaller number of inhabitants are always dependent on tax revenue, which however are not sufficient for refundment of necessary expenditure. Then therefore to didn't have to happen to abridgement expenditure areas conversely could be assure development, must municipality search other ways and means of income in his budget. Requisite development conditions of municipality so will prevent departure young people to town conversely attract inhabitants to country. Mostly exploited possibility by all the municipality is increment of income by the help of subsidies or grants. This possibility is supported by the state, which offers by means of individual ministry different grant programs. Important providers became individual regions. The South Bohemia region offers to all his municipality possibility derive from different subsidy and grant programme.

Este estudo descreve os custos tributários que incidem sobre os contribuintes, tendo como enfoque principal a carga tributária. A carga tributária é conceituada e analisada nos seus aspectos teóricos, com destaque para a justa distribuição do ônus tributário entre as pessoas. No segundo momento são apresentadas e comparadas as diferentes metodologias das estimativas de carga tributária no Brasil, ressaltando as fontes de dados e as hipóteses simplificadoras de cada uma delas. Em seguida é descrito o procedimento para estimar no final de 2006 a carga tributária brasileira para 2005, evidenciando a disponibilidade de dados e as dificuldades de realizar essa tarefa. Finalmente são qualificadas as estimativas das diferentes instituições brasileiras em relação a seus objetivos, permitindo uma melhor compreensão das razões de alguma diferença nos valores calculados, que dependem basicamente do momento de sua divulgação e de sua finalidade. / This paper describes the tax expenses that fall on the contributors, and its main approach is the tax ratio. The tax ratio is conceptualized and analyzed in its theoretical aspects, emphasizing the fair distribution of the tax onus among people. Later, we present and compare the different methodologies of the estimates of tax ratio in Brazil, highlighting the sources of data and the simplifying hypothesis of each one of them. It is described the proceedings to estimate the tax ratio of 2005, at the end of 2006, highlighting the availability of data, as well as the difficulties to accomplish such task. Finally, we qualify the estimates of the different Brazilian institutions regarding their aims, allowing a better understanding of the reason for some discrepancies in the numbers, which basically depend on the moment of their release and on their purpose.

Cette thèse est une contribution à la littérature consacrée aux réformes fiscales. Le prétexte a été la réforme du code général des impôts du Sénégal, intervenue en 2012. La démarche s’appuie sur l’étude de trois thématiques (impact de l’environnement des affaires, impact de la réduction de l’impôt sur le revenu et évaluation de la capacité financière de l’administration fiscale) qui couvrent les principales préoccupations de la nouvelle législation fiscale. Au préalable, une approche expérimentale permet d’avoir un aperçu des difficultés du nouveau code.Les résultats montrent que des difficultés persistent dans l’exécution effective de certaines dispositions du code.Par ailleurs, les vérifications empiriques permettent de confirmer le caractère prioritaire de l’amélioration de l’environnement des affaires. En outre, les pertes de recettes fiscales auraient pu être atténuées en procédant à une baisse progressive de l’impôt sur le revenu combinée avec un relèvement progressif du taux de l’impôt sur les sociétés.Enfin, la thèse propose une approche alternative de fixation des objectifs de recettes fiscales plus rigoureuse se basant sur la capacité financière de l’administration fiscale plutôt que sur le niveau de dépenses à exécuter. Une telle démarche améliore sensiblement la programmation budgétaire. / This thesis contributes to the literature dedicated to tax reforms. The recent changes initiated in the Senegalese tax system motivated this research. Three main measures of this new tax legislation were investigated. Those decisions include changes introduced to improve business environment, the income tax reduction and corporate tax increase. An experimental survey completes this analysis providing an overview of difficulties faced in implementing the new system. As a matter of fact, results show that some of the decisions made as part of the reform suffer from delays in their effective entry into force.Furthermore, empirical investigations confirm business environment improvement as being a top priority issue to be addressed by the reform. Regarding the income tax reduction, findings suggest that a progressive approach is preferred both in lowering the income tax and increasing the corporate tax.To finish, an innovative approach is proposed to set tax revenue targets. The method rather focuses on the tax administration ability to collect funds than spending needs. Such approach significantly improves budget programming.